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HANDBOOK 

OF 

CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Its Cost and Efficiency 



BY 

RICHARD T. DANA 

Consulting Engineer 
Mem. Am. Soc. C. E.; Mem. A. I. M. E. 
Mem. Am. Soc. Eng. Con. 



CHICAGO : 
THE MYEON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO. 

LONDON: 

E. & F. N. SPON, LTD. 
1914 



TA«\o 

.113 



Copyright 1914 

BY 
THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO. 
Chicago 



i£P 29 1914 



is°~ 



LINOTYPED AND PLATED BY 
PETERSON LINOTYPING CO., CHICAGO 



>CI.A379763 



PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 



It has been a considerable time since my office commenced to 
gather the data that have been collated for this book, and during 
all of that period the manuscript sheets, and later the page proofs 
bound up for convenient handling, have been in almost daily use. 
Consequently many of the items have been used and verified; so 
that I have rather more confidence in the usefulness as well as 
the general accuracy of the material than if it had not passed 
through a fairly thorough period of seasoning. This time of 
seasoning has its disadvantages, however, as well as its benefits. 
Changing conditions in certain industries have affected prices, 
and a number of items have been radically revised in the making. 
It is to be expected, moreover, that the same thing will continue; 
and as I have said in the introduction, page 3, these figures should 
be checked by actual bids where a plant is to be appraised, etc. 
In order to facilitate this, lists of the principal manufacturers of 
the plant described are given. 

My principal reason for thinking that these notes would be 
useful to others is that I found them all but indispensable in 
my own practice, and not available in other form. My justifica- 
tion for the alphabetical method of classification is that this 
scheme admits of more rapid service on my desk than any other 
and I have attempted to supplement this arrangement by a very 
full index. For encouragement in this plan of procedure I am 
indebted to many of my engineering friends, who have aided by 
suggestions and useful criticisms. 

Finally, the keynote of the book has been practical utility to 
the man who has to buy, sell or use construction plant, or who 
needs to know what can be done with it. The existing facts in 
the shortest time on the reader's part, rather than interesting 
theory and clever comparisons have been kept most in mind. Be- 
cause of this, a large wealth of material that would probably be 
of intense interest to the economist and the engineering student 
has been put aside for publication some time later if it seem de- 
sirable, but for which there is no space in this volume, which has 
grown to just double the size originally planned for it. 

A more general idea of the scope of the work, its field and its 
limitations may be found in the introductory chapter which fol- 
lows this preface. 

RICHARD T. DANA. 

15 William Street, New York, N. Y. 



INTRODUCTION 



The notes that I had on the elements which go to make up 
equipment charges on construction work were so often on my 
desk, and so necessary, in view of the scarcity of other con- 
venient sources of the information, that it was decided to com- 
plete them as far as might be practicable and publish them in 
this form for the benefit of other engineers who are obliged to 
make many estimates of construction cost. 

The efficiency of equipment is increasing much faster than the 
efficiency of labor, consequently the employment of equipment 
is becoming more and more necessary for economical operation, 
and a fairly comprehensive list of the available plant with its 
approximate cost is now essential to a fair estimate. The 
material covered in this volume comprises the larger part of the 
contents of four loose leaf books that form the Construction 
Service Company's file on "Plant." 

For his excellent work in arranging the data and in obtaining 
a great many quotations to round out the material that was in 
the file, as well as for many contributions from his own notes, 
my sincerest acknowledgements are due to my Principal Assis- 
tant, Mr. Harold Chandos Lyons, who was materially helped by 
Mr. A. C. Haskell, to whom we owe many of the tables and 
extensive checking of the text. 

The problem of how to carry out a given plan of construction 
at the lowest cost is year by year becoming more complex, and 
it is becoming more and more necessary to apply to it scientific 
methods in order to meet the growing competition between 
various men, methods, and machines. The contractor of long 
experience who applies to his work, even in its simplest opera- 
tions such as moving earth by scrapers, the methods that he 
knows absolutely were the best ten years ago, is competing, 
whether he knows it or not, with men who have developed up- 
to-date methods that are very likely to be twenty, thirty, or 
even forty per cent more efficacious or economical than the best 
old ones. 

It is of vast importance to know the relative costs of different 
methods, some of the reasons for which it seems worth while to 
outline here. Before bidding on new work, it is generally not 



INTRODUCTION 3 

difficult to find out what methods the other bidders are accus- 
tomed to, and, by making independent estimates based on the 
probable methods for the most dangerous competitor, to reach 
a figure that is something better than a mere guess .at what his 
bid may be. Of course, it must be distinctly understood that this 
is not a.n attempt to eliminate human nature from the contract- 
ing business. The "most dangerous competitor" may suddenly 
change his methods and upset a lot of calculations, and whether, 
he will do this or not is just as much a matter for psychologic 
study as what sort of hand he is drawing to when he takes 
one card. Nevertheless the man who knows his competitor's 
usual methods, and knows the relative efficiency of those methods 
as compared with his own, is in a position to bid much more 
intelligibly than he otherwise could. With the increasing disuse 
of old methods it is necessary to know the value of the new 
ones in order to know whether it will pay to change from old 
equipment to new, and how much (if anything) the change may 
be expected to save; and it is vastly important to know what is 
the very best method for the work to be done. Even if a contract 
.can be carried out at a handsome profit by the second best or 
third best method, the man is a fool who would hesitate to 
discover and apply the first best, thus converting a handsome 
profit into a still handsomer one. When, moreover, a loss is 
being faced, it is almost always due, according to my experience, 
to the fact that the wrong methods were in use, rather than that 
the contract had been taken at "impossible figures." In such a 
situation the first and most necessary move is to ascertain the 
very best method and apply it immediately; and to assist the 
contractor and the engineer in the selection and application of 
the best method in the least time is the main object of this 
volume, which is devoted to Field Equipment. 

It is a fact of common experience that if we want, or think that 
we may want, a piece of equipment for certain work, we can have 
a large amount of free literature upon the subject, backed up by 
the extensive experience and earnest enthusiasm of the. salesmen 
of equipment houses. Such information is not always reliable 
and it is generally confusing. Moreover, before it can be applied 
to the work in hand it must be sorted, collated, studied and 
verified, a process requiring a ruinous amount of time for every 
investigation. This book attempts to save the estimator and 
contractor a large part of this time, which is ordinarily lost. 
The author has never sold any kind of equipment on commission 
and has never received a commission of any kind for recom- 
mending the adoption of any machine or tools for any purpose, 
and has no interest whatever in any statement contained in this 
book except to see that it correctly represents the economic 
facts in a useful and convenient way. Although it has been 
carefully checked for errors, it is possible, of course, that mis- 
takes may have escaped notice. If any such should be noted, 
a memorandum, mentioning page-number and line would be 
greatly appreciated. 



4 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The main features of equipment which bear upon economic 
operation are as follows: 

C Cost, ready to commence work. 

Q Capacity, minimum, standard and maximum. 

B Operating expense, including depreciation and repairs. 

A Adaptability to the conditions governing the work. 

No effort has been spared in preparing this volume to put 
the information into such form as to make it available, with 
the minimum of time and trouble, and it is believed that with the 
aid of the information contained in these pages an intelligent 
estimator of practical experience can determine within reason- 
able limits the figures for each of the above features. Prices 
vary from year to year, and terms of sale change with the con- 
ditions; but within a limit too small to affect materially an esti- 
mate of unit cost for plant performance, I believe the facts here 
given may be safely used. For making appraisal of a plant to 
be sold, if these figures be used they should of course be checked 
by actual bids from the manufacturers or dealers to the ap- 
praiser. In nearly every instance the prices here given repre- 
sent bona fide quotations made to the author, but since the book 
is not written to advertise anyone no names are given. 

Except where. otherwise expressly stated the prices are f. o. b. 
the manufacturer's works. 

(C) The cost, ready to commence work, includes 
(p) the purchase price, the 
(t) cost of transportation, and the 

(a) preparatory cost, including unloading, erecting and 
getting into working position. 

When possible the shipping weights have been included here, 
and the freight rate may be obtained from the nearest railroad 
agent, usually on the telephone. Data on the cost of erecting 
and installing machinery are not very plentiful. I have included 
them wherever possible from the available information. 

(Q) The capacity of equipment is a very elusive quantity. That 
of a wagon, ship, bucket or scraper is usually listed by the 
manufacturer as the "water measure" capacity and must be 
corrected to obtain the "place measure" capacity. The capacity 
of a steam shovel in theory is the "water measure" of the bucket 
multiplied by the rated number of swings per unit of time; in 
practice it is likely to average from 20% to 70% of this, with 
the odds on the lower figure. Therefore the capacity figures 
must be taken as purely relative for the purpose of defining the 
size or type of equipment mentioned. A good many elements 
enter into this, not the least of which is often the skill of the 
operator. A steam shovel, in particular, is dependent for its 
capacity upon the skill of the runner and the manner in which 
the runner and craneman work together. The character and 
condition of the material that is handled may greatly affect 
the performance, so that capacity under ideal conditions (which 1 
is the manufacturer's assumption when rating his machines) 
is simply the maximum, and is rarely to be equaled in working 
practice. Moreover, the capacity of such a machine as a steam 



INTRODUCTION 5 

shovel is limited by that of the cars into which it is loading, 
and is affected by the necessity of "moving up," and of changing 
trains, etc. 

(E) The cost of operating a machine depends a good deal 
on the skill of the operator, as well as on the layout of the 
work, weather conditions, etc. In estimating this quantity, there 
should be included the incidental and necessary costs without 
which it cannot work to advantage. The cost of operating a 
hoisting engine, for example, includes that of coal "on the plat- 
form," which may include the cost of hauling coal from a 
delivery point, and should include the cost of coaling at night, 
watchman's time, etc. The operating cost and operating capacity 
are reciprocally dependent on each other. 

(A) The adaptability of a particular machine to the condi- 
tions governing its work is often, if not always, the most 
important feature to be considered in its selection, since on this 
feature its practical efficiency for the work in hand largely 
depends. Adaptability is affected by the peculiarities of the 
work on which it is to be employed as well as those of the 
machine itself, and for a proper judgment as to its value an 
intimate knowledge of the machine and a thorough knowledge of 
the conditions under which it is to work are necessary. Unfor- 
tunately the working conditions are not always ascertainable 
With sufficient exactness to be sure of selecting the most suitable 
plant, and, more unfortunately, reliable information about new 
equipment is scarce. Salesmen, while probably no worse than 
the rest of mankind, are always biased by their personal interest 
in the product that they handle, and they cannot be expected to 
give due weight to the faults of their own machines or the 
virtues of those sold by their competitors, and are poor advisers 
in consequence. Theoretically, a way to avoid this disadvantage 
would be to call in rival salesmen and let them talk out the 
whole subject in the presence of each other. The writer tried 
this plan just once, at the request of a client, and it was a 
howling failure. Advertising statements, while honestly meant, 
are apt to be outrageously deceptive. As an instance of this the 
following was cut out of one of the technical journals. 

"DUMP WAGON COSTS "OUR COSTS 

"Bight men can shovel one "This cubic yard machine is 

cubic yard of loose sandy loam loaded in % minute; therefore, 
into a dump wagon in 3 min- in a 10-hour day one man on 
utes, therefore, in a 10-hour this machine can load 2,400 
day these 8 men could load cubic yards of material, or 12 
200 cubic yards of material. times as much as 8 of your 
At $1.50 per day, 8 men cost competitors' men can shovel 
$12.00; therefore, the labor cost in a 10-hour day. 
alone on 200 yards would be "On the above basis we fig- 

6 cts. per cubic yard. ure the two teams and their 

drivers, and even then taking 
this cost at $10. 0a, the cost per 
cubic would be .004, or four 
mills. 
"There are a number of items and incidentals yet to be added 
to both of these costs but the ratio of cost is as 1 to 21 in favor 
of this scraper." 



6 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

This is cost analysis gone mad with a vengeance, yet the 
man who wrote it in all probability thought that he was highly 
conservative. A great many manufacturers use special care 
that the statements in their trade literature shall be undeniably 
on the safe side on account of the very bad moral effect of 
an exaggeration. One of the large manufacturers of electrical 
machinery has been known to permit salesmen to state as the 
working efficiency of certain machines a percentage of the 
results shown by mechanical tests, on the ground that a dis- 
appointed and disgusted customer is the worst advertisement 
possible. Notwithstanding this fact, there are many machines 
that would be much more generally used did contractors feel 
confidence in the statements regarding them. The old and tried 
machine that is not especially well adapted to the work in hand 
is thus often used for lack of reliable information about the 
new and unknown one. 

No book can tell a contractor automatically what equipment 
is the best for his use, but it is possible to put him in possession 
of vastly more information than has heretofore been available, 
and this has been attempted in the present volume. 

The object of this book being primarily to furnish the in- 
formation needed by contractors, and the material having become 
rather voluminous, it was thought advisable to leave out a 
great many items which might be useful to a very few contrac- 
tors, but which would not be generally employed by the vast 
majority of them. The author will appreciate hearing from 
contractors who would like to find more material than obtained 
in the book, with a view to finding out the exact demand for 
extra matter, and will endeavor to insert such additional material 
in future editions. 

A most important point to which attention is called is that all 
the illustrations in this volume are for the purpose of illus- 
trating types of machines of which costs and performances are 
given. No quotation or price mentioned in these pages is to be 
taken as referring exclusively to any one machine illustrated 
or to the production of any one manufacturer. The prices are 
frequently averages of several quotations, while the illustration 
that goes with this price is that of a standard piece of equipment. 



AIR COMPRESSORS 



These machines are for the purpose of putting power into 
proper form for convenient and economical transmission. Many 
of the operations that formerly were done only by hand are 
now being accomplished by machinery and machine tools driven 
by compressed air or its substitute, compressed steam. Under 
many circumstances a drill can operate by steam as well as by 
air, while for the hand tools, such as riveters, stone cutters, 
etc., the use of steam is not convenient because of its high 
temperature and sometimes because of the dense white cloud 
of condensing steam which is opaque and wet. In general, air 
is never at a disadvantage as compared with steam in con- 
venience of working; and where they are equally convenient the 
ruling economic feature is the distance to which the power 
must be transmitted. A boiler is less expensive than a boiler 
and compressor of the same power; hence for short distances the 
steam power is more economical, other conditions being equal. 
As the distance of transmission increases, the relative economy 
of the steam transmission decreases, on account of heat losses, 
and there is, therefore, a point at which the extra economy of 
the air transmission equals the extra cost of the compressor. 
For greater distances than this the air transmission is economic; 
below it direct steam is the less costly. The actual position of 
this critical point for each set of conditions depends on the 
conditions themselves and can be worked out when they are all 
determined. It should be remembered, when considering such a 
problem, that it is quite possible to carry steam for half a mile 
in well lagged pipe with inconsiderable heat losses. 

The chief peculiarity of air compression for these purposes is 
that, as the air becomes compressed, its temperature rises. It 
may then be cooled at the place of compression by artificial 
means, or it may be admitted to the transmission pipes without 
first being cooled. In the latter case it becomes cooled more or 
less in transit, necessarily losing some of its pressure by the 
act of cooling, with a consequent loss of efficiency. For large 
installations, therefore, it is customary to do the cooling in 
the engine by a water jacket, or water jets. 

A cubic foot of "free" air, at normal atmospheric pressure 
of 14.7 lbs. per square inch and initial temperature of 60° F., 
will have a temperature of about 225° F. and pressure of 2.64 
atmospheres when compressed to one-half its original volume if 
there be no escape of the heat which is necessarily generated 
by the increase of pressure. This is "adiabatic" compression, or 
compression without loss of heat. If by a cooling arrangement 
the generated heat could all be removed as fast as generated, 
so that the temperature should remain constant, then the final 
pressure would be two atmospheres for the above example, and 
the compression would be "isothermal." In actual practice some 
heat is lost through the cylinders, so that neither the adiabatic 
nor isothermal curves represents accurately the facts. 
7 



8 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

If V represents final volume, 
V represents initial volume, 
P represents final pressure, 
P' represents initial pressure. 
Then in general, . p (V \ a 

(O p7=lv) 

(2) For isothermal compression, n=l 

(3) For adiabatic compression, .n=1.4 

For commercial machinery the exponent will be somewhere be- 
tween these figures, depending upon the efficiency of the machine 
Temperature, Degrees F. 



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AIR COMPRESSORS 



and the amount of cooling- that is introduced into it. These three 
simple formulas combine the theoretical facts. The diagram 
on page 8, Fig. 1, giving in graphic form the adiabatic curves 
for temperature, pressure and volume will enable the approxi- 
mate temperature to be obtained without tedious calculation. 

There follows also a diagram, Fig. 2, from "Rock Drilling," 
by Dana and Saunders, from which may be obtained the cubic feet 
of free air required to run any number of drills at sea level 
and at various elevations. 

Compressors may be divided into two general classes. The 
first classification divides them into the straight-line corn- 
Pressure in lbs. per sq.inch. 
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 





































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30 



40 



20 

Number of Drills. 
Fig. 2. Diagram Showing Cubic Feet of Free Air to Run from One 
to Forty Rock Drills at 75 lbs. per sq. in. Pressure. 

pressor in which the steam and air cylinders are arranged in 
a straight line and the power is applied through a single long 
piston rod connecting all pistons; and into the duplex compressor 
which consists of two compressors set side by side, each made up 
of a steam and an air cylinder connected to a crank shaft 
carrying a single balance wheel. The cranks of the two sections 
are set at a 90° angle to each other with the object of producing 
no dead center and to enable the machine to operate at very 
low speeds. 



10 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



The straight line machine is usually of lower cost, requires 
lighter foundation, occupies less room than the duplex, is more 
reliable in the hands of an average engineer and is a machine 
for every day service in moderate capacity. The duplex has more 
uniform operation, higher efficiency and greater steam economy. 
Another advantage is that in case of accident one side of the 
machine may remain uninjured and can be run in an emergency. 

The second general classification divides them into steam driven 
and power driven compressors. In the former the steam cylinder 
is an integral part of the machine. In the latter the compressor 
is operated by power outside of the machine and may be driven 
by belts, ropes, chains, gears, or a direct shaft connection. Of 
these the belt driven is the most common and the direct shaft 
is used only with electric motors or water wheels. Compressors 
may be classed also as vertical and horizontal. The vertical type 
is advantageous where space is limited, as the machine is small, 
and is commonly restricted to the power driven class. The 
horizontal type is generally considered the better. Another 
classification is that of the single stage or compound stage. 
This has to do with the degree of compression to which the air 
must be subjected. 





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Fig. 3. Standard 9y 2 -inch Compressors on Portable Boiler. 

Locomotive Compressor. The simplest type of air compressor 
is the standard locomotive pump used for air brakes. This ma- 
chine is of the straight line type and was originally designed for 
locomotive air brake use, but has since been applied to over one 
hundred different kinds of service, such as small pneumatic tool 
operation, cleaning metal surfaces, sand-blast outfits, in sewage 
ejectors, for pumping and conveying liquids. 

"Westing-house Standard steam-driven air compressors are illus- 
trated in Fig. 3 and the Cross-Compound by Fig. 4. 



AIR COMPRESSORS 
TABLE 1 











Cross 










compound 




8-in. 


9% -in 


11-in. 


10% in 


Diameter of steam 








I H. P. 8%" 
I L. P. 14%' 


cylinder 


8" 


9Va" 


11" 


Diameter of air 










cylinder 


8" 


9y 2 " 


11" 


r h. p. 9" 

i L. P. 13% 


Stroke 


10" 


10" 


12" 


12" 


Steam admission 










pipe 


1" 


1" 


1" 


1" 


Steam exhaust pipe 


IVi" 


l-%" 


1V 2 " 


1%" 


Air admission pipe 


1%" 


,iy 2 " 


1V 2 " 


2" 


Air delivery pipe. . 


1%" 


IVi" 


Ui" 


lVa" 


Rated speed, single 










strokes per min. 


120 


120 


100 


100 


Displacement at 










rated speed 


35 cu. ft. 


49 cu. ft. 


66 cu. ft. 


115 cu. ft 


Average actual 










displacement . . 


20 cu. ft. 


28 cu. ft 


45 cu. ft. 


50 cu. ft. 


Overall dimensions 42x18x14" 


42x18x15" 


51x22x16" 


52x37xlS" 


Net weight 


450 lbs. 


525 lbs. 


850 lbs. 


1,500 lbs. 


Weight, boxed 


550 lbs. 


625 lbs. 


975 lbs. 


1,750 lbs. 


Price, f. o. b. fac- 










tory 


$90 


$100 


$150 


$325 




Fig. 4. One of Two Cross 
Compound Compressors In- 
stalled at the Plant of Heath 
& Milligan Manufacturing Co., 
Chicago, III. 



This type of compressor requires no foundation (being bolted 
to a column or wall) nor accurate alignment of parts. The usual 
method of installing a water jacketed compressor of this type is 



12 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



shown in Fig. 5. If the conditions do not require a water jacket 
the water pipe connections and valve, and radiating discharge 
pipe may be omitted. The approximate prices of the chief ele- 

-5 




is «- 
3 8 

•S S 



AIR COMPRESSORS 13 

merits are: Lubricator, $6.50; Governor, $14.00; Air gauge, $2.50; 
Main reservoir, $24.50; Drain cock, $1.00. 

Standard electric railway compressors without water-jacket for 
use in connection with direct current and wound for 600 volts, 
have also found a great variety of uses where the operation is 
not continuous for over 20 minutes or 50% of the time. Fig. 6. 




Direct Current Motor Driven 
Air Compressor. 



TABLE 2 

Cyl. Diam. Displacement, 

and stroke, cu. ft. per Shipping 

inches min. 100 lbs. air Price weight 

5 x3 14V 2 $275 750 lbs. 

5y 2 x4% 25 325 1,100 lbs. 

7 x5 38 425 1,400 lbs. 

7%x5 50 475 1,600 lbs. 

Compressors of this type with direct current motors wound for 
other voltages, and with single, 2 phase, and 3 phase alternating 
current motors of various voltages and cycles are manufactured, 
but the prices vary too greatly to be tabulated. 

Cost of Installation. In Gillette's "Rock Excavation" the cost 
of installing a compressor plant is given as follows: 
Band, Class C. 

24x20-in. compressor, original cost, $4,000.00. 

150 H. P. locomotive boiler which cost $1,000.00 (2nd hand). 

Plant could furnish 1,300 cu. ft. free air per minute at 80 
pounds pressure, or enough to run 10 or 12 drills. 

Cost of installing boiler: 

22 days, laborers, at $1.50 ' $ 33.00 

23 days, engineers, at $3.00 69.00 

13 days, mechanics, at $4.00 52.00 

13 days, mechanics, at $2.00 26.00 

1 day, bricklayer, at $4.00 4.00 

Total $184.00 



14 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Cost of installing compressor: 
120 days, laborers, at $1.50 $180.00 

4 days, engineers, at $3.00 12.00 

22 days, mechanics, at $4.00 88.00 

80 days, mechanics' help, at $2.00 160.00 

50 days, carpenters, at $3.00 150.00 

3 days, bricklayers, at $4.00 12.00 

6 days, teams, at $4.00 24.00 

8 days, foreman, at $3.00 24.00 

Total $650.00 

Cost of materials: 

15 M B. M. lumber for housing compressor, at $25 $375.00 

1,400 sq. ft. tar paper (1 layer) 21.00 

32 cu. yds. concrete, at $4.00 128.00 

5 M brick, at $7.00 35.00 

6 bbls. cement, at $2.00 12.00 

Sand 1.00 

Total $572.00 

Cost of large compressor plant. The following is the estimated 
cost of a compressed air plant in a western mine designed to 
furnish air for 20 drills of S^-in. size. 

4 high pressure boilers (66 in. x 16 ft.) $ 6,000.00 

Housing and installing boilers 2,000.00 

Duplex compound air compressor 16,000.00 

Housing and installing compressor 2,000.00 

Pipe, 1,000 ft. 6-in. and 1,500 ft. 1-in 1,200.00 

Machine shop and tools » 800.00 

Total .$28,000.00 

Estimating- Costs. Mr. Gillette says it is usually safe to esti- 
mate on a basis of $1,000 per drill for the cost of a large and 
efficient compressor plant, and temporary housing and pipe line, 




Fig. 7. Power Driven Single Stage 
Straight Line Air Compressor. 



to which must be added the cost of the drill itself. If a more 
permanent building is provided, the corresponding cost of the 
compressor plant may be $1,500 per drill. 

The prices of air compressors vary with the type, size, equip- 
ment and other conditions under which they are to be used. 



AIR COMPRESSORS 



15 



Prices are herein given per cubic foot of displaced air for the 
commonly used sizes of compressors. Only a few of each type 
are tabulated as it is impossible to include all that are 
manufactured. 



POWER DRIVEN, STRAIGHT LINE, SINGLE STAGE, HORI- 
ZONTAL AIR COMPRESSORS 



Size of air 


S3 * . 
C CO >- 


Air Pressure 


Brake H 


:. p. 


0) 

> 


g 


Cylinder 


(Lbs 


.) 


at Belt Pulley. 


o 


^ 




CB^-> 


nS 










c'j 


A 


s2 

es fl 


2? 


ft 3-- 


a 


i 


c 




2iv 


1 


QS 


£S 


5 


§ 


& 


§ 


§ 


S 


6 


6 


40 


45 


100 


5.5 


8.5 


5x2 


1,420 


8 


8 


100 


50 


100 


12.5 


19 


6x2.5 


2,500 


10 


6 


115 


15 


20 


8 


10 


5x2 


1,750 


10 


10 


180 


55 


100 


25 


36 


7.5x3 


4.000 


12 


8 


205 


20 


30 


16 


22 


6x2.5 


3,100 


12 


12 


310 


60 


100 


46 


62 


11.5x4 


7,500 


14 


10 


335 


25 


35 


30 


38 


10.5x3 


5,000 



The prices of compressors of this type range from $4.75 per 
cu. ft. of displaced air in the 6x6 size to $2.25 per cu. ft. in 
the 14 x 10 size. 



TABLE 4 
STEAM DRIVEN, STRAIGHT LINE, SINGLE STAGE, 
ZONTAL AIR COMPRESSORS 
Steam Pressure 80-100 Lbs. 



Size 



of Cylinders 












Dimensions 








-"-KS 
















,-v 


*-;^ 




0>-t->!=H 

S 0) Vi 

^ ft 

* -U 
ft 3 .3 

Q 




Air 


LHP 


. in 


*~i 


^ 


^^ 


05 


>> w 




Pressure 


Steam 


& 

60 

a 

cu 

a 


^j 


+j" 


£ 

ho 
'3 


Steam C 
Diam. (In 

Air Diam 
(Ins.) ' 


-1 O C 
U02 


(Lbs.) 


Cyl. 

s i 


is 


'3 


6 6 


6 


40 


45 


100 


5.5 


8.5 


7 


2 


5 


2,000 


6 10 


6 


115 


1 5 


20 


8 


10 


7.5 


2 


5 


2 500 


8 10 


S 


145 


30 


50 


14 


20 


9 


2.5 


5 


3,700 


10 10 


10 


180 


55 


100 


25 


36 


10.5 


3.5 


5 


6,100 


10 12 


10 


260 


35 


55 


28 


38 


11 


3.5 


5 


6,500 


12 12 


12 


310 


60 


100 


46 


62 


15 


4 


6 


9,100 



The prices of compressors of the above type range from $8.30 
per cu. ft. of displaced air tor the 6x6x6 size to $3.10 per 
cu. ft for the 12x12x12 size. 



16 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The larger sizes of steam driven, straight line, single stage 
compressors are as follows: 

Steam Pressure 80-120 Lbs. 
Size c««J 



of ( 


Uylin< 


lers 












Di 


mensi 


ons 


/ _ > 


! 




'■j 


ST ft 


Ai 


tr 


I.H.P. in 


^N 




,-v 


09 




o 


Pressure 
(Lbs.) 

.s i 


Steam 
Cyl. 

.5 i 


to 




s 

to 


g 

1 


5 


5 


w 


p 


a 


§ 


g 


§ 


J 


? 


ffi 


£ 


18 


18 


18 


630 


40 


80 


75 


115 


15 


4.5 


4.5 


17,500 


18 


20 


24 


805 


40 


90 


90 


150 


19 


5.5 


5.5 


24.500 


20 


22 


24 


975 


40 


85 


110 


175 


19 


5.5 


5.5 


25,500 


20 


24 


24 


1,150 


25 


50 


95 


150 


19 


5.5 


5.5 


26.500 


22 


22 


24 


975 


50 


100 


124 


188 


19 


5.5 


5.5 


27,000 


24 


24 


24 


1,150 


40 


80 


125 


200 


19 


5.5 


5.5 


27,500 



The prices of the above type range from $3.20 per cu. ft. of 
displaced air in the 18x18x18 size to $2.50 per cu. ft. in the 
24 x 24 x 24 size. 

TABLE 5 

STEAM DRIVEN, TANDEM, TWO-STAGE, HORIZONTAL 

COMPRESSORS 

Steam Pressure 80-150 Lbs. 



Size 


of Cylinders 


fj o <o 


I. H. P. In 


Dimensions 












Steam Cyl- 
















^ 


+>« 


inders, Sea 








/-> 


9 

■2 

r to 

££ 


u 

Ti 


u 


m 

© 
o 


a v 

C <D S- 


Level.Pres- 
sure 

03 

^ © 


£ 

to 
a 


£ 


1 

to 


A 

to 
'3 


5 


A 


Si" 


m 


5 


O r-l 
OS rH 


3 


s 


W 


' £ 


14 


16 


10 


14 


690 


120 130 


18 


4 


6 


19,500 


18 


20 


13 


18 


1,115 


185 205 


21 


4.5 


7 


28,000 


22 


24 


15 


24 


1,645 


270 300 


26 


5.5 


8 


43,000 


24 


27 


16 


27 


2,180 


355 395 


29 


6 


8.5 


52,000 



The prices of the above type range from $2.90 for the 14 x 16 x 
10 x 14 to $2.00 for the 24 x 27 x 16 x 27 per cu. ft. of displaced 
air. This type is largely used as a compressor of intermediate 
economy between the straight line and cross compound types. 

TABLE 6 
POWER DRIVEN, DUPLEX, CROSS-COMPOUND, HORIZON- 
TAL COMPRESSORS 

Displacement, 

Cu. Ft. Free Air Price per Cu. Ft. Weight 

Size (Ins.) Per Minute Air Displaced (Lbs.) 

lOx 6x10 205 $4.30 7,300 

14x 9x12 445 2.60 12,500 

19x12x16 890 2.00 25.000 

25x15x20 1,700 2.00 60,000 

Further sizes of duplex single stage air compressors are not 
given as they are used only under special conditions where low 



AIR COMPRESSORS 17 

pressure air is required, such as caisson sinking, air lifts, etc., 
where each installation requires special cylinder sizes. 




Fig. 8. Duplex Belt Driven Compressor. 

TABLE 7 

STEAM DRIVEN, DUPLEX, TWO-STAGE, HORIZONTAL 

COMPRESSORS 

Steam Pressure 80-150 Lbs. 

I.H.P. 



Size of Cylinders 




^ 4> 


99 


s 


b 

m 

a 
o 




Diameters 
m 


to 

a 


0> CD .5 




ai 


a ^ 


<~ 


<D 


d _• a> 


W 


■° ™ 


a 


£ 


m 


X 


~£ ft 


,Q 


(J w 


(O 


bU 




Ph'S 


o 


ftU 


J 


<= 2 


S 


'3 


02 h4 W 


W~ 


w 


5-H3 


o 

00 


s£ 


5 


£ 


7 10 


6 


10 


205 


32 


35 


9x5 


8,900 


9 14 


9 


12 


445 


70 


80 


10.5x6 


13,000 


12 19 


12 


16 


890 


140 


160 


13.5x9 


25,500 


16 25 . 


15 


20 


1,700 


270 


300 


17x11.5 


55,000 


18 28 


17 


24 


2,380 


375 


420 


19x12.5 


68,000 




Fig. 9. 



Ingersoll-Rand Straight Line Stear 
Stage Air Compressor. 



Driven Two- 



18 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



The prices of compressors of the above type with simple steam 
cylinders vary from $5.50 per cu. ft. of displaced air for the 
7x10x6x10 size to $3.00 for the larger sizes. These com- 
pressors are usually sold with cross compound steam cylinders, 
which cost approximately 35 cents per cu. ft. extra. 




Fig. 



10. Ingersoll-Rand Duplex Corliss Steam Driven 
Air Compressor. 



CORLISS ENGINE DRIVEN COMPRESSORS, SIMPLE STEAM, 



TWO-STAGE, AIR CYLINDERS 
Steam Pressure 90-120 Lbs. 



Size of 
Cylinders 
Diam- 
eters 

_ m o 



G 






I.H.P.in Steam 
Cylinder at 



Dimensions 
Ft. 

9 * * 



16 27 16 

18 30 18 

20 33 20 

22 37 



22 



2,000 
2,590 
3,340 
4,200 



305 
390 

505 



320 
410 
530 
665 



342 

440 
560 
705 



75,000 

92,500 

125,000 

158,000 



The prices of these machines with simple steam cylinders range 
from $3.75 to $2.90 per cu. ft. of air displaced. They are usually 
sold with cross compound steam cylinders, which adds about 35 
cents per cu. ft. extra to the price. 

The foregoing list of compressors gives a complete line of the 
commonly used compressors starting from the small capacities 
of the less efficient designs through the various stages of de- 



20 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

velopment to the larger and more efficient units of the highest 
type. 

COST OF COMPRESSOR INSTALLATION 

An air compressor, electric generating, and pumping outfit was 
installed for the Water Board of the. City of New York at Corn- 
wall Landing on the Hudson River, about 2,000 ft. south of the 
West Shore Railway Station. This plant was used to supply air 
for drills, pumps, and general shaft and tunnel work, in driving 
the siphon under the Hudson at Storm King Mountain. 

Compressor equipment installed. Two (2) ^f-x-fljiX 16 Class 
"HH-3" cross compound steam driven air compressors, having a 
piston displacement each of 1392 cu. ft. designed to operate con- 
densing; air pressure 100 to 110 lbs.; steam pressure 150 lbs. 

One (1) 48" improved type of vertical aftercooler. 

One (1) 54" dia. by 12' vertical air receiver. 

Boiler equipment and pumps, etc. Three (3) 130 H. P. Sterling 
boilers. 

Two (2) 6x4x6 outside packed boiler feed pumps built by 
the Buffalo Steam Pump Co. ■ 

Two (2) 6 x 5% x 6 piston type tank pumps built by the 
Buffalo Steam Pump Co. 

One (1) 10 x 18 x 10 independent jet type condenser built by 
the Buffalo Steam Pump Co. 

One (1) 400 H. P. enclosed Berriman type feed water heater 
built by the F. L. Patterson Co. 

One (1) 20 K. W. Kerr steam turbine generating set built by 
the Atwood Reardick Co. 

One (1) station panel complete with necessary switches, etc. 

One (1) feed water tank. 

2,500 ft. of 6-in. black wrought iron pipe. 

2,500 ft. of 1%-in. 2 conductor cable. 

The above equipment was installed on rented property on the 
Hudson River and immediately adjacent to the right of way of 
the West Shore Railroad. Cost including this equipment plus 
the cost of the railroad siding, actual building and foundations, 
piping in power house, boiler setting, together with all labor 
and other charges for putting this equipment into operation, 
laying the air pipe from the plant to the shaft, some 2,400 ft. 
distant, and electrical connections between shaft and power 
house, and adequate well to obtain boiler feed water and making 
proper connections to the Hudson River with strainer, etc. for 
condensing and circulating purposes, approximately $35,000.00, 
which includes the following costs: Compressors, aftercooler 
and receiver, approximately $13,500. Balance of equipment, con- 
sisting of boilers, pumps, generator set, water tank, pipe and 
electric conductor, etc., about $10,000. Railroad siding, building 
and foundations, piping in power house, boiler settings, well, 
erecting stacks, labor, superintendence, charges for placing plant 
in operation, rental, lease for railroad siding, and incidentals, 
$11,500.00. 






AIR COMPRESSORS 



21 



Portable compressors. The Consolidated Gas Co. of New York 
uses lead wool for its gas mains and caulks it with a chipping 
hammer having a 3-in. stroke. This is operated by air supplied 
from a portable compressor outfit of light weight, having a self- 
contained water cooling system and a simple gasoline engine. 
The capacity is about 50-75 cubic feet of air, which is sufficient 
for 7 or 8 hammers. Table 9 (from an article by Colin C. 
Simpson, Jr., written for the American Gas Institute, 1910) shows 
the cost, air capacity, etc. of the various types of outfits in- 
vestigated. Hand work, the method formerly employed, required 




Fig. 12. 



for each joint 2Y 2 hours in yarning and 7 hours in caulking with 
lead woOl; two men completed one joint in a 10-hour day. About 
160 lb. of lead wool were used. With the compressed air outfit 
it is stated two men can yarn and caulk two joints in a 10-hour 
day. The men stand on either side of the main and the caulking 
iron is alternated between them. The pressure of the caulking 
iron is said to be uniform and to insure a perfect joint, using the 
same amount of lead wool pressed into a smaller space. The 
gas engine consumes about 1 gal. of gasoline per hour and the 
pressure maintained averages 600 lbs. 






W C+-> 

O 



UQ £ 



o w 

o >, 






fJ o 

S3 



a) tu •- 



■-iO 






£g 
O.S-S1 

.3 ctf i 






£° £ 






Cm 
* hn 



fe 




o m 


be 
c 


.« 




u o 


I s 


Eh 02 


8^ 

to 




o 
U 


uo 




<^u 






o 

01 
01 
0) 


Pi" 1 


a 
S 


o 


o 
O 


B^ 




02 


>> 


o 


E-i 


u 




C5 






£ 




C 




K 


00T 


02 

I 


jo ajnssaad: jy 


1 

OS 


(Suiteh S,.ijj\[) 


H 


P,I9(I ' U IIM J 3d 


3 jiV eea^ •*£ -no 



tli ' bo 60 ' SB 

o cs o cri 3 

§ ~1 § I1 In 

e o « u £<,+> 



aj 03 p, aj to p+J 

r* rrt 3 nt r* 3 ^ 

P. 






3*2 s] 

$bOd «w 
Pn ^--> s £ 



3 0) 



oo : to <3J 50 bo-Pi «C SO-r, 



;y;no jo 851BH g 



3C 



aj 3" 






£3 



h : 

-mcQ u 



AIR COMPRESSORS 23 

Gloucester, Mass., has large areas covered with glacial boul- 
ders, which add greatly to the cost of any sort of excavation and 
here steam tripod drills, operated by portable boilers, were used 
to blast these boulders until March, 1910, when a single stage air 
compressor, driven by a 15 H. P. gasoline engine, the whole 
mounted on a steel truck, was purchased by the city. An air 
cylinder of 8 x 10 inches gave 96 cubic feet of free air per minute 




Fig. 13. Sullivan "WK-3" Air Compressor Outfit and Sullivan 
"DB-15" Hammer Drills. 



at 165 revolutions with 80 to 100 lbs. air pressure. A hoisting 
attachment was mounted on the rear of the truck for pulling 
rock fragments from trenches, etc. Besides this, the machine 
was provided with a gasoline tank, cooling tanks, and an air 
receiver. The outfit weighed 8,000 lbs. Hammer drills were 
used, and holes 5 ft. deep were frequently drilled in 30 minutes. 
The price of a similar machine complete is $1,350.00. 

An outfit like this with 3 hammer drills has been used at 
Yonkers, on similar work. Each drill averaged^ 50 ft. per day 
and the cost of operation was as follows: 

3 drill operators at $3.50 per day $10.50 

Compressor attendant 3.50 

Gasoline, 15 gallons at 20c 3.00 

Interest, renewals, wear and tear 6.00 

Total cost $23.00 

This gives a cost of 14% cts. per ft. of hole. The work was 
formerly done by hand at 30 cts. per ft.; each man received 
$1.50 per day and averaged 5 ft. of hole. 



= N o w }5 

O < *c «c -s 




1 J.K* 1 

5 w^ 




Capacity 
1.00 


4 

c 

2 



WS6 2 


J*-3 


>-XiD 


*7/flff J 


^1H 


IiDt 


*W * 


r> >- r 


iD U-fcl 


W "J 


« r o 


U-'uJO 


WOL - 


r on. 


ui a o 


WS9 X 


vSU. UJ 


a o & 


q/09 s 


u. ui a 


O (Q< 


5? 


c a o 
o o o 
S itf«S 




o S Js 



:V 



AIR COMPRESSORS 25 

Directions: 

1. If the drills are not of the 3-in. size, find out the number of 
3-in. drills which equals the drills proposed for use. The diagram 
of "Relative Capacity of Rock Drills" is for this purpose. 

2. Observe the height above sea level. 

3. Determine the air pressure that you would carry on the drill. 

4. The size of the compressor in free air capacity at the given 
altitude will be found in the diagram. 

In the table of altitudes opposite each height and under the 
line of pressure is found a letter, as for 8,000 ft. under 76 lbs. we 
find H. On the diagram we find horizontal lines A, B, H, M, etc. 
We also find diagonal lines leaning to the right marked with 
numbers of 3-in. drills; also diagonal lines leaning to the left 
marked "cu. ft. free air per minute." The meeting point of the 
rock drill line with the lettered altitude line will indicate the r 
free air capacity needed in compressors. For example, 10 
drills, at 8,000 ft. and 76 lbs. We find the 10 drill line meets the 
line marked H just below the cu. ft. capacity line marked 1,300; 
thus indicating the capacity needed in the compressor. In the 
same way 88 lbs. at 6,000 ft. altitude take the letter I, and for 
six drills the drill line meets I just below the air capacity line 
900, or 20 x 20 compressor. 

As it is a very common practice to use air in drills and light 
machines at full stroke, I append a table of efficiency of com- 
pressors when the air is so used at 60 lbs. per sq. in. gauge 
pressure, and at various heights above sea level. 



fir- 


TABLE 10 




Height in Feet Above 




Efficiency of Com- 


Sea Level 


Barometer, Inches 


pressor, Per Cent 





30 


100.0 


500 


29.42 


98.4 


1,000 


28.85 


96.9 


1,500 


28.34 


95.5 


2,000 


27.78 


94.0 


3,000 


26.74 


91.1 


4,000 


25.70 


88.1 


5.000 


24.73 


85.9 


6,000 


23.83 


82.8 


7,000 


22.93 


80.2 


8,000 


22.04 


77.5 


9,000 


21.22 


75.1 


10,000 


20.43 


72.7 


12,000 


18.92 


68.0 



WM +J <£ ,.^00000 

t-Olo(OOCONOtDO» >> 3 •'- 1 fi ffi is "> C" °» '-' •*• 

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m 




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m 


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o 
o 


53 


fa 




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EQ 




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| 


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fa 


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26 



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ASBESTOS 



Asbestos building: felt and sheathing: in less than ton lots 
costs 3V 2 c per pound for the light material weighing from 6 to 
30 pounds per 100 sq. ft., 4c per pound is charged for the heavy 
asbestos weighing from 45 to 56 pounds per 100 sq. ft. 

Mill board is made in standard sheets, 40x40 ins., and 41x40 
ins. It varies in thickness from 1-32 to % in. and in weight 
from 2 to 27 lbs. per sheet. The net price in 100-pound lots is 
5c per pound. 

Transite, asbestos wood, used for fireprooflng, ventilators and 
smoke jackets, comes in standard sheets, 36x48 ins. and 42x96 
ins. The prices f. o. b. factory are as follows: 

Price 

Thickness. Weight. per sq. ft. 

% inch 1 lb. $0.08 

ft " ltt " -12 

% " 2 i " .16 

ft " 2% " .20 

% " 3 " .28 

ft " 3y 2 " .28 

% " 4 " .32 

ft " 4V 2 " .36 

% " 5 " .40 

% " 6 " .44 

% " 7 " -48 

1 " 8 " .52 

1% " 10 *' .56 

I i /2 " 12 " .64 

1 % " 16 " .72 

2 " 16 " .80 

Asbestos cements are used for covering boilers, domes, fittings, 
etc., and all irregular surfaces, and may be used over asbestos 
air cell boiler blocks, when it makes an excellent covering. 
When mixed with water to a consistency of mortar and applied 
with a trowel, it forms a light porous coating which is the most 
efficient non-conductor. The cost of this cement is $33.00 per ton. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

ASPHALT PLANTS 



ASPHALT MIXING PLANTS 

A semi-portable asphalt mixing- plant (Fig. 15) designed to 
meet the requirements of paving contractors and municipal 
street repair work consists of a double drum dryer with cold 
material elevator. The dried materials are delivered into a 
hopper and thereby conveyed to the hot material elevator, from 
which they are discharged directly into the revolving screen 
which is located above the hot material bin. This bin is sup- 
ported in a tower and from it the hot materials are delivered 
to a measuring box in which the materials may be either 
measured or weighed. The melting tanks (of one thousand gal- 
lons capacity each) are arranged in a battery of six and are pro- 




Fig. 15. Iroquois Semi-Portable Asphalt Mixing Plant for Mu- 
nicipal Repair Plant or General Contractors' Use. 

vided with suitable covers, and from them the asphalt is con- 
veyed to the bucket by the dipping process. This bucket is 
arranged with trolley track and each batch of asphalt can be 
weighed. The mixer is provided with two sets of shafts which 
may be easily interchanged for mixing either binder or topping. 
The power plant consists of a locomotive type boiler with a 50 
h. p. engine mounted thereon. 

The engine and boiler are mounted on skids and there are no 
heavy foundations necessary, thereby making the plant easy to 



ASPHALT PLANTS 31 

remove. The plant has 1,000 square yards per day capacity; 
total weight, 63, tons; price, f. o. b. Buffalo, N. Y., $10,500. 

An asphalt mixer was used in Lincoln Park, Chicago, during 
1910 to construct an asphalt surfaced driveway. The road was 
40 ft. wide x 4,631 ft. long, and had 2 inches of asphalt on an 8 
in. base of crushed stone. The total amount of asphalt was 
22,318 sq. yds. The material was mixed in an asphalt mixer 
in the following proportions; 

Lbs. 

1 part torpedo sand 16S 

1 part bank sand 165 

3 parts ^-in. stone 504 

Asphalt .'. 81 

Total 7 cu. ft. or 1 box 921 

The total costs were as follows: 

Labor on stone, per sq. yd $0,498 

Labor on asphalt, per sq. yd 352 

Stone for base, per sq. yd 394 

Asphalt material 394 

Total per square yard $1,638 

Labor cost of curb, per lin. ft 64 

Material cost of curb, per lin. ft 21 

Total cost of curb $0.85 

These costs include all repairs to the plant, but no depreciation. 
The cost of the plant was as follows: 

Link Belt Co., asphalt mixer $ 5,590 

Gasoline tractor 1,200 

6-ton roller 1,800 

15-ton roller 1,500 

Asphalt tanks and tools 1,000 

Total value of plant $11,090 

ASPHALT REPAIR PLANTS 

The municipal asphalt repair plant of Indianapolis, Ind., is 
described in Engineering and Contracting, Vol. XXXI, No. 4. 

The plant has a capacity of 1,200 square yards of 2 in. asphalt 
per day, and cost $15,525. The total cost, including one 5-ton 
steam roller, four dump wagons, five wagons, office building, 
roller, stone dust and tool sheds, all tools necessary, and the 
preparation of the yard was $20,557.68. 

From June 16 to December 31, 1908, 101,743 square yards of 
surface mixture were turned out at a total cost of about 64 cents 
per square yard. One day was lost on account of rain, four 
days waiting for material and seven hours for repairs to plant. 

The cost of material used was, for California asphalt $23 per 
ton, for Trinidad asphalt $29 per ton, for limestone dust $3 per 
ton, for residuum oil (average) 5 cents per gallon, and for sand 
90 cents per cubic yard. 



32 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The municipal asphalt repair plant of New Orleans, La., was 
erected on a lot 175 ft. x 260 ft., and covers about 1,500 square 
feet of ground. 

The cost of plant was as follows: 

Demolition of old garbage plant buildings $ 475.00 

Asphalt plant — Warren Bros. Asphalt Paving Co.'s con- 
tract, $16,862.50; city alterations and additions, 

$2,736.50 19,599.00 

Yard fences and gates 859.00 

Switch tracks 1,189.00 

Yard pavements and drains 6,721.00 

Tower tank and filter 1,330.00 

Water pipes and outlets 1,015.00 

Waterhouse and platform 1,471.00 

Asphalt shed 289.00 

Blacksmith shop and equipment 222.00 

Stable, rolling pen and wagon shed 5,311.00 

Stone crusher and storage bin 1,966.00 

Yard material bins 332.00 

Office and store room building 5,509.00 

Landing bins and roads 1,132.00 

Lighting 352.00 

General cleaning of premises 298.00 

Total .- $48,370.00 

In addition to 134 tools of various kinds included in the con- 
tract price, the plant is furnished with the following: 1 roller- 
mounted platform scales; 1 4-wheel hand truck; 12 wheelbarrows, 
18 shovels; 10 axes; 6 picks; 8 crowbars; 8 sledge hammers; and 
a number of small tools. The shed tools consist of the following: 
2 tool boxes; 18 street barriers; 1 8-ton steam roller; 1 3% -ton 
steam roller; 1 1,000-lb. hand roller; 1 fire wagon; 1 mixing 
kettle; 18 asphalt irons; 66 asphalt axes; 107 picks; 18 mattocks; 
142 shovels; 24 wheelbarrows; 6 axes; 200 ft. of hose; 6 sledge 
hammers: 8 chisels; 10 iron bars; and other small tools. The 
testing laboratory is equipped with cement testing apparatus, 
oil testers, brick testers, etc. 

In addition, 17 mules, 3 horses, 8 sets harness, halters, blan- 
kets, etc., for the stable, and 10 wagons, 8 carts, 2 farm wagons, 
1 float dray and 1 buggy were purchased. 
This equipment cost as follows: 

Live stock, harness and stable equipment $ 6,197.00 

Rolling stock and equipment 3,180.00 

Plant tools 837.00 

Street tools 5,492.00 

Office furniture 447.00 

Laboratory equipment 1,490.00 

Total • $17,643.00 

Additional equipment was as follows: 

1 7-ton steam road roller $1,113.00 

1 steel road grading machine 150.00 

1 700-gallon capacity road sprinkler 396.00 

Rolling stock 1,027.00 

Railroad plows with extra points 39.00 

Wheel scrapers 140.00 

Harness 139.00 

Live stock 1.700.00 

Total $4,704.00 



ASPHALT PLANTS 33 

From September 1, 1906, to August 31, 1907, supplies cost as 
follows: 

Av. Unit 

Cost Total 

Asphalt, 465.99 tons 18.50 $8,561 

Fluxing oil, 125,527 lbs 0075 940 

Naphtha, 6,753 gals 15 1,019 

Lake shore sand, 2,580 cu. yds 99 2,566 

River sand, 1,779 cu. yds 1.64 2,920 

Tchefuncta River sand, 250 cu. yds 1.60 400 

Mineral dust, 321 tons 5.50 1,764 

River gravel, 564 cu. yds 2.27 1,272 

Cement, 1,936 bbls 2.04 3,944 

Coal, 389 tons 2.84 1,105 

Clay gravel, 3,178 cu. yds 1.50 4,786 

New small granite blocks, 3,240. 07 227 

Old small granite blocks, 4,600 04 184 

New building brick, 9,000 98 

Old building brick, 8,500 25 

Pine wood, 49 % cords 5.68 283 

Oak wood, 41% cords 6.74 280 

Lake shells, 3,618 cu. yds 1.46 5,304 

Brickbats, 696 cu. yds 1.48 1,032 

Cast iron, 32,924 lbs 1,289 

Drain pipes and Ys, 3,026 lin. ft 979 

Laboratory supplies 24 

Office supplies, stamps, etc 436 

Engineers' supplies 606 

Oats, 122,172 lbs 015 1,820 

Bran, 6,600 lbs .01 66 

Hay, 39 % tons 24.72 983 

Stable supplies 309 

Blacksmith supplies 87 

?43,309 
During the same period of time the plant turned out 88,947 
cubic feet of wear surface which equals 49,415 square yards of 
2-inch pavement. 

The largest # day's run was 205 boxes of wearing surface mix- 
ture. One box, or 9 cubic feet, will lay 5 square yards of 2-inch 
pavement. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

AUTOMOBILES 



These are of two main classes, those for transporting men, 
and those for materials and supplies. 

Passenger Cars. For use of a superintendent, the passenger 
automobile, enabling him to go from place to place with speed 
and convenience, is practically indispensable. Their first cost 
is known to almost everyone who reads the papers, but the cost 
of operation, which is the important feature, seems to be a mys- 
tery to owners until a few months after they have had their cars 
in commission. The medium priced car, say from $1,200 to 
$1,800 for a five-passenger touring car equipped, is worth at 
the end of its first year a little less than two-thirds of its first 
cost if in proper repair, newly painted and usually with two 
new tires. After the first year the rate of depreciation is a 
little less, say, 25 per cent of the original cost when new. It 
is reasonably safe to figure about as follows for a standard 
American car: 

Depreciation per year 25%— 40% 

Interest 6 % 

Repairs and painting 10%-20% 

Storage (garage) (if in cities) 15%-30% 

(Less in country) 

Gasoline and oil, 10,000 miles 5%-15% 

These figures are intended to represent average conditions, 
and may easily be exceeded by careless handling or rough usage, 
and, on the other hand, may be too high for certain condi- 
tions. The very high priced cars will not depreciate as fast as 
25 per cent, while the very low ones may depreciate faster than 
40 per cent. If given less than average use the repair bill will 
be low, and the gasoline and oil costs will be reduced in propor- 
tion. If not used at all, but stored at a minimum rate of 5 per 
cent, the above costs will foot up to 36 per cent of the cost of 
the car new, while with very moderate usage 50 per cent would 
seem none too high. The proper unit for gasoline cost is that 
of the car mile, but here it has been assumed to be on the basis 
of gasoline at 15 cents per gallon and twelve car miles per 
gallon of gasoline. I have allowed % cent per mile for oil, 
making 1.5 cents per mile in all, or $150 for 10,000 miles, which 
would be 10 per cent of the first cost of a $1,500 car. The other 
figures are properly in terms of percentage of first cost per year, 
and the fuel costs have been assumed as above to get them into 
the same units for comparison. The last item is relatively unim- 
portant, and becomes insignificant if the car is not much used. 

If the average $1,500 car is used 200 days in the year, aver- 
aging fifty miles per day, its daily cost on the above basis will 
be $6.45, which, allowing for chauffeur and overhead expenses, 
checks with the ordinary rental charges. The automobile manu- 
facturing industry at present (1912) is growing faster than the 



AUTOMOBILES 35 

demand for cars, with a rapidly decreasing price for standard 
cars, at the same time that competition is keeping up the quality 
of the marketable cars. There will be, therefore, a smaller 
demand and lower prices for second-hand cars; hence the figures 
for depreciation will in the future tend to increase. The price 
of gasoline is not likely to be lowered, but is gradually advanc- 
ing, and repair and storage rates tend to increase with the lapse 
of time. Consequently, the total percentage for annual mainte- 
nance cost, in terms of the selling price, is likely to grow from 
year to year the country over, the selling prices tending to 
steadily decline until they reach a standard cost of production 
plus standard overhead charges and reasonable profits. At the 
present writing, 1914, they are still at a considerable distance 
from this standard point. 

Many figures of "sworn statements" as to repair costs have 
been published in the interests of the manufacturers of cars. 
These may be useful as advertising matter, but they are hardly 
a safe guide when financing a purchase. 

Preight Cars, Trucks. The value of an automobile truck for 
handling materials and supplies depends on a good many factors 
that are often not familiar to a contractor, especially when he 
has no data except those furnished him (for nothing) by the 
willing salesman. The motor truck has certain marked charac- 
teristics that place it in a distinct class by itself. When com- 
paring it with two-horse wagons these peculiarities must be 
considered to avoid an erroneous conclusion. The common unit 
of possible comparison is the ton of "live load" transported. 
The cost of loading and unloading may be assumed to be the 
same with motors as with horses. The essential factors are, 
therefore, as follows: 

W=net live load in tons, average, 
M=dead load of vehicle in tons, 
S=speed loaded in feet per minute, 
KS=speed empty in feet per minute, 
D=distance of haul in feet, one way, 
L=lost time in one average round trip, waiting to load and 

unload, breakdowns, etc., in minutes, 
F=fixed charges per working day, such as I=interest and 

insurance, 
D=depreciation, 
S=storage, 
O=operating expenses per working day, such as f=fuel, waste, 

oil, etc. 
L=chauffeur and 

other labor, 
R=repairs, 
m=number of minutes in the working day, 
R=transportation cost per ton. 
n=number of round trips per working day of m minutes. 

Then we have the following formulse: 
(1) — =time in minutes for a loaded trip. 

^~ =time in minutes for an empty trip, 



36 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

(2) L+—= actual non-productive time per round trip, 



^ ' — =total number of round trips per day. This in 

L4-2|(-(-i| tne majority of cases must be either an in- 
T S \ K./ tegral number or an integral plus Vs. since 
the truck must usually tie up for the night 
at one end of the trip. 

— ^ — -Y"=Average load transported per day, in tons. 

L+ ?( 1+ £) 



(6) (0+F )[ L + S( 1+ ±)] 



=R=cost of transportation per ton for 
distance D >. 



M 
(7) "w 

- =live load divided by total load, giving the measure 

■M-+W of carrying efficiency of the vehicle. 

There are eight factors composing the quantity R, and these 
seven formulas give us all the essential relations for determining 
the economic policy to be pursued for any given conditions 
from which the values of the eight factors can be determined. 

Several of these may be taken as standard, while two, namely, 
the practicable net load and the distance of haul, will vary with 
the nature of the work and the hourly conditions on the work. 

To make proper comparisons between an automobile truck and 
other means of transportation, the cost curves for each method 
should be plotted and the costs thus readily be estimated. 

Automobiles range in price from $500 for a 700-pound deliv- 
ery wagon to $6,000 for a 7-ton truck. Prices as given are usu- 
ally for the chassis alone and do not include the body, which 
latter may be had in a variety of forms at little above actual 
cost. Some types of body are very ingeniously designed and 
the removable body is of especial interest. This is made sepa- 
rate and of a size to suit the work it has to perform, and is 
mounted on rollers and can be removed from the chassis and 
rolled onto a hand truck or other support and while it is being 
loaded or unloaded the chassis is performing its work with 
another body of the same type. This is very valuable on short 
hauls, or where material which is difficult to handle is being 
carried, where the loading charge would be a large part of the 
total. 

Mr. Charles L. Gow, in a paper read before the Boston Society 
of Civil Engineers, cites an instance where the 5% -mile road 
from the railroad to the work was in such bad condition and 
of such steep grades that 2-horse and sometimes 4-horse wagons 
were unable to make more than two trips per day, carrying 3,000 
pounds. A steam traction engine failed of greater success on 



AUTOMOBILES 37 

account of the bad reads and because the steep grades going up 
hill caused the steam dome to be flooded -and going down 
caused the crown sheet to be uncovered. A gasoline traction 
engine failed because of the presence of sandy patches in the 
road which destroyed the tractive force of the wheels. A 2-ton 
38.5 horsepower automobile truck was introduced with great suc- 
cess, making six trips per day over a longer but better road. 
However, the use of the truck on the steep, icy roads became 
too dangerous and was stopped during the winter. Mr. Gow 
says: "It is highly probable that had two of these trucks been 
purchased at the beginning of the work great saving would have 
been effected in the cost of handling materials." 

Forbes & Wallace put a gasoline machine in service May 1, 
1909, to deliver bundles from their department store. The result 
of eight months' use is as follows: 

Total number of bundles delivered 2,700 

Expense including storage, oil, parts and labor $ 368.00 

Tires and repairs 217.00 

Gasoline 119.00 

Registration 10.00 

Wages 559.00 



Total $1,273.00 

Depreciation, 33 1/3% per annum. Cost of delivering bundles 
by automobile, 6%c, by horse, 9 8/10c. 

Four Overland delivery cars were used by the United States 
Mail Service at Indianapolis for eighteen months. Each car 
replaced three horse-driven wagons and covered sixty to seventy- 
five miles a day. 

During the winter of 1910 in New York City a motor truck 
carried ten cubic yards of snow, as compared with five cubic 
yards carried by an ordinary contractor's wagon. The return 
trip from the unloading point to the dock took the motor truck 
on an average forty minutes, while the best record trip with 
a two-horse truck was one hour and twenty minutes. At the 
rate of 36 cents per cubic yard, the motor truck earned $7.20, 
while the best of its horse-drawn competitors earned $1.80. A 
New York contractor hauls heavy stone to the crusher and 
broken stone away from it. A 3-ton motor truck in one and a 
half days does the work that five teams took two days to 
accomplish. 

In New York City a 5-ton truck delivered 963 tons of coal in 
twenty-six working days with no delay from breakdowns; it aver- 
aged twenty-eight miles per day and thirty-seven tons per day. 
A 10-ton truck delivered eighty-four tons a day and covered two 
and a half miles on each gallon of gasoline. 

An industrial concern on Staten Island used one 3-ton gasoline 
truck, one 3-horse truck and one 2-horse truck over a round trip 
of twenty miles. The horse-drawn trucks made one trip each and 
the motor truck two trips per day. The 3-horse truck hauled 
4V2 tons at a cost of $10.03, the 2-horse truck hauled three tons 



38 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



at a cost of $7.31. The motor truck hauled six tons at a cost 
of $13.40. 

The Chicago Public Library has been using six 1-ton gasoline 
wagons to deliver books to their branches. They were installed 
in November, 1904, and the following statement was estimated 
to April, 1909. 



.$4,000.00 

. 939.23 

. 450.15 

35.02 

199.00 

Interest at 6% 1,080.00 

Storage 800.00 



Drivers' wages 

Gasoline 

Oil and grease. 

Parts 

Painting 



Machine work . . . 
Parts replaced . .. 


$ 117.01 

1,304.02 

.... 968.97 




.... 52 44 


Supplies 


210.78 

.... 600 00 




90.00 






Total 


$10,846.62 



Average miles per day, 33; average cost per ton mile, 18c. 

This service formerly cost 20c per ton mile with horse drawn 
wagons. 

The Manz Engraving Company replaced four double teams with 
one 3-ton truck which made two trips daily on a round trip of 
more than fourteen miles. Five gallons of gasoline were used 
per day. 

In the Boston American Economy and Reliability contest, held 
in October, 1910, for motor trucks, the cost of gasoline and cylin- 
der oil per ton mile ranged from $0.0068 to $0.0892 and for the 
twenty-eight cars the average was $0,026, with gasoline costing 
16 cents and oil costing 50 cents per gallon. 

Standard speeds for motor trucks were formally adopted at a 
convention of the National Association of Automobile Manufac- 
turers held in 1912. Those speeds, as reported in the Power 
Wagon of Chicago are as follows: 



TABLE 1( 



Load 
Rating 
% ton . 

1% " '■ 

2 " . 

I s : : 

3% " • 

4 " . 



Miles 
per Hour 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

.... ioy 2 

10 



Load 
Rating 
4% ton. 



Miles 
per Hour 
.... 9% 



5V 2 
5 



TYPES OP TRUCKS 

There are several types of motor dump trucks for use by 
contractors and others who handle material in bulk. These 
trucks are so made that the body, together with its load of from 
three to ten tons, can be raised at the front end and the load 
slid out or else raised vertically to a sufficient height to permit 
chutes to be used. One of these trucks has a bddy that is raised 
at the front end by a pair of chains moved by a train of gears 
driven from the transmission set of the truck. Another is simi- 
larly operated, except that the chains are wound up on the 



AUTOMOBILES 39 

drums, which are worm driven from the primary shaft just back 
of the clutch. 

There is also a dump truck that is operated by compressed 
air. A valve on the dash is opened to admit compressed air to 
a long vertical steel cylinder behind the seat. This raises a 
plunger whose rod is connected to the top of the front end of 
the body, thus hoisting the body with the load. Releasing the 
air from the cylinder allows the body to settle back to normal 
position. The compressor is operated by the vehicle engine. 
A new and valuable feature of some of the dump trucks are the 
automatic tail boards with which they are equipped. These are 
hung on trunnions at the top and so connected to a system of 
toggle arms at the lower corners that they open automatically 
as the front end of the body is elevated, thus enabling the 
driver to dump the load without leaving his seat. Upon lower- 
ing the body the tail board closes and is locked into position. 

Besides the trucks suitable for general contractors' and build- 
ers' hauling, illustrated in Figs. 17 to 22A, there are a variety 
of trucks for special purposes, such as hauling lumber, refuse 
removal and for department purposes. In what follows I give 
such data as have been collected on the cost of motor truck 
operation. 

COSTS OF MOTOR TRUCK OPERATION 

Costs of motor truck operation specifically for contract work 
are somewhat rare, but they have been obtained in two cases 
which follow. Operating costs as compiled by manufacturers 
and as given for other lines of work than contractors' hauling 
are, however, nearly as serviceable, and a number of examples 
follow. 

Manufacturers' Averages. From data made public by manu- 
facturers and covering often several years of operation, the 
following averages have been compiled: 

A tabulation compiled by one motor truck builder shows that 
the daily cost of a two-ton truck that averages 70 miles a day 
is $10.60; that of a three-ton machine averaging 62 miles a 
day, $12.20; of a four-ton truck averaging 55 miles a day, $13.80, 
and of a five-ton truck averaging 50 miles a day, $15. 

Another company has compiled a similar cost table covering 
a period of more than six years. This shows the average daily 
cost of running a one-ton truck to be $8.07, of a two-ton truck; 
$10.25, a three-ton truck $11.30, five-ton truck $14.80, seven-ton 
truck $16.45 and of a ten-ton truck $18.50 a day. The figures 
given for the trucks of one to ten tons capacity include all 
items properly chargeable to the hauling service, both actual 
running expenses and overhead expenses. Drivers' wages are 
figured at $16 to $22 per week, gasoline at 12 cents a gallon, oil 
at 30 cents; garage at $225 to $300 a year; tires at $275 for 
a one-ton machine to $1,650 for a ten-ton truck; overhauling and 
general repairing at $300 to $550; depreciation at 15 per cent; 
interest at 5 per cent, and fire and liability insurance at $150 to 
$240 per annum. 



40 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

One of the electric commercial vehicle companies furnishes the 
general average operating costs for the three models which it 
makes. Fixed charges on the delivery wagon amount to $303 
a year for interest and depreciation on non- wearing parts; main- 
tenance for maximum service to $389 a year, and garaging, 
including charging current to $108. This amounts to $800 a year, 
or $2.66 per working day, not including drivers' wages. At $15 
a week, wages would bring the total daily cost to $5.16. On the 
same basis the total cost of running the light truck is $5.63 a 
day and that of running the heavy truck $6.91 a day. Larger and 
heavier makes of electric trucks cost from $7 to $8 a day to 
operate. 

Contractors' Cost of Hauling Blasted Bock. The following 
data on motor truck work hauling blasted rock are furnished 
by the Charles P. Boland Company, engineers and contractors 
of Troy, N. T. The contract called for the excavation and 
removal of 23,000 cubic yards of rock. The rock was blasted 
and hauled in two 3-ton trucks. These were equipped with 
patent dumping bodies and were used continuously, day and 
night shifts. The excavated material was hauled in some cases 
a distance of one and a half miles. The records show that these 
trucks carried about twice the ajnount usually hauled in a W 2 - 
cubic yard dump wagon and made the trip to the dumping 
ground and return in just half the time required for a team to 
make it. Experience proved that it was necessary to keep the 
trucks continuously on the move in order to work them eco- 
nomically, and with this idea in mind large steel bottom dump 
buckets were used in loading the trucks; thus no time was lost 
in loading, as several buckets were full at all times and the 
operation of reloading the trucks took only the time required to 
hoist the buckets over the trucks. The actual loading operation 
required but a few minutes. 

In the hauling of materials from the freight house to the build- 
ing site, the records show that hauling cement cost about 1 y 2 
cents per bag, or 30 cents per net ton. Eighty bags were car- 
ried on each trip and eight trips were required to unload a car 
containing 640 bags. Increased efficiency was obtained by having 
at least six laborers to do the loading, as little time is lost if 
the loading force is large enough. The average record of each 
car of cement from the freight house to the site of operations, 
a distance of about 1% miles, was as follows: 

6 Laborers, 6 hrs. each day, at 16c $5.76 

1 Chauffeur, 6 hrs. each day, at 25c 1.50 

Fuel, oil, etc 55 

Percentage of maintenance charge 1.00 

Total .$8.81 

Referring to their experience on this work the contractors 
write as follows: 

In the care of .an automobile truck, our experience has taught 
us that it is economical to keep every part well lubricated at 



AUTOMOBILES 




Fig. 17. Pierce-Arrow 5-Ton Truck with Hydraulic Hoist. 




Fig. 17A. Pierce-Arrow 5-Ton Truck, High Level Tipping Body. 



42 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 




Fig. 18. Packard Dump Truck. 



Ij 


! 


til 'if mlfl "^^vV^'^R^P^ .'i' ~ 



Fig. 18A. Packard 5-Ton Dump Truck. 



AUTOMOBILES 





- - . _ .-- J! 


■ . 


J 



Fig. 19. White 3-Ton Truck. 





HH^H 




____>^*tr 


J1 






■ 


v 


HUH 


HBPl 


- 1 


■ 


7 


1sm*L 



Fig. 19A. White 5-Ton Truck. 



44 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 




Fig. 20. Mack 7!/ 2 -Ton Automatic Dump Truck. 




Fig. 20A. Saurer 6'/ 2 -Ton Truck with Wood Hydraulic Hoist. 



AUTOMOBILES 




Fig. 21. Peerless 5-Ton Rear Dump Truck. 




Fig. 21A. KisselKar 3|/ 2 -Ton Truck with Hydraulic Hoist. 



46 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 




Fig. 22. Garford 5-Ton Dump Truck. 




Fig. 22A. Knox Tractor with Trailer. 



AUTOMOBILES 47 

all times. A cheap or an inferior grade of oil should not be used, 
as the carbon forming qualities of a cheap oil more than offset 
the saving in the price. Where more than one truck is in use at 
least one chauffeur should be employed who is a thoroughly 
practical man. This will enable one to have each truck carefully 
looked over each day and any disarrangement corrected before 
damage is done. We have had little or no trouble with these 
trucks. The main expense in connection with the maintenance 
of the trucks is the wear and tear on tires. We are now using 
a wire mesh tire made by the Diamond Rubber Company which 
seems to give us good service. The company referred to sells 
these tires on a guaranteed mileage basis, and if renewals are 
necessary before the mileage is completed, a replacement is made 
by them and an adjustment made on the basis of the mileage 
obtained. 

Owners' Reports on Costs of Motor Truck Operation. The fol- 
lowing data on the cost of operating motor trucks are condensed 
from a paper by L. It. Dutton before the American Gas Institute: 

Electric Trucks. One company reporting five 1-ton trucks 
(all of one make) one and one-half years old, one %-ton truck, 
and one 2-ton truck, in use only a few months, furnishes the 
following operating costs. Total mileage of the seven cars, 
39,507 miles: 

Cost. Total Per mile 

Battery man $1,100.00 * $0,028 

Battery maintenance 595.71 0.015 

Chains and sprockets 146.58 0.004 

Chassis repairs 54.09 0.001 

Current ". 282.38 0.007 

Generating plant 133.21 0.003 

Tires 591.06 0.015 

Wagon repairs ! 17.00 0.000 

Wagon washing 587.83 0.015 

Miscellaneous 387.01 0.010 



$3,894.87 $0,098 

Insurance $ 539.90 $0,014 

Battery maintenance accrued 984.57 0.025 

Tires depreciation accrued 199.08 0.005 

Depreciation at 10 per cent 2,054.00 0.052 

Interest at 8 per cent 1,739.40 0.044 

Total cost $9,411.82 $0,238 

The following figures are given on a 2-ton electric truck cov- 
ering two years' service: 

Total Cost 

cost per mile 

Current at 2% cts. per k-w h $ 253.88 $0.0275 

Labor for maintenance 486.78 0.0528 

Maintenance and repairs 1,130.04 0.1225 



Total expense $1,870.70 $0.2028 

Miles traveled, 9,225. 

This truck is reported out of service for maintenance in the 
two years, 12:14 per cent of the working hours. The same com- 



48 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

pany reports the following summary of expense on a 1,000- 
pound electric truck, covering a period of two and a half years' 
service — total mileage, 10,274. 

Total Cost 

cost per mile 

Interest on $1,668 at 6% $ 250.20 $0.0244 

10% depreciation on the value of wagon 244.20 0.0237 

Maintenance and depreciation of batteries 601.02 0.0586 

Tires and repairs 210.00 0.0204 

Wagon expense, repairs 145.12 0.0142 

Miscellaneous charges 48.54 0.0047 



Total expense $1,499.08 $0.14( 



It will be noted that the owner of this vehicle suggests differ- 
ent depreciation values on various parts of an electric machine. 
He divides it as follows: First, depreciation on wagon; second, 
depreciation on tires; third, depreciation on batteries. 

These expenses are complete, because the expense is included 
up to the point where the truck has a new set of tires, and is in 
good condition except that the wagon needs painting. It also 
had a new battery installed during the past year. Valuable infor- 
mation (Table 17) on the operation of electric vehicles can be 
obtained by consulting the Report of the Committee on Electric 
Vehicles, National Electric Light Association, June, 1911. 



TABLE 17 — COST OF OPERATING 1,500-LB. AND 3,000-LB. 
CAPACITY DELIVERY WAGONS. 



-Average Cost- 



Fixed Charges and Per Per mile. 

General Expense month Total Cents 

Drivers' salary $ 65.00 $ 5,687.50 9.0 

Supervision 5.22 456.75 0.7 

Garage rent 5.18 453.25 0.7 

Wheel tax 2.67 233.62 0.4 

Washing, oiling, etc 13.00 1,137.50 1.8 

Interest at 5%, taxes at 1.5%, 

and insurance at .5% on total 

cost of wagon 14.58 1,275.65 2.0 

Depreciation: 

Batteries, 66% per year on $255 14.17 1,239.87 2.0 

Tires, 100% per year on $225.60 18.80 1,645.00 2.6 

Balance of wagon, 10% per year 15.99 1,399.13 2.2 

Total general expense and fixed 

charges $154.61 

Total supplies and repairs 29.44 

Grand total expense $184.05 $16,105 

Gasoline Cars. The following is the cost of operation of three 
30 horsepower cars used by superintendents and managers of a 
gas company. They cost, new, somewhat less than $2,000 each. 



AUTOMOBILES 



49 



TABLE 18 

1st Car. 2d Car. 3d Car. 

9,474 Miles. 11,600 Miles. 15,651 Miles. 

r-2 Vs Yrs. Use-, ^1 % Yrs. Use-^ ,-2 y 8 Yrs. Use-, 

Total Cost Total Cost Total Cost 

cost, per mile cost per mile cost per mile, 

Gasoline ...$109.66 $0,012 $106.75 $0.0092 $154.60 $0,010 

Oil, etc 6.28 0.001 20.85 0.0001 34.27 0.002 

Tires ...'.. 168.17 0.017 186.49 0.0161 243.48 0.016 

Repairs ... 68.63 0.007 90.62 0.0078 76.43 0.005 

$352.74 $0,037 $404.71 $0.0332 $508.78 $0,033 

One company reports the use by salesmen of three cars cost- 
ing $750 each. Being low-priced cars and covering only from 
500 to 800 miles per month, the depreciation was high. The 
amount charged for depreciation was the actual amount, because 
the cars were sold at the end of the year and the loss was known. 
The operating expense on the first car was 4.8 cents per mile; on 
the second, 10 cents per mile; on the third, 10% cents per mile. 
If these cars were used by only one salesman it would indicate 
that the cost was unusually high. 

A well-known company in another line of business, having 
salesmen in various parts of the country, furnished fourteen 
of its men with runabout cars costing $1,000 each. The cars 
average four months' operation; mileage of car 3,830. Item of 
expense: Gasoline, oil and grease, repairs to motor, deprecia- 
tion, 25 per cent per annum. Total cost per mile, 14.9 cents. 

Gasoline Trucks, 1,000 Pounds Capacity. Cost of operating 
five 1,000-pound trucks of a well-known make, costing $750 each, 
with large wheels and solid tires: 

Cost 
Mileage per mile 

Truck No. 1 2,000 0.0926 

Truck No. 2 9,210 0.042 

Truck No. 3 8,160 0.045 

Truck No. 4 3,565 0.045 

Truck No. 5 3,924 0.045 

The cost of the above trucks include gasoline, oil and grease, 
tire repairs and sundries. The average is very uniform, except 
with car No. 1, the additional expense originating from a broken I 
motor caused by an inexperienced driver learning to operate. 
The different companies operating these trucks all state that the 
depreciation cost is very high. In most cases the truck can only 
be kept in use a few months or a year and traded in for a new 
one. At least 50 per cent depreciation should be charged the first 
year. A practically similar experience was reported by a com- 
pany with a truck of the same capacity and low cost, built by a 
different concern. 

One Ton Trucks. Three companies report on the use of 1-ton 
trucks of different makes. Company No. 1 reports on two 1-ton 
trucks; total mileage, 18,550; cost per mile, 10 cents. This in- 
cludes gasoline, oil, tires and motor repairs. The opinion of the 
owner is that the depreciation is 33 1-3 per cent per year. Com- 



50 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT" 

pany No. 2 reports on three 1-ton trucks. The report covers 
gasoline, oil, tires and repairs. The owner estimates depreciation 
15 per cent. Truck No. 1, 6,060 miles; cost per mile, 11 cents; 
truck No. 2, 6,300 miles; cost per mile, 10y 2 cents; truck No. 
3, 8,000 miles; cost per mile 8.6 cents. ' 

Company No. 3 reports on the operation of one 1-ton truck. 

The expenses on 2,600 miles are as follows: . 

Total Cost 

cost per mile 

Gasoline, at 11 cts. per gal $ 34.05 $0,013 

Oil, at 50 cts. per gal 8.45 0.003 

Tires (accrued) 48.00 0.018 

Repairs, none. ■ 

Total $ 90.50 $0,034 

The item of tires mentioned above was owing to the rear tires 
being too light. They were removed and 1 inch heavier solid 
tires installed, at the above cost. The motor is of the two-cycle 
type. 

One and One-half Ton Tracks. Only one company has re- 
ported on a truck of this capacity and similar make. The report 
covers a total of 11,150 miles and the truck was in use fourteen 
months. 

Total Cost 

cost per mile 

Gasoline, at 15 cts., 7 mill, per gal $ 236.70 $0.0212 

Oil, at 35 cts. per gal 35.00 0.0031 

Tires and repairs 150.00 0.0134 

35.10 0.0031 

Total expense $ 456.80 $0.0408 

The owner believes 12% per cent depreciation should be charged 
on this truck. Its makers have reports from the owners of hun- 
dreds of these cars and claim the operating costs to average 8 
cents per mile, made up as follows: Five per cent interest on 
investment; depreciation, 25 per cent; gasoline, oil, tires, motor 
repairs and maintenance, 70 per cent. 

Two Ton Trucks. From the reports received only three com- 
panies are using the same make. One of the three furnishes 
detailed costs of operation, which report is very complete. Truck 
was owned fourteen months, or 352 working days; days in use, 
227; days idle for repairs, 75, or 21 per cent. The owner reports 
that, although this car has been on the market for several years, 
an unusual amount of time was lost because of poor service 
rendered by the manufacturers and agent, owing to delays in 
obtaining repair parts. When parts were received they either 
did not fit the machine or were not perfect. Time lost was due 
as follows, in days: To springs, 5; to tires and wheels, 13; to 
motor, 33; to transmission, 15; to radiator, 9. The mileage was 
11,300; gallons gasoline used, 2,250, or 5 miles per gallon; miles 
traveled daily, 41. A summary of the operating expense of this 
truck is shown as follows: 



AUTOMOBILES 51 

Total Cost 

cost per mile 

Gasoline $ 298.23 $0.0265 

Oil 100.41 0.0089 

Tires and repairs 432.98 0.0384 

Car repair and sundries 370.22 0.0328 

Labor, cleaning, etc 514.27 0.0456 

Total $1,716.00 $0.1522 



Standing Expense. 

Insurance $ 68.29 $0,006 

Depreciation, 2% month 653.90 0.058 



$2,438.30 $0,216 

It should be noted in connection with this truck that a com- 
mon fault was found of installing tires under capacity on the 
rear wheels. The wheels also were too light for the load, owing 
to the overhang of pipe and poles from the rear of the truck. 
When the proper equipment was installed it was found that good 
service was received. The same difficulty was experienced with 
the springs, but they were changed to heavier type. It would 
appear that this make of truck would prove very satisfactory, 
after taking care of the usual difficulties experienced, by having 
it properly equipped for the work to be performed. The second 
year's operating should prove much more economical. 

Three Ton Trucks. Carefully compiled figures show that 
3-ton trucks, covering 40 miles a day, and operating 300 days 
a year, can be maintained and run at an average cost of $9.75 
per day. The items making up this charge of an establishment of 
ten trucks, three tons capacity, are: 

Wages, 10 drivers at $2.50 . . . $25.00 

Wages, repairmen, helper and washer 7.00 

Gasoline, 80 gals, at 12 cts 9.60 

Lubricant, 1 ct. per mile 4.00 

Maintenance, 10% per year. 10.00 

Superintendence 3.20 

Incidentals, light, heat, tools, etc 2.87 



$61.67 

Average running expense per truck $ 6.17 

Interest at 6%, depreciation at 20%, insurance at %%, all 

on $3,000 2.65 

Storage, 200 sq. ft. at 50 cts. per year 0.33 

Add 20% for 2 spare machines 0.60 



Total operating and maintenance cost per day $ 9.75 

Total operating and maintenance cost per mile 0.24*6 

The tabulated cost of four 3-ton trucks, four years old, oper- 
ating forty miles per day in Chicago follows. Each truck saves 
$9 per day on horses formerly used: 



52 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Standing Expense 

Per day. Per mile. 

5% interest on $3,500 $0.58 $0,015 

Insurance 0.28 0.007 

Running Expense 

Gasoline, 10 gals, at 11 cts $1.10 $0,027 

Oil and grease 0.57 0.015 

Tires and general repairs 2.00 0.050 

Machine cleaning 1.31 0.32 

Total $5.84 $0.14 

Five Ton Trucks. Only two companies report on 5-ton trucks. 
These have both been in use a year and the exact cost has been 
ascertained. The trucks are manufactured by different concerns. 
The operating costs are shown as follows: 

First 5-Ton Truck 

Total Cost 

cost per mile 

Gasoline, at 15 cts. $0,033 mile per gal $ 300.00 $0.05 

Oil, at 35 cts. per gal 105.00 0.0175 

Tires 260.00 0.0434 

Maintenance and repairs 87.36 0.0145 

Total expense $ 752.36 $0.1254 

Annual mileage 6,000 miles=per day 22 miles. 

It is interesting to note that the owner of this truck states 
it has depreciated only 5 per cent, and that the truck performs 
the same work as a horse equipment costing $14.15 per day. 

Second 5-Ton Truck 

Total Cost 

cost per mile 

Gasoline, 3 mile per gal. at 10 cts $ 350.00 $0,034 

Oil, at 55. cts. per gal 140.00 0.013 

Tires 798.00 0.076 

Repairs and maintenance 1,400.00 0.133 

Total expense $2,688.00 $0,256 

Annual mileage 10,500 miles=35 miles per day. 

It is interesting" to note that the owner of this truck estimates 
24 per cent depreciation. The worm drive which has been adopted 
by builders of motor vehicles abroad is installed in this truck. 
Very little attention has been given to it by American builders, 
although the housing of the worm drive in the rear construction, 
its simple design, easy lubrication, and noiseless running, should 
favor its high efficiency and long life. 

The following was abstracted from the Oct. 5, 1912, edition of 
the Electrical World: 

Electric Trucks. A study of the cost of operation of battery- 
propelled trucks was carried out by the Waverly Company, Indi- 
anapolis, Ind., some time ago, comparisons being made for ve- 
hicles of 600-lb., 1,500-lb. and 2,500-lb. carrying capacity. In 
these figures it was assumed that the 600-lb. car would travel 
40 miles per day, or 12,000 miles per year, and the 1,500-lb. and 



AUTOMOBILES 



53 



2,500-lb. cars 30 miles per day, or 9,000 miles per year. The cost 
of repairs and renewals given in the table was computed on a 
ten-year life of the car, and all parts were charged at regular 
list prices. The cost of batteries and tires was estimated at 
market price to the customer, although no account has been 
taken of the labor item of putting them on. 

For the purpose of the calculation, batteries and tires were fig- 
ured at one year's life, and gears, chains and sprockets at two 
years (gears, four years; bearings, four years; driving gears, ex- 
posed, one year; driving chain, one year). Electrical energy has 
been charged for at 4 cents per kw-hr., and rent, light, heat, etc., 
are estimated at $1 per square foot. The depreciation allowed 
is based on writing off that part of the vehicle not covered 
by maintenance in ten years. Interest is computed at 6 per cent 
of one-half of the purchase price, as the investment is being 
written off. Under these conditions the conclusions shown in the 
accompanying table were reached: 



Z£ ft 



^5 ft 
20 



>> >i id 



v„% 



n«0 S-, 






0_0 <D 



Battery $ 190.00 $ 216.90 $ 232.00 

Tires 120.00 129.06 173.20 

Chains, gears, etc 28.37 77.91 85.00 

All other parts 22.50 30.00 33.00 

Total replacement 

charges $ 360.87 $ 453.87 $ 523.20 

Electric energy ...$ 176.00 $ 156.00 $ 163.00 

Garage labor 224.00 224.00 224.00 

Driver 750.00 750.00 750.00 

Rent, light, heat, etc 72.00 77.00 78.00 

Total operating 

expense $1,222.00 $1,207.00 $1,215.00 

Depreciation $ 125.59 $ 147.91 $ 172.99 

Interest 54.00 61.50 72.00 

Fire insurance 18.00 20.50 24.00 

Liability insurance 75.00 100.00 100.00 

Total fixed charges $ 272.59 $ 329.91 $ 368.99 

Grand total $1,855.46 $1,990.78 $2,107.19 

Per day 6.18 6.63 7.02 

Per mile 0.15 0.22 0.23 

Electric Vehicle Data. Mr. Louis A. Ferguson gives the fol- 
lowing figures in Electrical World: Number of pleasure electric 
vehicles in Chicago, 2,000; number of commercial electric vehicles, 
250; number of commercial electric vehicles probably sold in 

1912, 200; total number miles streets, 2,978; number miles of 
paved streets, 1,652, of which 1,200 miles are in very good con- 



54 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

dition. The cost of maintaining a 2,000-lb. commercial electric 
wagon, running 10,000 miles per year, divided up about as shown 
in the table. 

COST OF MAINTAINING 2,000-LB. ELECTRIC WAGON 

Per 
Cent 
Cost per of 
Expenditure Mile Total 

General Expenses: 

Supervision, garage rent, wheel tax and state 

license $0,018 12.2 

Operating Expenses: 

Fixed charges (interest, depreciation, taxes 

and insurance) 0.040 27.10 

Tires 0.025 16.90 

Washing and minor repairs 0.024 16.26 

Battery renewals 0.019 12.90 

General repairs 0.011 7.44 

Electricity 0.0106 7.20 

$0.1476 100.00 

Ton-mile delivery costs, horses and electric vehicles: The fol- 
lowing data, taken from Electrical World, bearing on the com-: 
parative cost of ton-mile haulage by horses and electric vehicles 
were obtained by a prominent electric truck manufacturer from 
installations in New York City. The 1,500-lb. delivery service 
cited was that of a large department store; the 2-ton service 
included general merchandise delivery, usually in units of me- 
dium size, and the third class, 5 tons, covered the delivery of 
larger cases of similar material over a wide area. The figures 
given in the table include the stabling of the horses required to 
haul a truck of the stated size. 

CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICES 

— 1,500-Lb. — — Two Tons — — Five Tons — 

Horses Electric Horses Electric Horses Electric 

Miles per day 17 30 16 30 12 24 

Ton-miles per day. 12. 75 22.50 32 60 60 120 

Cost per day $6.00 $6.00 $6.37 $8.50 $9.10 $11.00 

Cost per mile 0.35 0.20 0.52 0.28 0.76 0.45 

Ton-mile cost . . . 0.466 0.207 0.26 0.14 0.15 0.09 

These figures bear out the contention that the electric truck 
gives a greater service and at a lower cost than is possible 
with horse-drawn equipment. The figures represent practically 
the limit of the horse, but they do not indicate the maximum 
possibilities of the electric truck, the mileage of which often 
runs considerably higher than in the figures presented. The 
data above given include all expenses and charges, with energy 
at 4 cents per kw-hr. ; chauffeur's wages at $15 per week; writ- 
ing off the investment in eight years; payment of 6 per cent inter- 
est meanwhile, with insurance and taxes, and one renewal of 
battery plates and tires yearly. 

Trucking Costs. The following figures show the comparative 



AUTOMOBILES 55 

costs of running three double-truck teams and a four-ton motor 
truck, which replaced them. It will be noted, says the Iron 
Trade Review, that no depreciation is figured on the horse trucks. 
The motor truck at first ran 484 miles per month, consuming 7.6 
gallons of gasoline, and two gallons of oil per day. 

THREE DOUBLE TRUCKING TEAMS 

Cost of six horses at $300 $1,800 

Cost of three wagons at $450 1,350 

Cost of six harnesses at $35 210 

Cost of keeping horses, $25 a month 1,800 

Repairing harnesses, wagons, etc 100 

Interest on investment 336 

Drivers' salaries, $12 a week 1,872 

Total, horses $4,008 

"KISSEL-KAR" FOUR-TON TRUCK 

Cost of 4-ton truck $3,800 

Gasoline, 2,400 gals, a year at 10c 240 

Oil, 156 gals, a year at 23c 36 

Driver's salary at $18 a week 936 

Amortization, 10 per cent on $3,800 380 

General overhaul, once a year 150 

Interest on investment , 380 

Total, truck $2,122 



COST AND SERVICE RECORDS FOR MOTOR TRUCKS 

The following information is from Engineering Record, April 
12, 1913. 

5-Ton Trucks. The City Fuel Company, of Chicago, has in 
service fourteen 5-ton Saurer trucks. The records for Novem- 
ber, 1912, as furnished by the International Motor Company, of 
New York, show that during that month these trucks ran 
9,893 miles and carried 12,444 tons. Each truck worked an aver- 
age of '25.3 days, covered an average daily distance of 27.92 
miles, and hauled an average of 35.13 tons per day. The fol- 
lowing gives the costs in detail: 

Average Cost Cost 
Total Cost per Truck per Ton 

Gasoline $ 431.76 $ 30.84 $0.0346 

Lubricating oil : 54.79 3.91 0.0044 

"Wages Of helper and driver 1,247.95 89.14 0.1002 

Other labor — loading, mechanics 

and repair men 245.60 17.54 0.0197 

Repair parts and material 146.17 10.44 0.0117 

Garage 140.00 10.00 0.0112 

Light and power 3.64 0.26 0.0002 

Insurance — Fire 58.38 4.17 0.0046 

Insurance — Liability 143.34 10.24 0.0115 

Miscellaneous expenses 39.14 2.80 0.0031 

Tires 396.52 28.32 0.0318 

Depreciation, 20 per cent 979.81 69.99 0.0788 

License 42.00 3.00 0.0033 

$3,929.10 $280.65 $0.3151 



56 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The following was abstracted from an article published in 
Engineering and Contracting, Vol. 35, No. 5: 

Passenger Automobile Operating- Costs. The following table 
gives the actual cost of running a four passenger automobile, 
of the so-called demi-tonneau type, in the vicinity of New York 
City from July 4, 1909, when it was bought new, to Dec. 4, 
1910, when it was laid up for the winter. The car is of a well- 
known make, and there was practically no engine trouble; it has 
a 4-cylinder engine, 25.6 h.p. A. L. A. M. rating, shaft drive. Of 
the 17 months the car was in commission it was in use for 
driving 15 months. It is estimated that of the total distance 
driven, namely, 8,500 miles, about two-thirds was over so-called 
good roads, varying from fair to very good. It was used mostly 
for pleasure, but somewhat for inspection trips to engineering 
works, when it received some hard usage. The writer estimates 
that if it had been used for business, under similar conditions, 
and driven, say, 15,000 miles in trie same length of time, items 
1, 5, 9, 10 and 11 would be unaffected, though, of course, item 
5 is a very uncertain quantity, and might involve the total de- 
struction of the car. Column 3 has been added to the table to 
show this estimated cost per mile on this basis. The car was 
driven by the owner, who had had no previous experience in driv- 
ing, and it was kept at a public garage. It may be noted that no 
expense is included for additional wearing apparel or for extra 
expenses at hotels, restaurants, etc., when touring or on all-day 
trips, though these items are not inconsiderable and really enter 
into the cost. 



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58 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Notes in regard to the above items: Item 1. Depreciation: The 
makers of the car offer $650 cash for it as it stands now, this 
being their regulation price for 1909 cars, irrespective of condi- 
tion; that is, of course, within reasonable limits. To put the car 
in shape to run another season will cost approximately $500, this 
including complete overhauling, new parts where necessary, four 
new tires and painting, and at the end of this season it would 
hardly bring more than $300 or $400, so that the depreciation 
charge is not too high. 

Items 2 and 3: The tires used were 33x4. Including the four 
tires on the car when it was bought, seven shoes and nine 
inner tubes have been in use, of which there now remains only 
one shoe in fair shape and two or three inner tubes which may 
be used for spare next season. The writer believes the tire 
expense to be lower than usual. This item increases very rapidly 
and in much greater proportion as the weight of the car in- 
creases, and also is liable to be more on an old car in which 
some of the parts of the running gear become worn and pres- 
sures are not evenly distributed. 

Item 4: This item is largely for small repairs and adjust- 
ments which might have been made almost entirely or at least 
half of them by the writer, except for the fact that he did not 
consider it economy to spend his time in this way, or to get as 
dirty as would have been necessary had he done so. 

Items 6, 7 and 8: It will be noticed that these items for fuel 
and oil amount to a very small proportion of the total. 

Item 9 is for tips to employes at the garage, and charges for 
greasing and oiling the car. The writer usually made a point 
of examining the car all over about once every two months, and 
at these times greasing everything up, but this took not less 
than five or six hours and used up a whole Saturday afternoon, 
so that in between times this work was done at the garage. 

Item 10: This included washing the car and polishing the 
brass work as well as storage. This item can of course be cut 
down where the car is kept in one's own garage. "Washing and 
polishing in this case if done at a public garage costs about 
$1 each time for a moderate sized car. If the car is run all 
winter, however, as this car was, the garage must be heated. 

Item 11: This covers a period of two years. 



AXES 

Net prices at Chicago for axes are as follows: 
TABLE 19 

Weight Price Price 

Lbs each per doz 

Single bitted 3^ to 4% $0.50 $5.35 

Single bitted 4 to 5 .55 5.75 

Single bitted 5 to 6 .65 6.50 

Double bitted 4 to 5 .85 8.50 

Handled axes bring the following net prices: 

Each. Doz. 

Single bitted, Michigan pattern, 4 to 5 lbs $0.80 $ 8.25 

Single bitted, Michigan pattern, 5 to 6 lbs 90 9.00 

Double bitted, Michigan pattern, 4 to 5 lbs 1.10 11.00 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

BARGES AND SCOWS 



"Wood Barg-es. The following data are vouched for by Mr. 
C. W. Dunham (Professional Memoirs), and were published in 
Engineering and Contracting, July 17, 1912. They cover a very 
interesting and instructive record of initial cost, repairs and life 
of various classes of floating plant used on the Upper Missis- 
sippi Improvement during the last thirty years. 

During this period of thirty years, this improvement has owned 
and employed 282 barges (scow), 12 barges (model), 90 quarter- 
boats, office-boats and store-boats, 3 steam, drill-boats, 4 dipper 
dredges, 5 hydraulic dredges, 7 pile drivers, 23 dump boats, 3 
snag-boats, 16 tow-boats of various sizes, and a very large num- 
ber of small steam and gasoline launches, motor and ordinary 
skiffs, pontoons, and other small pieces. 

It will not be practicable within reasonable limits to follow 
the destinies of so many pieces, and therefore certain character- 
istic groups of various kinds are taken, from the experience of 
which conclusions may be drawn. Pieces built within the last 
few years are not considered. I would say that none of the 
pieces up to 1908 had any kind of wood preserver except, occa- 
sionally, Carbolineum Avenarius laid on with a brush, but during 
the past three years, 80 barges, 4 dumps, 3 dredges, 33 pontoons, 
and 3 quarter-boats have been built, of which most of the lumber- 
in the hulls has been treated with creosote by the open tank or 
dipping process. Sufficient time has not elapsed to show the 
value of this treatment. 

In 1911 we treated lumber in barge construction by a pressure 
process. 

Scow Barg-es. The standard barges used in this district are 
100x20x4% ft. and 110x24x5 ft. in size. 

The barges used in the earliest years of this improvement for 
carrying rock and brush, were mostly of smaller size than those 
at present employed, were built of white pine, and with calking 
and nominal repairs, gave good service for periods ranging from 
eight to eleven years. 

Model Barges. Early in the improvement six oak model barges, 
135x26x5% ft, were built on the Ohio River, three by Howard, of 
Jeffersonville. Ind., and three by Cutting, of Metropolis, 111. 
These barges, numbered 60-62 and 88-90, were built in 1882 at 
$3,500 each, and were not condemned until 1901, but for five or 
six years previous the repairs were very heavy. These barges 
were in use eighteen years. 



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68 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Steel Barges. Fourteen steel barges built for use on govern- 
ment work on the Mississippi River and placed in commission in 
1912 are described in Engineering and Contracting, April 24, 1912. 
These barges cost $9,300 each, have a capacity of about 400 
tons, and an estimated life of over twenty years. They are used 
in conjunction with creosoted wood barges of about the same 
capacity, but costing half as much and with an estimated life 
of ten years. It will be well to compare these estimates of life 
with those of Mr. Hageboeck, described later. 

The steel barges are 120 ft. long, 30 ft. beam, 7 ft. 4 ins. deep 
at center of hold and 7 ft. at sides. They are of steel through- 
out, flat bottomed, with rounded knuckles, wall sided, symmetrical 
about center line, with a rake 15 ft. long, a sheer 12 ins. high 
at each end, and a crown of beam 4 ins. There are four trans- 
verse water-tight bulkheads, and one non-water-tight longitudi- 
nal bulkhead over the center line, and two longitudinal trusses. 

Untreated Wood, Treated Wood and Steel Compared. Mr. A. C. 

Hageboeck, United States Inspector at Rock Island, 111., in a 
paper presented to the American Wood Preservers' Association, 
and reprinted in Engineering and Contracting, April 24, 1912, gives 
the comparative costs of barges of treated and untreated timber 
and of steel. He states that the life of untreated yellow pine 
barges is difficult to determine due to lack of accurate records, 
but that a barge containing a minimum proportion of sappy 
timber is past economical repairs at the end of ten years. Pres- 
sure-treated yellow pine barges have been used for twelve years 
and are good today for an additional life of ten years. It is 
necessary to recalk the barges after two years' service. The 
original cost of untreated barges, 120x30x6 ft. built in the early 
nineties was about $3,000, and the cost during ten years aver- 
aged $2,006.61 per barge. The original cost of pressure-treated 
yellow pine barges of the same size was $4,000, and the cost 
of repairs averaged $557.35. 

The following table compares the two kinds of barges: 



TABLE 32— COMPARATIVE ANNUAL COST OF TREATED 
AND UNTREATED YELLOW PINE BARGES 

120 Ft.x30 Ft.x6 Ft. 

Untreated Treated 
Barges, 10 Barges, 9 
Years Old Years Old 

Original Cost $3,093.39 $4,000.00 

Cost of Repairs 2,006.61 557.35 

Total Cost $5,100.00 $4,557.35 

Value of Barges Today $3,600.00 

Cost of Barges During Total Periods $5,100.00 957.35 

Annual Cost Per Barge 510.00 106.00 

Annual Saving in Favor of Creosoted Barge.. 404.00 



BARGES AND SCOWS 69 

Repairs to untreated fir barges are mainly due to decay and 
not to abrasions. The life of barges of this wood used on the 
upper Mississippi has been from ten to seventeen years, averag- 
ing fifteen. The cost of repairs is slight up to the sixth or 
seventh year, at which period $200 to $300 is spent for extensive 
repairs. After that time repairs average $75 per year until the 
tenth or twelfth year, when extensive repairs are again required 
and the barges have to be taken from rock work and placed in 
the brush carrying service. The life of treated fir barges is esti- 
mated at twenty years with slight repairs. 

The following table is based on government freight rates on 
timber, and for commercial comparison, $10 per barge should be 
added to the yearly cost. 



TABLE 33— COMPARATIVE COST OF LIGHT DRAFT BARGES 
BUILT OF VARIOUS KINDS OF MATERIAL 

100 Ft. x 20 Ft. x 4 Ft. 7 Ins. 

— Douglas Fir — — Yellow Pine — Steel 

Untreated Treated Untreated Treated 

10 Lbs. 14 Lbs. 
15 Yr. Lf. 20 Yr. Lf. 15 Yr. Lf. 22 Yr. Lf. 25 Yr. Lf. 

Original Cost $1,200 $1,500 $1,300 $1,650 $4,000 

Total Repairs... 1,094 400 1,094 700 400 
Interest at 5% on 

Cost 900 1,500 975 1,815 5,000 

Interest at 5% on 

Repairs 341 125 341 125 125 

Total Cost... $3,535 $3,525 $3,710 $4,290 $9,525 
Annual Cost Per 

Barge $236 $177 $247 $195 $381 

Annual Saving in 
Favor of Creo- 

soted Fir Barge 59 70 18 - 204 

Further data on the cost of barges are given by Mr. John L. 
Taylor in Engineering Neics, September 26, 1912, in which he takes 
exception to the price of steel barges given by Mr. Hageboeck 
above. He states that the following is an abstract of proposals 
for furnishing two gravel barges for Dam No. 28, Ohio River, 
opened on November 23, 1911: 

Barges 100 Ft. x 22 Ft. x 5 Ft. 
Bidder No. Rate per Barge Amount Material 

1 $3,680 $7,340 Untreated Wood 

2 2,950 5,900 Untreated Wood 

3 4,350 8,700 Steel 

4 3,870 7,740 Untreated Wood 

5 3,050 6,100 Untreated Wood 

6 3,620 7,240 Untreated Wood 

The above shows a ratio between the cost of a steel barge and 
a wooden barge of 1.47 to 1 in comparing the lowest price for 
a wooden barge, and 1.27 to 1 in comparing the average price 



of wooden barges. 



70 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Bids opened on January 24, 1912, for two dump scows for the 
same work were as follows: 

Barges 80 Ft.x21 Ft.x6 Ft. 4 Ins. 

Bidder No. Rate per Barge Amount Material 

1 $6,490 $12,980 Untreated Wood 

2 6,565 13,130 Untreated Wood 

3 5,895 11,790 Untreated Wood 

4 6,700 13,400 Steel 

The above shows a ratio between the price of steel and lowest 
price of wood barges to be 1.14 to 1 and between the price of 
steel and average price of wood barges to be 1.06 to 1. 

Bids opened October 7, 1910, at St. Louis, Mo., resulted as 
follows : 

Flat Barges, 55 Ft.xl6 Ft.x3 Ft. 

Bid No. 1, Lowest Bid for Steel Flat Boats $1,725 each 

Bid No. 2, Lowest Bid for Wooden Flat Boats 1,223 each 

The cost ratio is 1.41 to 1. 

Miscellaneous Boats. Mr. C. W. Dunham in Professional Memoirs, 
reprinted in Engineering and Contracting, gives the following 
information in regard to quarter boats of pine or fir: 

Quarter Boats. The quarter boats used in this improvement, 
in which category may be included office-boats and inspection 
boats, have been very numerous and always long lived, because 
it has been advisable to rebuild hulls or provide new ones on 
account of the cabins, which do not decay or wear out. The 
dimensions and design of these boats have varied — in fact, it is 
believed that there are hardly any two alike. 

Building boats have not been standardized, although those 
recently built are quite similar. Many of these boats were 
adapted from ordinary barges. They are used in building dams, 
being suspended along the line of the dam; the brush and rock 
barges are handled with their power. 



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BARS 



Net prices for solid steel crowbars, lining bars, claw bars, and 
railroad tamping bars, are about as follows: 

Per Lb. 

Crowbars 4 cts. 

Lining Bars 4 cts. 

Claw Bars, Goose Nec-k 6 cts. 

Claw Bars, With Heel 6 cts. 

Railroad Tamping Bars 4 V 2 cts. 



73 



74 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

BAR BENDERS 

The steel bar bender shown in Fig.' 23 takes round, square or 
channel iron up to y 2 in. size and flat iron l%x% in., 2%x& in. 



0&\ 




Fig. 23. 
or less, cold, weight 35 lbs., price $25. Figure 24 illustrates a 
steel bar bender for cold steel bars, round, square or twisted from 



c 




Fig. 24. 



BAR BENDERS 



75 



% in. to 1% in., weight 175 lbs., price $58. Both of these 
machines will bend to any angle and are fastened by bolts to a 
plank or beam and operated by one or more men. 

A very strong bar bender is shown in Fig. 25. This machine is 
constructed entirely of steel and is bolted to any suitable plank 




Patented. 
Fig. 25. Acme Bar Bender. 

or beam. It is adapted to any size bar by turning the hand 
wheel and to any curve by loosening one nut; weight 200 lbs., 
price ?85. 

A large portable machine mounted on a truck is illustrated 
in Fig. 26. It will bend rods of mild or high carbon steel 




varying in diameter from % to 1% in. to any angle within the 
limits of the shearing resistance of the metal. The machine is 
operated by one to three men. In a test made in 1909 rods of 
mild steel 1% in. in diameter for use in the "Mushroom" system 
of reinforcing, were run through the machine continuously for 



76 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



one hour. In that time 205 rods were bent to the required shape. 
This machine is 10 ft. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide and the weight is 
about 1,800 lbs., price $500. 

A bar bending machine particularly designed for bending 
stirrups is illustrated in Fig. 27. The Turner Construction Corn- 




Fig. 27. 

pany states that a metallic lather, in eight hours, would bend 
from 300 to 500 stirrups per day, while with this bender they 
found it easily possible to bend from 1,200 to 2,000 stirrups per 
day. The price of the machine is $50, f. o. b. New York. 



BAR CUTTERS 



A cutter which is operated by a lever and takes twisted steel 
bars up to %" in size, weighing 190 lbs., costs $85. A machine 
which takes bars up to l 1 ^", weighing 195 lbs., costs $160. 

A machine which cuts flat bars 2V 2 " wide and square bars 1%" 
wide, costs $60. Machines for cutting rods from %" to W in 
diameter cost from $5 to $8. 



BELTING FOR POWER PURPOSES 



Leather. Price per 1-inch width per running foot in cents: 
Single, 9y 2 cts. ; Double, 19 cts.; Triple, 28 cts. Weight, 16 oz. 
to 1 sq. ft. in single ply. 

Bound Leather. Price per %-inch width per running foot in 
cents: Solid, 1% cts.; Twist, 2 cts. 

Cut Lacings, bundles. Price per % -inch width per 100 ft., 60 cts. 

Rubber. Price per 1-inch width per running foot in cents. 



2-ply 3 y 2 to 

3-ply 4y 2 to 

4-ply 5% to 

5-ply 6% to 



Ay 2 cts. 

5 cts. 

6 cts. 
8 cts. 



6-ply 7y 2 to 9% cts. 

7-ply 9 to 11 y 2 cts. 

8-ply 10 y 2 to 13 cts. 



The price increases as the width. 
Stitched Canvas. Price per 1-inch width per running foot. 
4-ply 3 cts. 8-ply 



5-ply 
6-ply 



4 cts. 
4y 2 cts. 



10-ply 7y 2 cts. 



Detachable Link Belts. We give below a table of various sizes 
of detachable link belt with prices, etc. Figure' the working 
strain at one-tenth the ultimate strength for speeds of from 200 
to 400 feet per minute. For lower speeds increase this by two- 
thirds. When a number of attachment links for fastening on 
buckets, etc., are used, add about 15 per cent to cost of chain. 



TABLE 36 — COST AND STRENGTH OF LINK BELT 
DETACHABLE CHAINS 



Chain No. 

25 

32 

33 


Price 
per Ft. 

$0.04 

04 

04 


Number 

of Links 

in 10 Ft. 

123 

104 

86 

86 

74 

88 

74 
104 

80 

74 

52 

73 

60 

52 

46 

52 

46 

30 

30 

46 

30 

30 

39 

20 

25% 

25 y 2 

37 

20 

30 

20 


Width 
in Inches 

% 

J 

1 
1 

2y 8 

1 

2y 2 

ft 

it 

4% 
5^ 
3 A 

5y 2 

3% 

5y 4 


Ultimate 

Strength 

700 

1,100 

1,190 

1,300 


34 


04 


35 

42 

45 

51 


04 

05 

04 

07 


1,200 
1,500 
1,600 
1,900 


52 

55 

57 

62 


07 

06 

07 

09 


2,300 
2,200 
2,800 
3,100 


66 


09 


2,600 


67 

75 


09 

10 


3,300 
4,000 


77 

78 

83 

85 \ 

88 


10 

14 

14 

18 

17 


3,600 
4,900 
4,950 
7,600 
5,750 


93 

95 


20 

21 


7,500 
8,700 


103 


27 


9,600 


105 

108 

110 


20 

26 

30 


6,900 
9,900 
12,700 
11,000 
15,000 
12,700 
14,000 


114 

122 

124 

146 


34 

45 

42 

41 



78 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



BINS 



Portable Mounted Bin. Three-pocket 25-ton (rated capacity) 
mounted bin of selected lumber; steel lined bottom; equipped 
with steel chutes. 




Fig. 28. 15-ton Bin with Screen Lowered. 



Price 

Arranged for lowering screen into bin $270.00 

Arranged for lowering bin only 281.25 

Arranged for lowering screen and bin 337.50 




BLACKSMITH SHOP OUTFIT 



Tools necessary for a blacksmith shop suitable for drill and 

general repair work are about as follows in an ordinary shop: 

1 anvil, 130 lbs $ 13.00 

2 augers, ship, 1%", $1; 1-1", $1.20 2.20 

2 bevels, universal 2.50 

1 brace and 13 auger bits, %" to 1", in roll 5.50 

1 caliper, micrometer 6.00 

4 calipers, spring, at ?1 4.00 

6 chisels, cold, 12 lbs. at 50c 6.00 

4 chisels, hot, 8 lbs., at 50c 4.00 

1 cutter for pipe up to 3" 4.80 

1 drill, stationary, hand power, %" to l 1 /^" hole, weighs 

170 lbs 22.00 

1 drill, breast 3.00 

6 drill dollies 10.00 

24 files, assorted, at ?8 per doz 16.00 

24 files, flat, at $8 per doz 16.00 

12 flies, small taper 60 

24 flies, triangular, at $7 per doz 14.00 

1 grind stone, foot power, 3"xl2" wheel 4.00 

1 gauge, marking 2.00 

4 heading tools, iy 2 lbs. each 3.00 

3 hammers, blacksmith 2.70 

3 hammers, set 1.50 

4 handies, at 50c per lb 2.00 

2 pails at 70c 1.40 

6 rasps, at $12 per doz 6.00 

1 rule, 6 ft, folding .40 

1 saw, cross-cut, hand, 26" 1.35 

1 saw set .70 

2 saws, hack, at $1.. 2.00 

4 shanks 2.00 

1 sledge, double face, 5 lbs 1.50 

2 sledges, double face, 7 lbs. each 4.20 

1 sledge, cross pein, 5 lbs . 1.50 

2 sledges, cross pein, 4 lbs. each 2.80 

2 squares at $9 18.00 

1 stock and 8 dies for V 2 " to 2" pipe 17.50 

8 swedges, bottom, 1 lb. each 2.00 

8 swedges, top, 1 lb. each 2.00 

9 tongs, assorted 12.00 

1 vise, blacksmith's leg, 6%" 20.00 

1 vise, hinged, for pipe, Ys" to 3" 3.15 

$243.30 



79 



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BLASTING SUPPLIES 

(See also Explosives) 

^r — 

BLASTERS' THAWING KETTLES 

Gross 

Capacity, Shipping 

No. Lbs. Weight, Lbs. List Price 

"Bradford" 1 22 25 $4.75 

"Bradford" 2 60 30 7.25 

"Catasauqua" 1 30 4.75 

"Catasauqua" 2 60 7.25 

The price of "Bradford" is net: of "Catasauqua," 10% discount. 
F. o. b. distributing points east of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado 
and New Mexico. 

BLASTING AUGERS 

Augers may be conveniently used to bore holes for inserting 
dynamite under tree stumps, etc. They cost as follows: 

Inches List Price 

*Dirt 1 y 2 $1.25 

*Dirt 2 . 1.35 

*Dirt 2% 1.50 

Wood iy 2 1.75 

Wood 2 2.25 

Wood 2% 2.75 

Auger Handles 1.25 

*Without handles. 
F. o. b.: Cincinnati, O., Pittsburgh, Pa., Indianapolis, Ind. 



BLASTING CAPS 

TABLE 38 

List Price* List Price* 
Per 1000 Per 1000 

Weight of Charge Lots of 1000 Lots of 
Brand No. Grains or Grammes or Over Less Than 1000 

Silver Medal... 3 8.33 .54 $ 6.00 $ 6.25 

Gold Medal 4 10.33 .65 6.50 6.75 

Du Pont 5 12.34 .80 7,00 7.25 

Du Pont 6 15.43 1.00 8.00 8.25 

Du Pont 7 23.15 1.50 10.00 10.25 

Du Pont 8 30.86 2.00 13.25 13.50 

* The discount from above is about as follows: 
In lots less than 20,000 at factory, net. 
In lots of 20,000 or over delivered, 10%. 

Caps are packed in the following- size cases without extra 
charge. 

Case 500 caps to the case 

Case 1 1,000 caps to the case 

Case 2 2,000 caps to the case 

Case 3 3,000 caps to the case 

Case 5 5,000 caps to the case 

81 



82 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

BLASTING FUSE 

The price list of fuse given below is subject to about the 
following discounts: 

In lots of less than 1000 ft 2% to 10% 

In lots of 1000 to 5000 ft 7% to 15% 

In lots of 6000 ft. and over 17% to 25% 

depending on the section of the United States where it is sold. 



TABLE 39 

Packed in 
Price per Barrels, 
Kind of Fuse and Use 1000 Ft. Ft. 

Hemp, for use in dry ground $3.05 

Cotton, for use in dry ground 3.55 

Superior Mining, for hard tamping 3.75 8,000 

Beaver Brand, for use in wet ground... 3.90 8,000 

Single Tape, for use in wet ground 4.05 8,000 

Anchor Brand, White Finish, for use in 

very wet ground 4.65 8,000 

Crescent Brand, White Finish, for use in 

very wet ground 4.65 8,000 

Reliable Gutta Percha, for use in very 

wet ground 4.65 8,000 

Double Tape, for use in very wet ground 4.85 8,000 

Stag Brand, White Finish Gutta Percha, 

for use in very wet ground 5.60 8,000 

Special No. XX, Gutta Percha, semi- 
smokeless and almost free from lateral 

emission of sparks 5.60 8,000 

Triple Tape, for use in very wet ground 

and will bear rough treatment 5.70 7,000 

Special No. XXX, Gutta Percha, designed 

to be even freer from smoke and 

sparks than Special No. XX 6.70 8,000 

The packages weigh approximately: 

Barrels, 
Lbs. 

Hemp and Cotton 135 

Triple Tape 150 

All Others 145 



Cases, 

Ft. 
12,000 
12,000 
6,000 
6,000 
6,000 



6,000 
6,000 



6,000 
6,000 

6,000 

Cases, 
Lbs. 
135 
125 
115 



ELECTRIC FUSE 
TABLE 40 

(Copper Wires) List Prices per 100 
Weight of Charge 

No. 4 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 

(Single (Double 

Strength) Strength) 

Length of 10.03 Grains 15.43 Grains 23.15 Grains 30.86 Grains 

Wire or or or or 

Ft. .65 Gramme 1.00 Gramme 1.50 Grammes 2.00 Grammes 

4 $ 3.00 $ 3.50 $ 4.00 $ 4.50 

6 3.54 4.04 4.54 5.04 

8 4.08 4.58 5.08 5.58 

10 4.62 5.12 5.62 6.12 

12 5.16 5.66 6.16 6.66 

14 5.70 6.20 6.70 7.20 

16 6.24 6.74 7.24 7.74 

18 6.78 7.28 7.78 8.28 



BLASTING SUPPLIES 83 

TABLE 40 — Continued 

Length of 10.03 Grains 15.43 Grains 23.15 Grains 30.86 Grains 

Wire or or or or 

Ft. .65 Gramme 1.00 Gramme 1.50 Grammes 2.00 Grammes 

20 7.32 7.82 8.32 8.82 

22 8.32 8.82 9.32 - 9.82 

24 9.32 9.82 10.32 10.82 

26 ... 10.32 10.82 11.32 11.82 

28 11.32 11.82 12.32 12.82 

30 12.32 12.82 13.32 13.82 

Longer lengths (made to order), $1.00 for each additional 2 feet. 
The discount from above is about as follows: 

5,000 or over, delivered 25 % 

1,000 or over, factory 15% 

Less than 1000, factory 10 % 

"Waterproof electric fuses cost about 30% more than the above. 
Electric fuses with iron wires cost about 15% less. 

Electric fuses are packed as follows: 

Number of Number of Total Number 

Length of Wires Fuses in Carton Cartons in Case of Fuses in Case 

4 ft. to 16 ft. inc 50 10 500 

18 ft. to 30 ft. inc 25 10 250 

BLASTING MATS 

Mr. H. P. Gillette, in "Rock Excavation," says: 
"Use of a Blasting* Mat. For preventing accidents due to flying 
rocks, all blasts in cities should be covered either with timbers 
or with a blasting mat. This should be done to avoid suits for 
damages, regardless of city ordinances. A blasting mat is readily 
made by weaving together old hemp ropes, 1% in. diameter or 
larger. To make such a mat, support two lengths of 1-in. gas 




Fig. 29. Blasting Mat. 
pipe parallel with one another and as marty feet apart as the 
width of the mat is to be. Fasten one end of the rope to one 
end of the pipe; carry the rope across and loop it over the other 



84 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

pipe; bring it back around the first pipe; and so on until a suffi- 
cient number of close parallel strands of the rope have been 
laid to make a mat as long as desired. Starting with another 
rope, weave it over and under, like the strands in a cane-seated 
chair, until a mat of criss-cross ropes is made. Such a mat, 
weighted down with a few heavy timbers, will effectually pre- 
vent small fragments from flying at the time of blasting. The 
mat and its ballast may be hurled into the air several feet, upon 
blasting; but it will serve its purpose by stopping the small 
pieces of rock which are so dangerous even where light blasts 
are fired. The mat should be laid directly upon the rock. Such a 
mat will save a great deal of labor involved in laying a grillage 
of timbers over a trench. It will also make it unnecessary for 
the blasters to stand far from the blast when firing." 

Manufactured Mats. Close woven blast mats made of 1*4 in. 
diameter rope with a loop in each corner and binding on sides, 
can be bought new in New York for 80 cents per square foot; 
mats made of 1-in. diameter rope cost 70 cents per square foot. 
(Fig. 29.) 

BLASTING WIRE 

Connecting "Wire. No. 20 B. & S. Gauge on 1-lb. and 2-lb. 
spools. 

Leading Wire. No. 14 B. & S. Gauge both single and duplex 
in 200 ft., 250 ft., 300 and 500 ft. coils. 

Leading wire reels $4.00 

Connecting wire holders 2.00 

The price of wire varies with the locality, but is about as 
follows: 

Leading wire No. 14 $24.00 per lb. 

Connecting wire No. 20 29.00 per lb. 

Connecting wire No. 21. . . 31.50 per lb. 

This is subject to the following discounts: 

Less than 50 lbs., one sale, one delivery 10% 

50 lbs., or over, one sale, one delivery 15% 

100 lbs., or over, one sale, one delivery 25% 



BLOCKS 



TABLE 41— WROUGHT IRON GIN BLOCKS FOR WIRE ROPE, 
STIFF SWIVEL HOOKS AND BECKETS 

Heavy Pattern, Phosphor Bronze, Self-Lubricating, Bushed 
Diam. Sheave, For Rope Diam. Price 

Inches Inches Description Each 

Single $ 5.50 

10 % Double 9.00 

Triple 14.00 

Single 6.25 

12 % > Double 10.00 

Triple 15.50 

Single 7.50 

14 % Double 11.50 

Triple 18.00 

Single 9.00 

16 % Double 13.50 

Triple 23.00 

Single 11.50 

18 1 Double 16.00 

Triple 26.50 

TABLE 42— WROUGHT IRON BLOCKS FOR WIRE ROPE, 
HEAVY PATTERN WITH STIFF SWIVEL HOOKS 



e*-i 


• 














>o 


s 








Phosphor Bronze 


ss 


3 








Metaline S i 


elf- 


w2 . 








Lu 


b r i c a t i ng 


m %v 


o 


— Iron Bus! < — 
























o 




o 


ft 




o 


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Q 


fa 


w 


Q 


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H 


10 


% 


$ 7.00 


$10.00 


$14.00 


$ 8.50 


$13,00 


$18.50 


12 


% 


8.00 


11.50 


15.50 


9.50 


14.50 


20.50 


14 


% 


9.00 


12.50 


18.00 


10.50 


15.50 


22.50 


16 


% 


15.50 


20.00 


23.00 


18.00 


25.00 


32.50 


18 


l 


17.25 


22.50 


30.00 


20.00 


28.00 


37.50 



TABLE 43 — STEEL TACKLE BLOCKS, WITH SHACKLES 





6 S 




Phosphor Bronze 




C ^ 




or Metaline 






Bushed, Self- 


Size Sheave, 


S~~l 


—Iron Bushed — 


Lubricating. 


(Ins.) 
















ngl 
oub 
ripl 


ngl 
oub 
ripl 




-fa hT 


m Eh 


02 A Eh 


6%xl%x % 


1% 10 


$ 2.16 $ 3.50 $ 4.59 


$ 2.97 $ 5.13 $ 7.02 


8 xl%x % 


lVo 12 


3. 38 5.54 8.10 


4.23 7.30 10.80 


9y 2 xl%x % 


1% 14 


4.86 8.10 10.80 


5.94 10.25 14.04 


12 x2%xiy 8 


2% 18 


10.80 18.90 27.00 
85 


12.40 22.14 31.88 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



TABLE 44 — TACKLE BLOCKS 



Size Sheave 


a> 


O 


-Iron Bushed- 


— Bronze Bushed — 


(Ins.) 




j3^ 




a> 














£ m 


<o 




V 


* 




* 




ho fl 
ctZJ 


"5 


P 



P. 


ho 

a 


P 







ft 


J 


55 


O 


Eh 


53 


Q 


h 


4%xl xy 2 

6%xli4x% 


7s 


7 


$0.29 


$0.54 


$0.79 


$0.38 


$0.76 


$1.12 


1% 


10 


.62 


1.01 


1.49 


.79 


1.35 


1.91 


8 xl%x% 


1% 


12 


1.00 


1.69 


2.40 


1.19 


2.07 


2.97 


9 xl%x% 


1 3 A 


13 


1.57 


2.36 


3.38 


1.83 


2.88 


4.15 


10 xl%x% 




15 


1.80 


2.92 


4.05 


2.08 


3.49 


4.90 



TABLE 45— LIGNUM VITAE SHEAVES FOR REGULAR AND 
THICK MORTISE BLOCKS 



Size of 
Sheave, Ins. 


Length of 
Block, Ins. 


Iron Bushed, 
Price 


Bronze 

Bushed, 

Price 


4%xl x% 
6%xl%x% 

8 xl %x% 

9 xl%x% 
10 xl%x% 


7 
10 
12 
13 
15 




$0.21 
0.46 
0.63 
0.84 
1.05 


$1.05 
1.93 
2.06 
2.28 
2.73 



-IRON SHEAVES 



Size of 
Sheave, Ins. 

4%xl x % 
6%xl%x % 

8 xl%x % 

9 xl3/ 4 x 34 
10 xl%x % 
12 x2%xiy 8 



Length of 
Block, Ins. 

7 
10 
12 
13 
15 
18 



Bronze 

Bushed, 

,-Iron Bushed^ Self Lubri- 

Self-Lubricating, eating, 

Price Price 



$0.20 
0.35 
0.57 
0.88 
0.97 
2.25 



$0.75 
1.12 
1.48 
1.73 
1.95 
4.00 



TABLE 47— WROUGHT IRON BLOCKS — ENGLISH PATTERN 
WITH STIFF SWIVEL HOOKS 



Size of For 

Sheave For Rope Chain Length , 

Ins. Diam., Ins. Ins. Shell, Ins. Single 

41/4XI % . . 7 $ 1.55 

6 xl% 1/4 A 10 3.10 

8 xl% 1% A 14 5.25 

10 x2% 2y 4 % 18 14.25 



on Bushed - 
Double 


Triple 


$ 2.30 
5.25 
10.00 
21.50 . 


$ 2.92 

6.75 

13.50 

29.25 



Phosphor Bronze or Metaline 

Bushed, Self-lubricating 

Single Double Triple 

$ 2.18 $ 3.55 $ 4.80 

3.92 6.90 9.25 

6.30 12.10 16.65 

16.87 24.75 34.12 



48— WROUGHT IRON SNATCH BLOCKS— ENGLISH 
PATTERN WITH STIFF SWIVEL HOOKS 



Diam. 

Sheave, 

Ins. 


For Rope 
Diam. Ins. 


Iron Bushed 


Phos. 

Metal: 


Bronze or 
tne Bushed 


10 
12 
14 
16 
18 


% 
% 
% 
% 

1 




$ 9.60 
10.80 
12.00 
16.80 
22.80 




$10.80 
12.20 
14.40 
19.80 
26.40 



TABLE 49— HEAVY TACKLE, THICK MORTISE BLOCKS, 
EXTRA HEAVY LOOSE SIDE HOOKS AND STRAPS 





1 


<D 

£1 
















5 


m 














Diameter of 


<D 


o 


, — Iron Bushed — , 


^-Bronze Bushed- 


Sheave, 


O 


,s 










® 




Ins. 


P?«3 

o M 






3 

o 


ft 


60 


3 

o 


ft 




h 


J 


55 


Q 


H 


s 


p 


EH 


4y 4 xiy 8 xy 2 


l 


7 


$1.12 


$2.00 


$ 2.75 


$2.12 


$ 3.75 


$ 5.00 


6%xi%x% 

8 xl%x% 


i% 


10 


2.00 


3.25 


4.25 


3.62 


6.75 


9.50 


i% 


12 


2.62 


4.25 


6.25 


4.62 


8.50 


12.50 


9 xl%x% 
10 xl%x% 


1% 


13 


4.00 


6.50 


8.50 


6.50 


11.75 


16.50 


i% 


15 


4.50 


7.50 


10.00 









TABLE 50— HEAVY TACKLE, THICK MORTISE BLOCKS, 
EXTRA HEAVY LOOSE SWIVEL HOOKS AND STRAPS 







0) 
















5 


02 














Diameter of 


® 

ft 
O 


O 


, — Iron Bushed — , 


r- Bronze Bushed—, 


Sheave, 


,Ei 










0) 




Ins. 




to 
c 

0! 


"So 

c 


3 

o 


ft 


"60 

c 


2 

3 
O 


ft 
'u 




fe 


J 


35 





B 


w 


Q 


Eh 


4%xiy 8 x% 


1 


7 


$1.42 


$2.37 


$ 3.20 


$2.55 


$ 4.37 


$ 6.20 


6%xl%x% 


1% 


10 


2.60 


4.12 


5.50 


4.22 


7.62 


10.75 


8 xl%x% 


1% 


12 


3.87 


5.75 


7.87 


5.87 


10.00 


14.12 


9 xt%x% 


1% 


13 


5.62 


8.25 


10.75 


8.12 


13.50 


18.75 


10 xl%x% 


1% 


15 


6.25 


9.75 


13.00 


9.25 


15.50 


21.50 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



BLUE PRINT FRAMES 



BLUE PRINT FRAMES COMPLETE WITH POLISHED 
GLASS (Fig. 30) 




Fig. 30. Print Frame on Wheel Carriage. 

20x24 24x30 30x42 36x48 36x60 42x60 42x72 

$10.75 $16.00 $27.75 $36.90 $44.25 $50.25 $63.00 

14.50 23.50 33.15 39.75 

49.50 49.50 62.90 71.25 78.75 94.50 

54.75 70.90 79.75 

20.00 20.00 20.00 



With oak frame 

With hardwood 

frame 10.00 

With wheeled car- 
riage 37.00 

With mountings 

for window 

Same with revolv- 
ing carriage 



BLUE PRINT MACHINES 



Continuous Blue Print Machine. Operated by single arc lamp 
using 15 amperes at 110 volts, or iy 2 amperes at 220 volts, trav- 
eling up and down continuously in the center of a half cylinder 
of glass, while the paper and tracing are carried around by an 
endless canvas band. Speed can be regulated to 2 feet per 
minute using rapid paper. Size 2 ft. 6 in. square by 6 ft. high. 
Weight 400 lbs. Price, $300 f. o. b. factory. 




Fig. 31. Continuous 
Blueprint Machine. 

Another vertical machine of similar type uses lamps for direct 
or alternating current of 110 ^or 220 volts. It requires a floor 
space of 36"x42". 

Catalogue Two Print Surfaces, 

Size Inches Price 

1 42x36 $210.00 

2 42x48 230.00 

3 42x60 245.00 

4 42x72 300.00 



90 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

BOILERS 



Upright tubular boilers constructed for 100 lbs. working pres- 
sure complete with base and fixtures cost as follows; f. o. b. 
manufacturer's works: 

Rated 

H. P. Weight, Lbs. Price 

4 2,500 $150.00 

8 3,000 185.00 

12 4,000 225.00 

15 6,000 275.00 

20 7,000 325.00 

30 9,000 375.00 

60 11,000 550.00 

locomotive type boilers mounted on wheels, complete, con- 
structed for 100 lbs. pressure. The 70 H. P. is mounted on skids'. 

Rated 

H. P. Weight, Lbs. Price 

10 4,000 $300.00 

15 7,000 350.00 

20 8,000 400.00 

25 9,000 425.00 

30 10,000 450.00 

40 10,500 550.00 

50 11,000 600.00 

60 11,500 700.00 

70 11,500 725.00 

The outside of the boiler should be kept dry at all times and 
the inside of it should be as nearly free from scale and rust as 
possible. Different kinds of water will have different effects 
upon the life of the boiler, and the results to be obtained from it. 
In a limestone country the boilers will scale rapidly. This scale 
is a poor conductor of heat and as soon as it reaches a 
considerable thickness will cause a marked decrease in a boiler's 
steaming efficiency. In alluvial country, where the water contains 
much vegetable and loamy matter, the boilers will gather an ac- 
cumulation of heavy mud and should be blown at least once 
each week. 

Mr. John W. Alvord, of Chicago, gives a table showing the 
history of thirty-two horizontal tubular boilers used in water 
pumping stations in Illinois, Iowa and Michigan. The active life 
of these boilers was found to have ranged from six years for 
two boilers at Sterling, 111., where artesian water was used, to 
twenty-three years for two boilers in Oskaloosa, la., where river 
water was used, the latter boilers being still in service. The 
average life of this group of thirty-two boilers was fifteen years. 
This would indicate that the rate of depreciation on boilers should 
be 20 per cent where artesian water is used, 10 per cent where 
lake water is used and 5 per cent where soft river water is 
used. 



BOILERS 91 

Estimating- the Horsepower of Contractors' Boilers. A boiler is 
usually estimated to give one horsepower for every 10 sq. ft. 
of heating surface. Hence the horsepower of a vertical tubular 
boiler is found thus: 

Rule: Divide the total heating surface of the tubes and fire box 
(expressed in square feet) by ten, and the quotient is the horse- 
power. 

The square foot heating surface of a tube is quickly calculated 
by multiplying the length of the tube in feet by 0,26 and then 
multiplying by the outside diameter of the tube in inches. Since 
tubes are ordinarily 2 in., the total heating surface of the tubes 
is found by multiplying the number of tubes by their length in 
feet by 0.52; or, for all practical purposes, take half the product 
of the number of tubes by the length of tube in feet. To this 
heating surface of the tubes must be added the heating surface 
of the fire box, which is ascertained thus: Multiply the circum^ 
ference of the fire box in feet by its height above the grate in 
feet and add the square foot area of the lower flue sheet. 

The diameter of the fire box or furnace is usually 4 to 5 ins. 
less than the outside diameter of the boiler. The height of the 
fire box is usually 2 to 2% ft. The amount of coal required for 
a contractor's boiler is about 6 lbs. per horsepower per hour, or 
60 lbs. per horsepower per day of ten hours. Nearly one gallon 
of water will be required for each pound of coal. About 2% lbs. 
of dry wood are equal to 1 lb. coal, or 2 cords of wood equal 
1 ton of coal. 



BOILER ROOM TOOLS 



TABLE 51 
Boiler room tools cost as follows: 

Diam. of , Price, Each- 



Length Bar, Ins. Hoe Slice Bar Clinker Hook Poker 

6 % $1.20 $0.95 $1.20 $0.80 

8 % 1.80 1.50 1.85 1.30 

10 % 2.50 3.00 2.80 2.00- 

12 1 4.60 4.60 4.40 2.80 

Roller tube expanders, 1 in. to 6 in., $2 to $12 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

BOOTS 



Boots are generally supplied by the contractor to his men where 
the work is of a wet nature. Good quality rubber boots cost from 
$3 to $5 per pair depending- on the length of boot and the quality 
of the rubber. Unless shod with leather, they will wear out in 
from two to six weeks. Leather soles cost about 50 cents to 
60 cents a pair put on, but are liable to cause the boots to leak. 
These soles double the life of the boot, but the best practice is to 
buy specially constructed boots with a sewed leather sole and 
heel. Short boots of this type cost $4-75 per pair, Storm Kings 
cost $5.60, and hip boots cost $6.50. Boots of this type last at 
least four times as long as the ordinary boot. 



BRICK RATTLER 



The city of Baltimore in 1909 installed a "rattler" for testing 
vitrified blocks. The machine is 28 ins. in diameter, 20 ins. long 
within heads. The barrel is a regular paragon of fourteen 
sides and contains about 12,018 cubic inches. It is driven by a 
5 horsepower single phase electric motor making 1,710 revolutions 
per minute. The speed was geared down at the "rattler" end 
of the belt to produce thirty revolutions per minute. The cost 
of the outfit and the expenditures during the first year were: 

One vitrified block rattler with belt $192.50 

One 5 H. P. motor 150.00 

Cast steel shot 12.00 

Freight and drayage 10.20 

Building foundation and remodeling shed 53.32 

One set scales 8.70 

New cast-iron shot 10.20 

One new pulley 5. 20 

One revolution counter 4.00 

Electric installation 37.64 

Electric company's connections 3.73 

Electric current 5.69 

$493.18 



BUCKETS 



Contractors' buckets are of two general types: (1) that which 
is filled by hand, or other agency outside itself, and (2) that 
which fills itself by digging into the material to be conveyed. 
The first type of bucket as used by contractors, is usually a dump 
bucket, and the bowl is cleared by either tilting it, or allowing 
a door or gate in the bottom to open, thereby releasing the mate- 
rial. The second type of bucket is usually either clamshell or 
orange peel, but is sometimes made in special shapes. 



The following table gives the 
approximate weights of ma- 
terials commonly handled with 
buckets: 

TABLE 52 

Weight 

per Cubic 

Material Yard, Lbs. 

Dry sand 2,700 

Wet sand 3,400 

Loose earth 2,400 

Wet clay 3,000 

Anthracite coal 1,600 

Bituminous coal 1,450 

Crushed stone 3,000 

Iron ore 4,200 

Granulated slag 1,600 

Gravel 3,000 



Bottom 


dumping- 


buckets 


similar to 


Fig. 32 


cost as 


follows: 






TABLE 53 




Capacity 


App.'Wt. 




in Cu. Ft. 


Lbs. 


Price 


3 


175 


$ 45 


7 


360 


56 


10 


450 


66 


12 


500 


73 


14 


575 


84 


18 


650 


91 


21 


745 


98 


27 


850 


105 


34 


1,025 


128 


41 


1,150 


140 


54 


1,650 


185 


63 


1,700 


196 


67 


1,775 


203 


75 


2,070 


210 


85 


2,300 


227 




Fig. 32. 



I HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Coal tubs similar to Fig. 33 cost as follows: 
TABLE 54 



Capacity 
Coal, Tons 

'% 

y 2 
1 

Long Ton 



Weight, 
Lbs. 

150 
270 
440 
800 
825 



$18 
26 
4S 




Fig. 33. 



Contractors' tubs, Fig. 



cost as follows: 







TABLE 55 






Capacity 


Length, 


Width, 


Depth, 




Cu. Ft. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Price 


3 


26 


28 


15 


$16 


6 


33 


26 


19 


18 


12 


42 


33 


25 


26 


18 


48 


37 


29 


33 


27 


53 


43 


29 


42 


42 


60 


58 


33 


56 



BUCKETS ya 

Contractors' and miners' round tubs, Fig. 35, cost as follows: 







TABLE 56 






Capacity 


Length, 


Width, 


Depth, 




Cu. Ft. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Price 


6 


31 


37 


21 


$16 


14 


44 


49 


25 


28 


21 


48 


56 


30 


36 


27 


50 


60 


34 


44 


42 


58 


n\ 71 


40 


60 




Fig. 35. 
Bottom dump buckets, similar to Fig. 



cost as follows: 







TABLE 57 






Capacity, 


Top 


Bottom 






Yds. 


Width 


Width 


Depth 


Price 


% 


31 


25 


30 


% 48 


1 


41 


32 


37 


60 


iy 2 


46 


35 


42 


80 


2 


51 


39 


45 


100 


3 


61 


48 


48 


118 




Fig. 36. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Capacity, 
Cu. Ft. 
15 
22 
30 
36 
45 



i for concrete, 


Fig. 


37, 


cost 


as 


follows: 


TABLE 58 












Weight, Lbs. 
535 

590 

875 

925 

1,140 










Price 
* 71 

90 
103 
117 
130 










Fig. 37. 










Center 


dump 


form 


buckets, for concrete, 


Fig. 


38, 


cost 


as fol- 


lows: 






TABLE 59 










Capacity, 
Cu. Ft. 
15 
22 
30 
36 
44 
60 






Weight, Lbs. 
450 
550 
775 
850 
950 
1,000 








Price 
$ 81 
94 
108 
121 
135 
161 




Fig. 38. 



Lockwood Automatic concrete bottom dump buckets, cost as 
follows : 

TABLE 60 



Capacity, 
Cu. Yds. 



1 
1% 



I* 



Weight, Lbs. 

1,000 
1,500 
2,000 
2,200 
2,400 



Price 

$100 

140 
180 
200 
220 



BUCKETS 

Class C, used for handling all classes of loose materials, fitted 
with round link side chains. 







TABLE 61 




Capacity, 
Cu. Yds. 


"Weight 
Lbs. 


, — Dimensions, Open — N 

Width, Length, 

Ft. In. Ft. In. 


Price 


1% 
2 
3 
5 


2,000 
2,350 
3,400 
4,500 
6,250 
10,000 


3 3 5 7 
3 3 7 6 
3 9 8 6 

5 8 6 

6 9 9 

7 11 


$ 357.50 

487.50 

552.50 

747.50 

1,056.25 

1,560.00 



Class E, a very good digging bucket; suitable for handling 
crushed stone. Fitted with flat link side chains and strong 
cutting edge. 




Fig. 



Unloading Scows of Cellar Dirt for the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Embankment at Snake Hill, N.J. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 







TABLE 


62 










, — Dimensions, Open — » 




Capacity, 
Cu. Yds. 


Weight 
Lbs. 


Width, 
Ft. In. 




Length, 
Ft. In. 


Price 


y 2 
i 
1% 

2 
3 
5 


2,100 
2,600 
3,800 
4,750 
6,500 
11,000 


3 3 
3 3 
3 9 

5 

6 

7 




5 7 

7 6 

8 6 

8 6 

9 9 
11 


% 390.00 

520.00 

617.50 

780.00 

1,105.00 

1,820.00 



Class H, designed to handle very heavy and rough materials. 
Flat link side chains are used, and the closing power is mate- 
rially increased. 



Capacity, 
Cu. Yds. 

2 



Weight 
Lbs. 

4,000 

5,200 

6,700 

11,500 



, — Dimensions, Open — , 

Width, Length, 

Ft. In. Ft. In. 

3 9 8 6 

5 8 6 

6 9 9 

7 11 



Price 

$ 715.00 

975.00 

1,365.00 

1,950.00 



Scraper Clam Shell Buckets, for handling ore and extra hard, 
heavy material. 




Fig. 40. Scraper Clam Shell Bucket 



Capacity, 
Cu. Yds. 

1% 

2 

3 

5 

10 



Weight 
Lbs. 

4,500 

6,000 

8,000 

12,500 

20,000 



— Dimensions, Open — x 
Width, Length, 



6 


12 








12 








14 


6 


6 


16 








16 






Price 

5 617.50 
780.00 
1,105.00 
1,820.00 
2,600.00 



BUCKETS 



ORANGE PEEL BUCKETS 



Standard orange peel buckets are adapted to all classes of 
dredging and excavating. They are good all around digging 
buckets, and are sometimes used for handling ore. 







TABLE 65 












, 


— Diameter 


— , 






Weight 


Closed, 


Open, 




Capacity 


Lbs. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Price 


1 cu. ft. 


125 


1 


9 


2 


2 


$ 113.75 


5 cu. ft. 


900 


3 


2 


4 





292.50 


9 cu. ft. 


1,100 


3 


10 


4 


8 


325.00 


15 cu. ft. 


2,350 


4 


6 


5 


6 


503.75 


1 cu. yd. 


4,200 


5 


8 


6 


10 


682.50 


1 Vz cu. yds. 


5,250 


6 


4 


7 


8 


1,040.00 


2 cu. yds. 


8,500 


7 





8 


6 


1,137.50 


3 cu. yds. 


10,000 


8 





9 


10 


1,397.50 



heavy standard orange peel buckets are adapted for dig- 
ging harder materials. Cast steel points, placed outside where 
sticky material is to be handled, are furnished. 



Price 

% 682.50 
747.50 
1,137.50 
1,267.50 
1,527.50 
2,502.50 
4,030.00 

Multi-power orange peel buckets are used for digging clay, 
compact sand, and other hard material, and are built about as the 
extra heavy standard, but differ in the closing mechanism, which 
In this case has twice the closing and half the lifting power. 







TABLE 66 








, 


—Diameter ^ 


Capacity 


Weight 
Lbs. 


Closed, 
Ft. In. 


Open, 

Ft. In 


21 cu. ft. 

1 cu. yd. 
\y 2 cu. yds. 

2 cu. yds. 

3 cu. yds. . 
5 cu. yds. 

10 cu. yds. 


4,100 

4,600 

8,500 

9,500 

11,500 

20,000 

30,000 


5 
5 
6 

7 

8 

9 

12 



8 
4 


6 



6 4 

6 10 
8 

8 6 

9 10 
11 4 
14 6 



Weight Closed; Open, 

Capacity Lbs. Ft. In. Ft. In. Price 

21 cu. ft. 4,200 5 6 4 $ 747.50 

1 cu. yd. 4,750 5 8 6 10 812.50 
1% cu. yds. 8,500 6 4 8 1,300.00 

2 cu. yds. 9,500 7 8 6 1,430.00 
2^ cu. yds. 10,500 7 8 9 4 1,560.00 

Three-sided orange peel buckets are especially well adapted for 
the handling of boulders, broken rock, and other odd-shaped 
materials difficult to hold unless an even force is exerted on 
bearing part. This is possible with this three-bladed bucket. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



An excellent illustration is given in Fig. 41 of what a three- 
bladed orange peel bucket can do. The points of three-bladed 
buckets coming in contact with a boulder or pile will either 
force it inside the bowl or will grasp the object as in the 
illustration in such a manner that the holding force will be 
positive and the strain equally divided. 




41. Three Bladed Orange 
Peel Bucket. 



Capacity 

21 cu. ft. 
1 cu. yd. 
1^ cu. yds. 
2Vz cu. yds. 



Weight 
Lbs. 

4,200 

4,750 

8,500 

10,500 



■ Open, 
Ft. In. 

6 4 

6 10 

8 

9 4 



Price 

$ 715.00 

812.50 

1,202.50 

1.300.00 



BUILDINGS 



The only buildings that properly need be described in a book 
of this character are those of a temporary or semi-permanent 
character. 

Mr. H. G. Tyrrell says, "Roughly speaking, the cost of one- 
story building, complete, is, for sheds and storage-houses, 40 
cents to 60 cents per square foot of ground, and for such build- 
ings as machine-shops, foundries, and electric-light plants that 
are provided with traveling cranes, the cost is from 60 cents to 
90 cents per square foot of ground covered." 

Kidder's Architects' and Builders' Pocket-Book gives the cost 
of a large car barn of exposed iron construction and brick walls 
erected in 1895 as 9 cents per cubic foot. 

Mr. Fred T. Hodgson, in the Architects' and Builders' Magazine, 
gives the following: 

Second class stable with common fittings — per cu. ft, 11 cents 
to 13 cents; per sq. ft., $1.65 to $2; per cow, $130 to $140. 

Third class stable for farms, wood fittings — per cu. ft., iy 2 
cents to 10 cents; per sq. ft, $1.45 to $1.50; per cow, $90 to $105. 

The following has been compiled by James N. Brown: Barns, 
framed, shingle roof, not painted, plain finish, iy 2 cents to 2Yz 
cents per cu. ft. 

Barns, framed, painted, with good foundation, 2% cents to 3 
cents per cu. ft. 

The following is from H. P. Gillette's Handbook of Cost Data: 

COST OF ITEMS OF BUILDINGS BY PERCENTAGES 

Brick Machine Shop 
Warehouses (150x400) 

Per Cent Per Cent 

Excavation, brick and cut stone 50 15 

Skylights and glass 10 

Millwork and glass 7 6 

Lumber 18% 6% 

Carpenter labor 9 y 2 4 

Tin, galv. iron and slate 1% 

Gravel roofing 2 1 y 2 

Structural steel 45 y 2 

Steel lintels and hardware .- %y 2 6 

Plumbing and gas fitting 2 

Piping for steam, water and power 2 

Paint 2V 2 2 

The labor cost of framing and erecting plain framed buildings 
averages from $10 to $15 for one thousand feet B. M. 

The cost of section houses, with three rooms, of cheap con- 
struction averages 54 cents per sq. ft. 

Cost of six tool houses, 8'xl2', area 96 square feet: 

Cost per Total 

Item Square Foot Cost 

Materials 161 $15.53 

Labor 134 12.90 

Tools 005 .48 

.300 $28.91 

The lumber and labor in the above were very cheap. 



102 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Cost of a blacksmith shop, 20'x30', area 600 square feet, no floor, 
no studs in the sides, most of material second hand: 

2,120 ft. B. M., @ $4.60 $ 9.7fi 

4y 2 M shingles, @ $1.65 7.43 

Hardware i77 



Total materials $17. 

Superintendence $ 4. 

Carpenter, @ $2.10 21. 



Total labor $26.62 

Cost per square foot $.072 

In contrast with the above cost, note the cost of an extremely 
well built, portable blacksmith shop, built in New York City in 
1910, 18'x30'xll' high, fitted with shelves, closet and racks: 

Lumber, @ $30 M.B.M — 5 window frames and sash, 2 large 

doors framed at mill, rubberoid roofing $140.00 

Hardware 15.00 

Painting and paint (contract) 15.00 

Labor — carpenters, @ $4.50; common labor, @ $1.50 per 8 

hours 130.00 





Per Sq. Ft. 


$ 55.00 


$0.76 


30.00 


.62 


90.00 


.75 


110.00 


.69 


135.00 


.68 


65.00 


.67 


80.00 


.62 


100.00 


.63 


185.00 


.64 



Total $300.00 

Cost per square foot $0.55 

Portable offices and houses ready to be fitted together and 
with one coat of paint can be purchased in almost any of the 
large cities. Below are prices on portable houses, manufactured 
in New York: 

Feet 

Inspector's office 8x9 

Tool house 6x8 

Office and tool house 10x12 

10x16 

10x20 

8x12 

8x16 

8x20 

Peak roof house 12x24 

All of white pine partitions, tongued and grooved, and center 
beaded, bolted, windows netted. 

In Engineering and Contracting, Oct. 7, 1908, the cost of camp 
buildings used on a concrete dam contract in a small town 200 
miles from Chicago is given. 

The camp consisted of the following buildings: 

Floor Area, 

Building Sq. Ft. 

8 dormitories for 283 men lf5 -922 

2 mess halls for 80 men 3,000 

3 individual shacks for 3 men 864 

1 storehouse ^'Hn 

1 machine shop 900 

1 blacksmith shop 100 

Total floor area 21,000 



BUILDINGS 103 

The cost of constructing these buildings was as follows :\ 

Item Cost 

158,000 ft. B. M. of lumber at $22.50 $3,575 

15 carpenters 48 days at $3 2,160 

30,000 sq. ft. tar paper at $0.0225 675 

Nails 145 

Total $6,555 

Interest and depreciation $5,500 

The cost per square foot of building was as follows: 

Per Per 

Sq. Ft. Cent 

Lumber $0.17 55 

Labor 0.10 32 

Roofing and hardware 0.04 13 

Total $0.31 100 

The carpenter work cost $13.70 per 1,000 ft., B. M. 



104 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

CABLEWAYS 



The following data are taken from Gillette's "Rock Excavation": 
Nineteen cableways with spans of from 550 to 725 ft. were 
used on the Chicago Drainage Canal. The main cableways were 
2 x /4 ins. in diameter with a sag of 5 ft. in 100 ft., supported 
on towers from 73 to 93 ft. high. The haul and hoisting cables 
were % in. in diameter and the button and dumping cables % in. 
in diameter. The life of the main cable was from 50,000 to 
80,000 cubic yards of solid rock, or 30,000 to 50,000 trips, or 100 
to 160 days. A 70 H. P. boiler and a 10x12 engine operated the 
skips with a speed of 250 ft. and a traveling speed of 1,000 ft. 
per minute. The skips were 2x7x7 ft. of steel, weighing 2,300 lbs., 
and holding 1.9 cubic yards of solid rock. Total weight of the 
cables, cars, skips and all was about 450,000 lbs. and cost $14,000. 
The force consisted of a foreman at $3.00, an engine man at 
$2.75 per 10 hours; a fireman at $1.80, a signalman and a tower- 
man at $2.70 each, and laborers at $1.50 each, loading skips. The 
output ranged from 300 to 450 cubic yards of solid rock per 10 
hrs., loaded and handled at a cost of 28 to 30 cts. per cubic yard. 
This does not include rental of plant. 

The following table gives the cost in percentages: 

TABLE 69 

Assuming 50 
Cts. per Cu. 
Labor Supplies Total Yd., Cost per 

(2/3) (1/3) (3/3) Cu. Yd. in Cts. 

Drilling 22 10 18 9.0 

Explosives 3 58 21 10.5 

Loading 46 2 31 15.5 

Conveying 15 20 17 8.0 

Channeling 4 3 4 2.0 

Pumping 4 7 5 2.5 

Supt. and genl. labor. .6 . . 4 2.0 

Total 100 100 100 50.0 

On section 7 nine skips and about 35 men worked on a face. 
About iy 2 tons of coal and 25 cts. worth of oil were consumed 
each shift. 

The cost of earth excavation for a cableway of 400 ft. span 
is given in Gillette's "Earthwork and Its Cost." The earth was 
delivered to a chute and thence to cars. The cost, which did not 
include the timber sheeting, the hauling or unloading of cars, 
was 30 cts. per cubic yard. To move one of these cableways takes 
a gang of 15 men three days, if green; two days if accustomed 
to the work, and costs from $50 to $75. If this cost is added to 
the cost of excavating the earth in a trench 375 ft. long it will 
amount to several cents per cubic yard. If the trench is 6 ft. 
wide and 9 ft. deep the charge will be about 10 cts. per cubic yard. 



CABLEWAYS 105 

In building a bridge across the Delaware river on the D. L. & 
W. R. R. most of the concrete and other materials were handled 
by a cableway. This was a double-span duplex cableway with a 
span of 2,005 ft., which was divided near the center by an 
A-frame. The cables were 14 ft. apart, the two towers were 
about 130 ft. high, while the A-frame was 75 ft. high. The main 
cables were 2% ins. in diameter and the operating ropes % in. 
About 5,000 ft. of main cable and 10,000 ft. of line were used. 
Each span was operated by a 125 H. P. locomotive boiler with a 
50 H. P., 10x12 in. double cylinder, double friction drum, revers- 
ible link motion cableway engine; drums 54 ins. in diameter, 48 
ins. long between flanges. The load operated by each engine was 
5 tons, making 15 to 20 trips per hour. Four engineers, two fire- 
men and one rigger were necessary to operate the cableway. 
The entire plant cost about $22,500, erected. 

A Duplex Traveling Cableway was used by the United States 
government in excavating the Hennepin Canal. The cableway was 
purchased in 1903 and cost, complete and in operation, $28,580. 
It consisted of Z complete and independent cableway systems 
mounted on a single pair of duplex traveling towers. One tower 
served as a head tower for one cableway, the other tower served 
as a head tower for the other cableway. These towers were 





I d 






; - 1 fit 






- f l jSZ 






- i I JO** 


V 




j ...-Mur 




........ 


-■» -- ; 


;;;0;J. - ft#?5a, : . 


[ ■■■.;.. ^y^.3:'-^ 


MiBifefti: ■ 








: 



Fig. 42. Duplex Cableways Used on Hennepin Canal, Operating 
Two V/ 2 Cubic Yard Orange Peel Buckets. 

built of heavy timber well braced and ballasted. Each contained 
about 40,000 ft. B. M. of timber and 4,000 lbs. of iron work. 
They were mounted on 47x54 ft. platforms supported by 48 
standard car wheels set in two parallel frames 54 ft. long, and 
moved on 5 lines of rails laid parallel to the axis of the canal. 
These rails were so laid as to form two standard gauge tracks 
with centers 29 ft. apart, and one single rail between them. 
Bach tower was equipped with a special 12%xl5 in. double 



106 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

cylinder cableway engine with 3 tandem 51 in. friction drums 
and a 125 H. P. locomotive fire box boiler. The cableways were 
18 ft. apart and had a span of 625 ft. Bach was equipped with a 
iy 2 cubic yard orange peel bucket operated at the same time and 
independently. From October 10th to December 20th a total of 
131,414 cubic yards were excavated. The total operating expense 
for this period was $11,546, divided as follows: 

Labor, $7,261; repairs, renewals, lubricating oil, kerosene oil 
for lights, waste, etc., $3,528; coal $757. The operating cost per 
cubic yard was 8.8 cts. The item for repairs, renewals, etc., 
includes $1,350 worth of new cables, but it is stated only about 
one-third of this sum could justly be charged to the operating 
cost of this period. During the period of operation for which the 
cost data are given the towers were moving over very soft 
ground. This made the track work expensive and was the cause 
of a number of extraordinary breakages; for instance, 3 crank 
shafts on the engines were broken. 

A cableway used as a framework for a track carrying 1 cars 
for making a fill was erected near Cleveland, Ohio. The fill was 
across a gorge 400 ft. wide and 95 ft. deep. One small trestle 
bent on each bank and one tall bent in the center were erected. 
Two 2% -in. galvanized cables 7 ft. apart, were stretched over the 
bents and anchored to dead men of buried logs. The rails were 
spiked to ties which were fastened to the cables by U bolts. 
Small trestle bents were put in as the All advanced. Turn buckles 
were placed in the cable to keep the suspended track taut. 

Actual cost of aerial cable roadway: 

2% in. galvanized bridge cable, 1,000 ft $ 600.00 

Eyebolts, 2% ins. diam., with clevises for both ends 108.30 

Turnbuckles at north end 3-in. diam. — two 120.00 

Chains at north end, 2V 2 in. iron — two 62.40 

Cast washers, 8 ins. diam., 2 ins. thick — four 2.46 

Timber for A-frame (all other timber was obtained on 
ground): Upper 42 ft., 14 ft. x 8 ins. x 8 ins. All brac- 
ing and cross ties; 3,800 ft., at $34 per M 108.80 

Lower 50 ft., round timber, 56 ft. long: Rough in tree.. 32.00 
Cost of team work for hauling round timber, and pulling 

timber to place for erecting 65.00 

Carpenter labor on A-frame and end bents on bank 231.40 

Time of superintendent, getting material and overseeing 

work in general 60.00 

Common labor: Digging trenches for anchors and put- 
ting up cableway 112.00 

Nails and iron in A-frame and bents 29.40 

Total cost of cableway $1,531.76 

Estimated cost of timber trestle: 
Timber (all uprights, planks for bracing, stringers, etc.), 

98,000 ft, at $26 per M $2,548.00 

Labor, at $6 per M 588.00 

Spikes 98.00 

Iron drift bolts 40.00 

Total $3,274.00 

Balance in favor of cableway $1,742.24 



CABLEWAYS 107 

The following is abstracted from Gillette's "Handbook of 
Cost Data." 

Cost of Cordwood and Cost of a Wire Rope Tramway. Mr. B. 

Mclntire gives the following about a wire ropeway built by him 
in 1884 in Mexico. He states that when the inclination of an 
endless traveling ropeway is greater than about 1 in 7 it 
will run by gravity, the speed being controlled by a brake. A 
ropeway running 200 ft. per min. with buckets at intervals of 
48 ft., each carrying 160 lbs., Will deliver 20 tons per hour. By 
using two clips close together on the rope, loads of 700 lbs. per 
bucket may be carried. This particular ropeway was used for car- 
rying cordwood to a mine. Its total length was 10,115 ft. between 
terminals, and the difference in elevation was 3,575 ft. The 
longest span between towers was 1,935 ft.; the shortest, 104 ft. 
There were 10 towers and two terminals. Hewed timbers were 
used for the towers, being much better than round timbers in 
maintenance. The rope was it-in. diam., plow steel of 300,000 lbs. 
strength per sq. in. It was transported on 7 mules in lengths 
of 2,250 ft., each mule carrying a coil 321 ft. long, with a piece 
10 ft. long between mules. The coils were 24 ins. in diam. 
There were 3 men required to every 7 mules. Care must be 
taken to lead the mules on a steep ascent to prevent a sudden 
rush that may throw a mule over a precipice. The ropeway, 
after erection, was lubricated best by using black "West Virginia 
oil (instead of tar), applied continuously at the rate of a drop a 
minute. This was vastly better than intermittent oiling. 

The cost of this ropeway was as follows: 

Upper terminal $ 192.45 

Lower terminal 218.00 

5 trees fitted for towers 103.00 

5 towers 854.25 

Counterweight tower 169.00 

Remodeling towers 332.00 

Stretching, splicing and mounting rope, attaching clips 

and baskets 255.00 

Total labor cost of construction r:$ 2,123.70 

Opening and maintaining roads 1,822.30 

Ropeway, materials and transportation 15,454.00 

Total cost in running order $19,400.00 

This is equivalent to about $10,000 a mile. During 9 months the 
ropeway was operated at a cost of $400 a month, and handled 
660 cords per month; the items of cost being as follows for 
9 months: 

1 brakeman, at $52 per~month. $ 468 

3 men filling, at $26 per month each 702 

1 man dumbing, at $40 per month .-'. 360 

1 man looking after line and oiling, at $26 234 

Oil 117 

Repairing (very heavy, $2.25 per day) 526 

2 men wheeling wood away from terminal 468 

2 men receiving wood from choppers and delivering it to 

packers • 702 

Total for 9 months. $3,577, 



108 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

It will be noted that the cost of labor was low, being $1 a day 
for common labor. The cost of cutting and delivering wood to 
the tramway was $2.20 per cord, and the cost of transporting by 
the tramway, as above given, was 60 cts. per cord (not including 
interest on the plant). During the previous year the cost of 
cutting and teaming wood had been $12 per cord. The total 
saving to the company, after deducting cost of tramway, was 
$33,500 the first year. 

An Aerial Cableway 4.8 miles long has been used for conveying 
contractors equipment, materials and supplies for the construc- 
tion of the reservoir dam of a new hydro-electric plant at Loch 




Fig. 43. 



10-Ton Cableway; 800-ft. span with 50-ft. Four-Post 
Towers. 



Leven, Scotland. The ground between the loch and the dam, 
which is at an elevation of 1,075 ft. above the loch level, is very 
steep, rendering transportation by any method other than a cable- 
way almost impossible. The mean gradient is 1 in 22.8 against 



CABLEWAYS 109 

the loads. There are six stations for loading and unloading, three 
being at the angles in the line. The single rope system is used, 
being supported by 86 wooden towers of an average height of 
24 ft. The longest span is about 900 ft. The power driving 
the ropeway is a Pelton wheel of 250 B. H. P., the speed being 
reduced by gearing so as to drive the rope at 300 ft. per minute. 
About 580 buckets, with a capacity of 600 lbs., are used, and 
spaced about 90 ft. apart. The material handled varies from 
700 to 1,000 tons per day. Twenty men are engaged in its 
operation; one man at the power house, three men at each of the 
three angle and delivery stations, four men at the upper and four 
at the lower terminal for handling the materials and the buckets, 
and two men for lubricating the pulleys on the towers. The 
upper terminal is a trestle 105 ft. long, 20 ft. wide, and 50 ft. 
high, containing bins for storing 450 to 500 tons of ballast. 
The total cost of the line, according to The Engineer, London, 
from which these notes are taken, was $62,500, or at the rate of 
about $12,500 per mile. The estimated cost of operation per ton- 
mile, allowing for redemption in three years, labor, and 10 per 
cent on the labor account for supervision, is 4 cents. 

Handling' Concrete. Cableways can be used advantageously for 
handling concrete. A cableway with a span of 800 ft, and 
stationary towers 45 ft. high, capable of handling a bucket 
containing a yard of concrete, costs from $4,500 to $5,000. Mov- 
able towers cost about $1,000 more. 

Cost of Rock Removal. On the St. Mary's Channel improve- 
ment, West Nubick Channel, four cableways were used to exca- 
vate 1,600,000 cubic yards of rock. This was accomplished in 2y 2 
years. After blasting, the rock was loaded into skips by steam 
shovels and the skips were hoisted and conveyed by cableway. 
Average haul, 300 ft. The rock cut varied from 27 ft. to ft., 
average being 15 ft. Skips 8 ft.x30 in. In June, 1907, 76,752 
yds. were excavated, or an average of 3,073 cu. yds. per day; in 
August the output was 88,000 yds.; average yardage from May to 
August, four months, was 85,000 yds. per month. One cableway 
made a monthly record of 29,490 yds. 

The cost of an average cableway without towers to carry a 

5-ton load 800 ft. span with deflection at center of about 5% 
of the span, complete with guys but without towers, 12x12 engine 
working at 90 lbs. to 100 lbs. pressure, steam or air, with dumping 
drum without boiler is between $6,000 and $7,000 f. o. b. the 
manufacturer's works. The cableways operating by electricity, 
including 150 H. P. motor with controllers and resistances cost 
about $1,500 more than the above, or just about enough more 
to offset the cost of the boiler plant if a separate boiler has to be 
installed for the cableway. 

Cost of Towers. One A-frame tower, guyed, for each end of 
this type of cableway will require a minimum of 5,000 ft. B. M. 
of lumber, with 14 in. xl4 in. sticks, costing about as follows: 



110 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Timber, Y. P., 5,000 ft., B. M., at $50 $250.00 

Labor erecting, about 125.00 

Fastenings, freight and haulage, say 100.00 

Total for 1 tower in place $475.00 

This tower can be taken down and reset for about $50 plus 
the cost of moving to the new location. I do not know of towers 
of this type being built higher than 80 ft. and would advise 
against anyone attempting to construct A-frame towers higher 
than 65 ft. unless they have had much previous experience of the 
use of such very long sticks. The above figures are approximate, 
of course, and apply to average conditions in New York State. A 
4-leg tower takes about three times as much lumber as an 
A-frame tower. 

Traveling 1 towers for a cableway cost from three to five times 
that of fixed towers under the same general conditions. 

Repairs on a cableway may be counted at %-ct. per cu. yd. 
of material handled. 

Three cableways on the D. J. McNichols portion of Philadelphia 
Filtration System, Torresdale Filters, carried concrete, which 
was handled in dumping tubs. Each cableway averaged 200 
buckets per day of 10 hours, and a record of 330 buckets or 495 
yard rods was made by a single cableway in one day. One of 
these cableways with a span of 825 ft. cost $4,200 without 
towers. The towers were 64 ft. high. After being used three 
years this plant was sold for $3,500. 

A cableway for Baker Contract Co., at U. S. Lock and Dam 
No. 4, Ohio River, with a span of 1,485 ft. designed for a load of 
5 tons, with 2 1 / 4-in. cable between 103 ft. towerg, cost $6,500, 
exclusive of boiler and towers. 

Cost of Erection and Plant. The Croton Falls Const. Co., at the 
Croton Falls Dam, put in two cableways 1,434 ft. long, 2*4 -in. 
cables, carrying 5 to 10-ton loads. The cost of one of these was 
$8,000, exclusive of towers, tracks and boilers. The engine and 
boiler for this plant cost $3,300, or 41.3% of the cost of the plant. 

A report made by the Construction Service Co. shows the labor 
cost of erecting four towers and stringing cables for the two 
cableways as follows: 

Average height of towers: Head, 73 ft. Tail, 103% ft. 

Carpenter foremen 49.25@$6.00 = $ 295.50 

Carpenters 312. 25@ 3.50= 1,093.38 

Hoisting engineer 104 @3.00= 312.00 

Fireman 57.5 @ 2.50= 143.75 

Laborers 330.5 @ 1.60= 528.80 

Teams (labor only) 47 @ 1.50= 70.50 

Foreman riggers 45 @6.00= 270.00 

Rigger helpers 374 @2.50= 1,135.00 

Machinist 4 @ 6.50= 26.00 

Machinist helper 16 @ 3.00= 48.00 

Foreman (laborers) 15.5 @ 2.00= 31.00 

Cableway engineer 19 @ 4.25 = 80.75 

Signalman 23 @ 1.50= 34.50 

Cableman 18 @3.00= 54.00 

$4,123.18 



CABLEWAYS 



111 



Work Accomplished. On North Channel, St. Lawrence River, 
two cableways costing $7,000, exclusive of towers and tracks, 
excavated over 500,000 tons of heavy stratified limestone. 75% 
of this was handled in blocks of 3 to 15 tons and 25% in 4-yd. 
skips, 20,000 to 25,000 cu. yds. handled per month the year around 
1,000 tons per day was averaged. Delays on one cableway in 11 
months due to repairs were 19 hours and 49 minutes. 

Moving Cableways. In the construction of the Southern Out- 
fall Sewer, Louisville, Ky., two 700-ft. double Lidgerwood cable- 
ways were moved several times. Each time the cableway was 
dismantled and two traveling 
cranes assisted in the moving. 
The towers were 60 ft. high. About 
20 men were employed in moving, 
and the cost of moving and setting 
up each time was between $380 
and $400. 

Output. On the Holyoke Water 
Power Dam a cableway with a 
cable 2 ins. in diameter, supported 
by a frame tower 20 ft. high on 
one side and a similar tower 100 
ft. high on the other, set with 
a difference in elevation of the 
tops of 40 ft, was used for con- 
veying materials. Most of the 
travel was down grade. The total 
span was 1,615 ft., total distance 
between anchorages 2,200 ft. A 
fifty H. P. engine with two drums 
was used for hoisting. The average 
round trip to the center of the 
span with 3 cu. yds. took ten 
minutes. This is at the rate of 18 
yds. per hour or 180 yds. per day. 

life. In constructing the Rocky River Bridge at Cleveland, 
Ohio, a cableway with a 800-ft. span was used. This was mounted 
on towers which ran on rollers so that the whole machine could 
be shifted sideways. It was capable of carrying 10 tons. The 
main cable was 3 inches and the load line % of an inch in 
diameter. Once every three months the main cable was shortened 
to take out the sag. The line had a life of eighty to ninety days 
and after being removed was used on small derricks, etc. 

The Lidg-erwood High Speed Cableway. With long spans, the 
time required to move the carriage along the cable at speeds 
up to 600 or 800 ft. per minute made horizontal transporta- 
tion a large item in the cost of handling materials in this 
manner, but with the ordinary type -of apparatus higher travel- 
ing speeds were not practicable. The fall rope carriers were 
damaged and the "buttons" could not be made to retain their 




Fig. 44. Sewer Cableway. 



112 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

position on the cabie. The effect of impact being somewhat 
proportional to the square of the speed of the moving load, 
the necessity for radical changes in equipment that would 
meet an increase in running speed of two hundred per cent is 
apparent. For this purpose Mr. Spencer Miller has developed a 
new type of "button" and a special shock absorbing fall rope 
carrier, both of which are extremely ingenious and effective. 
Electric cableways so equipped have operated on the Panama 
Canal work. These cableways operated at a running speed of 
1,800 to 2,000 ft. per minute, driven by General Electric, inter- 
pole, series wound railway type motors of 150 h. p., wound 
for 550 volt D. C. circuit. These motors were equipped with a 
current limit automatic and hand control, whereby the operator 
may cause the motors to be accelerated by throwing the master- 
controller handle to full-on position, the motors taking a pre- 
determined current from the line. The motors may be slowed 
up by a retrograde movement of the controller handle, thus cut- 
ting resistance back into the motor circuit. The control panel 
carries an overload relay which throws the motor off the line in 
case of overload by causing the line contactors to drop out. 
Before the motor can again be thrown on the line it is necessary 
for the operator to bring the master-controller handle to the off 
position, after which the motors are started in the usual man- 
ner. The brakes are electrically-operated air brakes, as well 
as friction clutches, a separate electrically-driven air compressor 
being employed. The control arrangement both for the air 
brakes and friction clutches is designed for operation locally 
or at a remote point. 

These cableways, in a battery of eight (4 duplex), have placed 
about 2,900 cu. yds. of concrete in one day of 12 hours, in addi- 
tion to handling forms and iron work for the day's work. 

The hoist has cast steel gearing with machine-cut teeth 
throughout. The diameter of the hoisting and conveying drums 
is 54 inches and the hoist is geared to give a hoisting load speed 
of 333 feet per minute. 

The duplex cableway towers travel the whole length of the 
flight of locks, about 3,000 feet. There are eight cableways in 
the set, arranged on four pairs of traveling duplex towers. All 
the towers are readily moved along the tracks by special electric 
winches. The towers are provided with brake apparatus and 
locking clamps, in addition to the solenoid brakes on the pro- 
pelling winches. This is necessary on account of the grade of 
trackway, which is 2.1 per cent for a large part of its length. 



CARS 



Double side 


or double end all steel dump cars cost as 


follows: 






TABLE 


70 






Capac- Gauge 












ity of Track 


, Overall Dimensions * 


Weight, 




Cu. Ft. Ins. 


Length 


Width 


Height 


Lbs. 


Price 


18 20 


5' 7" 


4' 3" 


3' 4" 


700 


$52.00 


27 20 


5'11" 


4'10" 


3'11" 


850 


58.00 


18 24 


5' 7" 


4' 3" 


3' 8" 


750 


55.00 


27 24 


6' 2" 


4'10" 


4' 0" 


875 


58.00 


36 24 


6' 9" 


4'11" 


4' 3" 


975 


68.00 


36 30 


6' 9" 


4'11" 


4' 5" 


1,050 


70.00 



Hand operated brakes, $20 per car extra. 
Brake cars are about 15 in. longer. 










Fig. 45. 








Rocker, double side 


all steel 


dump cars 


cost as 


follows: 








TABLE 71 






Capac- 


Gauge 












ity of Track 


, Overall Dimensions > 


Weight, 




Cu. Ft. 


Ins. 


Length 


Width 


Height 


Lbs. 


Price 


18 


24 


6'9" 


4' 0" ' 


3' 8" 


900 


$54.00 


27 


24 


7'4" 


4' 2" 


3'11" 


950 


58.00 


40 . 


24 


8'1" 


4'11" 


4' 5" 


1,325 


70.00 


27 


30 


7'7" 


4' 2" 


3'11" 


1,000 


60.00 


40 


If 


8'1" 


4'11" 


4' 7" 


1,425 


78.00 


54 


8'8" 


5' 3" 


4'10" 


1,675 


yo.oo 


40 


36 


8'1" 


4'11" 


4' 8" 


1,500 


80.00 


54 


36 


8'8" 


5' 3" 


4'11" 


1.7 


70 


92.00 



Hand operated brakes % 20 per car extra. 

Unloading thirty 30-in. gauge 36 cubic feet capacity cars, 

similar to above, from, flat cars and hauling about one mile, 

cost $39.50, or about $1.32 per car. Foremen, 35 cts.; teams and 

drivers, 50 cts., and laborers, 15 cts. per hour. 

113 



114 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

In excavating- a bank of hardpan with a 14-ft. face in 1907, 
the following equipment and men were used: 
10 steel double side dump cars, 36 cubic feet capacity, 

36-in. gauge at $72.50 $ 725.00 

2 brake cars at $92.50 185.00 

2 switches complete at $30.00 60.00 

1,500 ft. of 30-lb. rail and plates, etc. = 600 ft. of track 

and 1 turn-out at 19 cfes. per ft 285.00 

200 ties, 6"x4" spruce, 5y 2 ft. long 49.50 

Spikes and bolts 40.00 

Total cost of plant $1,344.50 




Fig 



1 foreman at $3.00 $3.00 

6 pick and bar men at $1.50 , 9.00 

12 shovelers at $1.50 18.00 

1 horse and driver at $3.50 3.50 

y 2 trackman at $1.50 75 

1% dumpmen at $1.50 2.25 

Total labor cost per 10 hours $36.50 

The earth, which was extremely hard, was undermined and 
pried down with picks and bars, and loaded into a train of six 




Fig. 47. 

cars. The whole gang then started the train, which ran down 
the 4% grade to the dump by gravity. After being dumped, it 



CARS 115 

was hauled back by one horse. Thirty-three trains or 198 cars, 
well loaded, per day, was the output. A car was found to contain 
about 1 cubic yard of earth place measure. This gives a labor 
cost of about 18.5 cents per cubic yard. About $1.75 per day 
was spent on repairs to the equipment. 

On another job two trains of ten cars each were used. The 
gang was as follows: 

1 foreman @ $3.50 $ 3.50 

20 loaders (g) 1.50 30.00 

1 dump foreman @ 1.60 1.60 

3 dump men @ 1.50 4.50 

2 brakemen (a) 1.60 3.20 

1 trackman @ 1.60 1.60 

2 pickmen @ 1.50 3.00 

1 waterboy & 1.00 1.00 

2 extra men @ 1.50 3.00 

1 hauling ream and driver @ 5.00 5.00 

1 plow team and driver @ 5.00 5.00 

Total ; $61.40 

The earth was of hardpan and sand and the cut ranged from 
to 15 feet. The fill was about 9 feet in height. The average 
haul was 800 feet. Thirteen hundred feet of track was laid at 




The Oliver 4- Yard Car. 



a cost of $75. The average daily output was 330 cars, or yards, 
making a labor cost of about 19 cents per yard. 

Cars similar to these were loaded by a 30-ton traction shovel 
for 10 cents (contract) per yard, and dumped and hauled back 
by horses for 7 cents per yard, average length of haul 1,500 feet. 



116 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



The repairs on cars were very high, amounting to about 4 cents 
per yard, but had stronger cars of the same type been used, the 
repairs would have been nominal. 




Fig. 49. 8-Yard Car in Dumped Position. 

A diamond frame double side dump car of wood and steel, costs 
as follows: Fig. 50. 

TABLE 72 
Capac- 
ity, Weight, 
Yds. Lbs. Equipment Price 

4 6,000 Link and pin coupling and air brake $195.00 

6 11,000 Automatic coupler, hand brake 275.00 

6 11,000 Automatic coupler, air brake 325.00 

12 28,000 Double trucks, automatic coupler and air brake 750.00 




Fig. 50. 



A two-way dump car, diamond frame, of white oak, strongly 
reinforced with steel, costs as follows: 



Listed 
Capacity, 

Yds. Weight 

4 5,988 

6 10,875 

8 16.500 

12 28,000 



Trucks 

Single 
Single 
Double 
Double 



Gauge 
36" 



Brake 

Hand 
Hand and Air 
Hand and Air 
Hand and Air 



Price 

$165.00 
255.00 
435.00 
750.00 



CARS 



117 



The manufacturers present the following figures: 

Capacity of 4-yard car 3,9 cu. yds — of 2 cars 7.8 cu. yds. 

Capacity of 8-yard car 9.8 cu. yds. 

Length of 4-yard car over all 13'6 — of 2 cars 27' 
Length of 8-yard car over all 22'6" 

A train of twelve 4-yard cars hauls 46.8 cubic yards of earth. 

A train of six 8-yard cars hauls 58.8 cubic yards of earth; a 
gain of 25 per cent. 

A train of twelve 4-yard cars is 182 feet in length. 

A train of six 8-yard cars is 135 feet in length. 

Length saved in "spotting" by using 8-yard cars, 47 feet; a 
gain of 2 per cent per train foot, and a 50 per cent saving in 
time dumping. The increased diameter of wheels under an 8-yard 
double-truck car enables a dinky to handle more yardage than 
with 4-yard cars. 




Fig. 51. 
Revolving dump cars similar to Fig. 51 cost as follows: 
TABLE 73 



Capacity 
Cu. Ft. 


Track Gauge, 
Ins. 


Weight, 
Lbs. 


Price 


18 
18 
27 
27 


18, 
18, 


20 or 24 

30 

20 or 24 

30 


540 
740 


to 550 
560 

to 750 
760 


$45 
50 
52 
55 


Plat cars with 4 wheels, having frames 


and platforms 


of wood. 


steel axle 


s, and cast iron wheels, cost as 


follows: 








TABLE 74 






Capacity, 
Tons 


Gauge, 
Ins. 


, Platform , 

Width Length 


Weight, 
Lbs. 


Price 


2 

5 

10 

15 

20 


36 
42 

56% 
56% 
56 y 3 


50 
57 
76 
81 
84 


72 

84 

96 

108 

120 


750 
1,100 
1,200 
1,300 
1,400 


$ 26.00 

34.00 

56.00 

100.00 

170.00 



118 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Double-truck platform cars with wooden frames and trucks 
with wooden or steel bolsters (Fig. 52) have the following 
capacities: 

TABLE 75 



Capacity, 
Tons 

ill 

20 | 
25J 
30 



Track 

Gauge 



30", 36'" 
42", 39.37' 



, — Platforms — , 

Length Width 

20' 6' 



30' 
32' 
34' 



Weight, 

Lbs. 

6,000 

9,500 

11,500 

13,000 

18,000 

22,000 

24,000 



Price 
$220.00 
300.00 
330.00 
400.00 
475.00 
520.00 
620.00 



4'8%" 36' 8'6" 

These cars are regularly equipped with hand brakes working 
on one truck only, and link and pin couplers. For brakes working 




on both trucks add $12 to $15. For automatic couplers add $14 
to $20. For air brakes add $50 to $60. 

Cars similar to above with steel frames and trucks cost 25 per 
cent more. 

Inspection and hand cars operated by foot or hand are of three 
general types: foot driven, velocipede type, 4 wheels, weight 70 




lbs., price $70; hand driven, 3 wheels, weight 140 lbs., price $40; 
hand driven (Fig. 53), 4 wheels, weight 500 lbs., $40. 



Platform Cars with steel frames similar to Fig. 47 cost as 
follows: 

TABLE 76 



Capacity, 


Track 
Gauge, 


, Platform , 


Weight, 




Tons 


Inches 


Length Width 


Lbs. 


Price 


2 to 3 
2 to 3 
2 to 3 


20 
24 
24 


4'9" 3'0" 
5'0" 3'4" 
6'0" 4'0" 


500 
550 
640 


$28.00 
29.00 
32.00 



Ordering*. In ordering cars or making inquiries from manu- 
facturers the following points should be noted. 

Gauge of track. 

Weight of rail on which cars run. 

Radius and length of sharpest curve. 

Style of car (give number of catalog cut nearest to your re- 
quirements). 

Material to be handled and its weight per cubic foot. 

Capacity of car in tons or cubic feet. 

Give dimensions of car, if possible. 

Any limitations as to height, length or width. 

Style of coupling and drawbar. 

Distance from top of rail to center of drawbar. 

Method of operation — hand, animals, steam or electricity. 

Whether to be used singly or in trains. 

Number cars to a train. 

Diameter of wheels and axles already in use, if new cars are 
to be used with old ones. 

Style of axle boxes, if inside or outside, roller bearings, etc., if 
with or without springs. 

Any other points to be considered. 

Depreciation and Repairs. Ten new dump cars, some with 

steel and some with wooden bottoms, costing '$50, drawn by 

horses, had a life of 4 years, and averaged $1.75 per car per 

month for repairs the first 18 months. 

The following tables give the original cost and average repairs 

per month on about 22,000 cars on a large railroad system. I am 

indebted to Mr. J. Kruttsehnitt for the data from which it has 

been compiled. 

STEEL OB STEEL TJNDERPEAME CABS 



Type of Car Original Cost No. of Cars 

Ballast $ 889.81 460 

Box 1,085.00 2,304 

Coal 674.65 1,594 

Dump 1,461.63 300 

Flat S45.00 2,289 

Furniture 802.29 297 

Gondola or ore 1,210.00 1,419 

Oil 2,110.00 871 

Stock 1,030.00 1,693 



Monthly 

Average 

Repairs 

$ 5.17 

1.57 

3.47 

4.37 

1.05 

3.61 

3.16 

10.01 

1.10 



120 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



WOODEN CABS 

TABLE 78 

Monthly 
t Average 

Cost of 
Type of Car Original Cost No. of Cars Repairs 

Ballast $ 589.09 457 $4.78 

Box 440.00 6,247 3.92 

Coal 557.58 127 3.76 

Flat 581.20 512 102 

Furniture 530.00 278 7.44 

Oil 1,800.00 247 13 05 

Stock 450.00 2,700 3.61 

The average cost of repairs on steel underframe cars was 
$2.79 and on wooden cars $4.04 per month. 

Reports from various railroads indicate that the average cost 
of repairs of wooden cars varies from $35 to $85 per car per 
year, and of steel or steel underframe cars varies from $9 
to $10 per car per year. The average life of a wooden car is 
about 15 years, and of steel cars about 25 years. 

The cost of repairs on cars per year in percentage of the 
original cost is as follows: 

"Wood 

Type Steel Cars Cars 

% % 

Ballast 7.0 9.75 

Box 1.7 10.7 

Coal 6.2 8.1 

Dump 3.6 

Flat 1.5 2.1 

Furniture 5.4 16.8 

Gondola or ore 3.1 

Oil 5.75 8.7 

Stock 1.3 9.6 

In the Railroad Gazette, October 11, 1907, Mr. William Mahl, 
comptroller of the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific railways, 
gives some valuable data as to the life of equipment on the> 
Southern Pacific Railway. 

The following are averages for the period of six years, 1902 
to 1907, the costs being the average cost per year. 

Expenditure on 
each per annum 
Class No. Serviceable Repairs Vacated 

Locomotives 1,540 $3,165 $183 

Passenger cars 1,504 759 104 

Freight cars 42,983 70 17 

In "repairs" are included the annual expenditure for repairs 
and renewals of each locomotive or car, other than the expendi- 
ture for equipment "vacated." In "vacated" is included the cost 
of equipment destroyed, condemned and dismantled, sold or 
changed to another class. 

From 1891 to 1907, a period of 17 years, the average number 
of freight cars "vacated" each year was 3.63 per cent of the 
total number in service. Dividing 100 by this 3.63, we get 27%. 
which is, therefore, the average life in years of each freight 



CARS 121 

car. These cars were nearly all wooden cars, of which the 
cost of a box car did not exceed $450, excluding air brakes. 

The number of freight cars constantly in repair shops was 
5 per cent of the total number for the three months ending 
March 31, according to Statistical Bulletin No. 4 of the American 
Railway Association. For the previous quarter the percentage 
was 5% per cent. Each car averaged 23% miles traveled per day. 
The above figures are based upon averages of almost. 2,000,000 
freight cars. In Group IV (Virginia, West Virginia, North and 
South Carolina) there were 124,000 cars, 7 per cent of which were 
in the repair shop at any one time. This group made the poorest 
showing of all. 

On the Panama Canal work during the six months ending 
June 30, 1910, the cost per day of repairs to cars of all kinds 
was $1.03. For the same period the cost of repairs to plant and 
equipment per unit of work done was as follows: 

Item Cu. Yds. Per Cu. Yd. 

Dry excavation 10,515,443 $0.0795 

Wet excavation 5,274,633 0.0713 

Concrete 565,459 0.1741 

Sand 316,028 0.2789 

Stone 581,812 0.2410 

Dry fill 1,913,963 0.0065 

Wet fill , 1,556,745 0.0587 

The compartment type of rock car is now being used by the 
Los Angeles Pacific Railway Co., and it has proved very success- 
ful. In this type of car a box is built on an ordinary fiat car 
having a floor raised about 2 feet along the center line of the 
car and sloping to each side. This box is divided into twelve 
or more compartments, each having two doors, one on each side of 
the car. The teamster drives his wagon along the side of the 
car and adjusts a board between his wagon and the car which 
prevents the spilling of any rock on the ground. He then, with 
his shovel, loosens the hook holding the door in place, which 
allows it to swing up and discharge the whole two yards which 
each compartment contains. The whole operation is consum- 
mated in about one minute. Mr. H. R. Postle gives the following 
bill of lumber for building such a box on a 34-foot flat car: 

6 — 2x 4 in. x 18 ft. 12— 4 x 4 in. x 8 ft. 

6 — 4 x 6 in. x 16 ft. 4—2 x 16 in. x 16 ft. 

60—2 x 12 in. x 16 ft. 

Total, 2,643 ft. at $22 per M ft. <= $58.15. 
He does not give the amount of bolts and iron required, but 
says that the shop foreman of the railroad told him that each 
car costs a total of $250. 



122 






HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 






CARTS 



Dump carts, one horse, with three-inch tires, cost: 



Capacity, 
Cu. Ft. 



Light cart 
Heavy cart. 



2,500 
3,500 



Weight, 
Lbs. 
700 



Price 



$42.00 
45.00 



For hoppers 10 inches deep add $9.50 

For tail gate add 2.00 

For automatic end gate add 8.50 

For 4-inch tires add 5.50 

For steel bottom add 5.00 

Ten new railroad, one-horse dump carts, some with steel and 
some with wooden bottoms, cost $50 each. Repairs cost $1.75 per 
month each during eighteen months' use. Six old carts about 
two years old averaged $2 per month for repairs for twelve 
months. Other carts also averaged $2. The life of wooden dump 
carts is about Ave years. 




Fig. 54. 

Mr. D. J. Hauer says that average dump carts, without a tail- 
board, hold about 0.6 cu. yds. of earth, or 0.35 cu. yds. of rock, 
place measure. 

From Morris's data, quoted by Mr. H. P. Gillette in "Earth 
Work and Its Cost," the average speed of a cart is 200 feet per 
minute and the average load % cubic yard on a level and x 4 cubic 
yard on steep ascents such as when making railroad fills; and the 
lost time for each trip in loading and dumping averages four 
minutes; these data having been obtained on some 150,000 yards 
of work. 

In a great deal of one-horse cart work it can be so arranged 
that one driver attends to two carts, the undriven horse being 
trained in a very few days to follow his leader. 



CARTS 



123 



Concrete spreader carts similar to Fig-. 55, having- a capacity 
of 21 cubic feet and weighing- 985 pounds, cost $99. 

Pick-tip carts or beam trucks, having- two wheels and a raised 
axle, are used for picking up and hauling iron pipe, timbers, 
structural shapes, etc. 




Fig. 55. Spreader. 

They are usually drawn by hand. 

Diameter of wheels, 40 ins.; weight, 400 lbs.; price $34 

Diameter of wheels, 48 ins.; weight, 450 lbs.; price 35 

Diameter of wheels, 54 ins.; weight, 500 lbs.; price 42 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



CEMENT SIDEWALK AND CURB FORMS 



Adjustable steel sidewalk and curb forms are rapidly cominj 
into use, and where the amount of work is large, their extra cost 
is justified. 




Fig. 56. This Cut Shows the Use of the 6-inch-radius Curve 

TABLE 79— SIDE RAILS (RIGID) 

10 ft. Rails, 4 in. high $1.75 

10 ft. Rails, 5 in. high 2.00 

10 ft. Rails, 6 in. high 2.25 

10 ft. Rails, 7 in. high 2.50 

] ft. Rails, 8 in. high 2.75 

10 ft. Rails, 12 in. high 4.00 

10 ft. Rails, 18 in. high 8.50 

10 ft. Rails, 24 in. high 10.00 

Rails shorter than 10 feet to be used in "ending up" work may 
be purchased at a cost proportionate to the 10 ft. lengths; i. e., 
a 5 ft. length would cost one-half the amount of a 10 ft. length. 

Flexible side rails are made in any length to make any desired 
radius, at the same proportionate prices as the rigid side rails. 



TABLE 80 — SIDEWALK DIVISION PLATES 

Width of , Cost of Plates » 

Sidewalk 4" Depth 5" Depth 6" Depth 

3 feet $0.50 $0.65 $0.80 

4 fppt 70 .85 1.05 

5 feet 85 1-06 1-30 

ISSt ::::::::::::::: 1.00 1.25 1.45 



CEMENT SIDEWALK AND CURB FORMS 



TABLE 81 — COMBINED CURB AND GUTTER 
DIVIDING PLATES 



Height 
of Curb 

12" . 

12" . 

12" . 

12" . 

12" . 



Thickness 

of Curb 

5" 

6" 

6" 



W»dth 
of Gutter 
12" 
18" 
24" 
30" 



Cost 

$0.65 
.75 
.-90 
1.15 
1.40 




Fig. 57. 



12" 
12" 
16" 
18" 
24" 



TABLE 82— CURB DIVIDING PLATES 



Thickness 
of Curb 



6" 



Cost 

$0.40 
.40 
.50 
.55 
.75 



Cement Workers Tools. The following are net prices at Chicago 
for tools used in constructing and finishing cement sidewalks. 
The prices are for iron nickel plated tools. 



2% in. wide, 6 in. long, each. 



$0.54 



NARROW JOINTER 

1% in. wide, 8 in. long, y 2 in. blade, each.. 
1% in. wide, 8 in. long, % in. blade, each.. 



$0.60 



126 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

STRAIGHT END JOINTER 
3 in. wide, 6 in. long, % in. deep, each $0.60 

NARROW STRAIGHT END JOINTER 

1% in. wide, 8 in. long, y 2 in. blade, each $0.60 

1% in. wide, 8 in. long, % in. blade, each... 60 

DRIVEWAY GROOVER 
The following are net prices for driveway groovers, 3 in. wide 
and 9 in. long: 

Groover, % in. deep, each $1.10 

Groover, half round, each 1.10 

A 6-in. V-groover, % in. wide, y 2 in. deep, costs 52 cts. each. 

STRAIGHT END GROOVER 
6-in. V-groover, % in. wide, y 2 in. deep, each $0.60 

EDGERS 
The net prices of edgers, % in., 2% in. and 6 in. long, are as 
follows: 

% in. turned edger, each $0.52 

% in. turned edger, 10 in. long, each ... 1.35 

NARROW EDGER 

8 in. long, 1 % in. wide, each $0.60 

6 in. long, iy 2 in. wide, with guide 52 

A reversible handle edger, right or left, 1 in. turned edge, % in. 
radius, 3 in. wide and 6 in. long, costs 60 cts. 

CIRCLE EDGERS 

%-in. radius, each $0.45 

94 -in. radius, each 45 

A square edger 3 ins. wide, 6 ins. long, both edges rounded, 
with 1V 2 -in. cutting edge, costs 75 cts. Bevel edgers, 2% ins. 
wide, 6 ins. long, with either %-in. bevel or %-in. bevel, can be 
bought at 53 cts. each. Corner tools, one end straight, the other 
curving back, 6 in. long, \y 2 ins. wide, also cost 53 cts. each. 
Curbing edgers with 2 in. turned back with radius of iy 2 ins., 
3% ins. wide, 6% in. long, cost $1.09 each. Raised (tuck) 
pointers, A, x k, A. % or y 2 -in. size, dost 45 cts. each. 

Long handled finishing tools cost as follows: 

Trowel with one long adjustable handle, one short handle, one 
wrench; price, 15 in., $4; 24 in., $6. Jointer, with one long han- 
dle, one short handle, one wrench; price, $4. Edger, same equip- 
ment, $4. Six-ft. compasses, $3.50. 



CEMENT TESTING APPARATUS 



On large concrete jobs it is desirable that all cement shall 
be tested. The usual practice is to engage a specialist, who sends 
a representative to obtain samples from the job for testing at his 
own laboratory. This is undoubtedly the best way, but where 
work is located far from large cities testing in this manner is 
very expensive. The way this difficulty is generally overcome is 
by selecting samples from the cars immediately before they leave 
the factory and then sealing the cars. On work where these 
methods cannot be used, a field laboratory can be installed. 

Such a laboratory, exclusive of the building, water supply, and 
few pieces of furniture will cost as follows: 

1 Cement testing machine $135.00 

Or 1 Improved cement testing machine 185.00 

1 Percentage scale V 2 to 16 oz. ; to 100% 5.40 

1 Even balance scale with brass weights 6.75 

2 3-section gang molds @ $10.80 21.60 

1 Ground glass plate. 24"x24" 8.10 

1 Galvanized iron pan, 24"x24"x3" deep 1.80 

1 Set Gilmore needles , 4.50 

1 16 oz. measuring glass .90 

1 Small trowel 70 

1 Large trowel .90 

1 Set cement test sieves, 50, 100 and 200, with lid and bot- 
tom, brass 13.50 

1 Set sand test sieves, 20, 30, with lid and bottom, brass.. 7.00 

Total, $256.15, or $206.15 

Shipping weight, 600 pounds, or 500 lbs. 

Where any considerable amount of testing is to be done 
several more gang molds with some sort of damp closet are 
desirable, costing an extra $30 or $40. 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



CHAIN BELTS 



(See Belting for Power Purposes.) 



CHAINS 



Chains possess about % the strength of single bars of iron. 
They should be very carefully tested, as one weak link means 
that the whole chain is weak. The diameter of sheaves or 
drums should not be less than thirty times the diameter of 
the chain iron used, and for hoisting purposes, chains should 
be of short links with oval sides. The life of a chain is greatly 
increased by frequent lubricating and annealing. 

B. B. Crane chain is of refined iron having a tensile strength 
of 48,000 pounds per square inch, and is for ordinary use. B. B. B. 
Crane chain is of iron of 50,000 pounds per square inch tensile 
strength. 

Special Dredge chain is of iron of 53,000 pounds per square inch 
tensile strength. In the following table the safe load should 
be taken as % the "proof." The breaking strength is about 
double the "proof." 



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HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



HAND MADE, HIGH GRADE CHAIN COSTS (APPROXIMATE) 
PER POUND 



1" 

1%' 



Special Dredge 

$0.10 



.07 
.062 



!. B. Crane 

$0.09 
.07 
.058 
.053 



B. B. Crane 
$0.08 
.06 

.053 
.05 



PIPE OR STONE CHAINS WITH HOOK AND RING COST 



% inch 
% inch 
% inch 
% inch 



12 foot length 
12 foot length 
15 foot length 
15 foot length 



$2.90 
4.10 
5.25 
6.75 



JtOg Chains, 15' long, heavy, short link, ■&" swivel in center; 
weight, 30 lbs.; price, $3.25. 



TABLE 84 

STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF CLOSE LINK CRANE CHAINS, 

AND SIZES OF EQUIVALENT HEMP CABLES (UNWIN). 



Diameter 

of Iron 

in Inches 

% 



Weight 

in Lbs. 

per Fathom 

3.5 

6.0 

8.5 

11.0 

14.0 

18.0 

24. 

28. 

31.5 

37. 

44. 

50. 

56. 

71. 

87.5 
105.8 
126. 



Breaking 
Strength 
in Tons 

1.9 

3.0 

4.3 

5.9 

7.7 

9.7 
12.0 
14.6 
17.3 
20.4 
23.1 
26.1 
29.3 
36.3 
44.1 
52.8 
62.3 



Testing Girth of Wt. of Rope 
Load in Equivalent in Lbs. per 
Tons Rope in Ins. T ( 



.75 
1.1 
1.6 
2.3 
3.0 
3.8 
4.6 
5.6 
6.8 
7.9 
9.1 

10.5 

12. 

15.3 

18.8 

22.6 

27. 



k 

4 
4% 

5y 2 

6% 

7 

7% 

!* 

11% 
12% 
13% 
15 



Fathom 
1% 
1% 
2% 
3% 
5 
7 

8% 

10% 

12 
15 

17% 

19% 

22 

27% 

34% 

41% 

49% 



TABLE 85 

STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF STUDDED LINK 

CABLE (UNWIN). 



Diameter 


Weight 


Breaking 


Testing 


Girth of Wt. of Rope 


of Iron 


in Lbs. 


Strength 


Load in 


Equivalent 


in Lbs. per 


in Inches 


per Fathom 


in Tons 


Tons 


Rope in Ins. 


Fathom 


% 


24. 


9.5 


7. 


6% 


9 


ii 


28. 


11.4 


8.% 


7 % 


12 


% 


£2. 


13.5 


10.% 
13.% 


8 


14 


% 


44. 


20.4 


9% 


19% 
22% 




58. 


24.3 


18. 


10% 


k 


72. 


29.5 


23.% 


12 


30% 


90. 


38.5 


28.% 


13% 


391/4 


1% 


110. 


48.5 


34. 


15 


48% 


1% 


125. 


59.5 


40.% 


16 


55 


1% 


145. 


66.5 


47.% 


17 


62 


1% 


170. 


74.1 


55.% 
63.% 


18 


68% 


1% 


195. 


92.9 


20 


86 


2 


230. 


99.5 


72. 


22 


104 


2% 


256. 


112.0 


81. % 


24 


124 


2% 


285. 


126.0 


91.% 


26 


145 



CHAIN BLOCKS 



For moving loads vertically where great power is not obtain- 
able and speed is not a requisite, chain blocks are the best means. 
These are made in three types, triplex, duplex and differential. 



3JU 

/ 

/ '' 






1 




\- 


' "'"' ! ' ^ 


'It 








£l<\ ■* 


Jrl-llKr 




. 



Fig. 58. 

These are made in three types, triplex, duplex and differential. 
82 pounds and overhauls 31 feet of chain, with the duplex he 
pulls 87 pounds and overhauls 59 feet of chain, and with the dif- 
ferential three men pull 216 pounds and overhaul 30 feet of chain. 







TRIPLEX BLOCKS 








TABLE 


86 




Extra 


Capacity 


Hoist 


Weight, Lbs. 




Hoist 


in Tons 


in Feet 


(Net) 




Price 


per Ft. 


% 


8 


53 




$ 28.00 


$0.72 


1 


8 


80 




36.00 


.76 


1% 


8 


124 




48.00 


.80 


2 


9 


188 




56.00 


.84 


3 


10 


200 




72.00 


1.20 


4 


10 


290 




88.00 


1.28 


5 


12 


380 




112.00 


1.72 


6 


12 


390 




132.00 


1.72 


8 


12 


470 




160.00 


2.16 


10 


12 


570 




192.00 


2.60 


12 


12 


800 




240.00 


3.44 


16 


12 


1,000 




288.00 


4.32 


20 


12 


1,375 




315.00 


5.20 


Sizes 3 to 


20 tons 


have a lower 
131 


as 


well as an 


upper block. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



DUPLEX BLOCKS 
TABLE 87 



Capacity 


Hoist 


Weight, Lbs. 


in Tons 


in Feet 


(Net) 


Vz 


8 


43 


1 


8 


57 


i% 


8 


76 


2 


9 


104 


3 


10 


200 


4 


10 


225 


5 


12 


340 


6 


12 


360 


8 


12 


390 


10 


12 


570 



Price 

\ 21.25 

25.50 

34.00 

42.50 

63.75 

S0.7i 

119.00 

153.00 

178.50 

232.75 



Extra 
Hoist 
per Ft. 

$1.00 
1.27 
1.50 
1.70 
1.85 
2.05 
2.55 
3.20 
3.40 
3.60 



DIFFERENTIAL BLOCKS 











Extra 


Capacity 


Hoist 


Weight, Lbs. 




Hoist 


in Tons 


in Feet 


(Net) 


Price 


per Ft. 


Vs 


5 


11 


$ 9.00 


$1.40 


% 


6 


22 


■ 9.00 


1.40 


y 2 


7 


30 


10.50 


1.40 


i 


8 


51 


14.00 


1.50 


i% 


sy 2 


81 


18.00 


1.60 


2 


9 


122 


22.50 


1.70 


3 


9% 


180 


30.00 


2.00 



Chain blocks kept well oiled and kept under cover where grit 
and dirt cannot enter the gears should have a life of from five 
to twenty years. On outside work where sand and grit is allowed 
to enter the gears the life of a block is reduced very much, and 
repairs may cost as much as 50 per cent of the first cost annually. 



CHUTES 



Chutes for stone or, in fact, almost any material must be lined 
with sheet iron or steel to prevent excessive wear. Sooner or 
later a hole wears in these sheets and it is then necessary to 
renew the entire piece. 

Witherbee, Sherman & Co., at Mineville, N. Y., use bar steel for 
lining their ore chutes. The bars are 94x6 inches in size, and when 
worn are replaced by a new piece. In this way no steel is wasted 
and the time spent in repairs is much lessened. 

Dolese & Shepard, in their new stone-crushing plant in Chi- 
cago, at all points where the crushed storte drops, have made 
pockets where a certain amount of the material collects, and 
saves the chutes and bins from excessive wear at these points. 

Angle extension waffon chutes for hard and soft coal may be 
economically used in construction work for placing concrete and 
transporting other materials. They are adapted to indefinite ex- 
tension, but each section is in itself an independent chute. The 
prices of chutes 18 ins. wide at top and 17 ins. at foot, made of 
No. 18 black sheet steel with heavy end bands, weighing about 
5Y2 lbs. per foot, are as follows: 

5 ft. lengths, each $2.50 10 ft. lengths, each $5.00 

6 ft. lengths, each 3.00 12 ft. lengths, each 6.00 

8 ft. lengths, each 4.00 

CAR CHUTE 

A chute constructed of sheet steel and angle iron so as to 
hook on any car or wagon is made in three stock sizes and in 
many cases effects great saving in the cost of unloading material 
from cars. (See Fig. 59.) 




Fig. 59. 

Weight Price 

% yard capacity or % ton of coal 250 lbs. $40.00 

1 yard capacity or % ton of coal 275 lbs. 50.00 

1% yard capacity or 1 ton of coal 325 lbs. 60.00 

Rated as fourth class freight 

133 



134 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Another chute, or "Adjustable Car-side Hopper," is so arranged 
that the front can be adjusted to any convenient height, and can 
be emptied gradually or the discharge cut off entirely. (See 
Fig. 60.), 




Capacity 
Cu. Ft. 

20 
30 
45 



Fig. 60. 

Weight, 
Lbs. 

600 
700 
975 



$45.00 
54.00 
67.50 



CLOTHING 



Rubber coats, $3 to $6. 



OILED CLOTHING- 
PRICE PER DOZEN 
Yellow 

Slickers $16.00 to $25.00 

Long Coats 20.00 to 24.00 

Medium long 14.00 to 20.00 

Jackets 8.50 to 12.00 

Pants 8.40 to 12.00 

Hats 2.50to 3.50 



Black 

$17.00 to $26.00 

21.00 to 26.00 

15.00 to 22.00 

9.00 to 13.00 

9.00 to 13.00 

2.50 to 3.50 



CONVEYORS 



(See Excavators) 

Belt conveyors were first used in 1868 and since that date have 
attained great popularity as a means of conveying all sorts of 
solid materials. The great advantages of belt conveyors are the 
small horsepower required to drive them, their noiseless operation 
and large capacity. 

Power Required. In a concrete mixing plant in New York City 
a belt conveyor 24 inches wide, traveling at a speed of 400 feet 
per minute, and carrying the concrete from the mixer to the 
forms, required but 1 horsepower to drive it. The belt which 



600 l 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 


560 1 l -> 


560 H--J h ^ 


5M t t 4 


K0 L _. t t 


ISO / 1 / / 


4 t V 1 




4,0 jL ALJ. 4 J 






■1 1 i / / 


° '^4- 4 /- 4 ->Z 


u ™ Jf 4- - 4 -/ -£- £ 


s. 320 | 41 At -X -Z -,£ 


«2 son 5 % £*/ */- ^?- ^ * 


S §3 L 2' ^V *Z ^ / 




240 *t^/-,3 ^LlZ$y <S^\ 


200 ^w^t^^y-%^^-^% 




l60 h ivf^iiji^M^ 


1 ' //'s«mp3*> 


rn 1 1 ' \/ / 's^Wr'^ 


lj_ V7// >^!^2 


TTfwsyZ' 


\il\////z/ 


l////'/// 


/I/ //// 


o H ~ .. : 



'0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 16 20 

Horse - Power. 
Fig. 61. Diagram Showing Power to 
Operate Belt Conveyors. 

carried the materials to the mixer was 20 inches wide, 228 feet 
long and had a rise of 34 feet. It traveled at a speed of 350 
feet per minute and required but 6 horsepower to drive it with 
its load of 100 tons per hour. In the Transvaal a belt with a 
horizontal carry of 200 feet and a vertical lift of 48% feet, con- 



135 



136 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



veying 71.4 tons per hour, required 8.1 horsepower to drive it. 
A belt with a horizontal carry of 500 feet and a vertical lift of 
25% feet required 8.6 horsepower to convey 90 tons per hour, and 
2.9 horsepower to drive the unloaded belt. 

The capacity of belt conveyors is shown in two diagrams 
(Figs. 61 and 62), published by Mr. R. W. Dull in the Chemical 




Fig. 62. 



18 22 26 30 34 3ft 42 44 48 
Width of Belts. 
Diagram Showing Capacity of 
Belt Conveyors. 



Engineer, August, 1909. These are based on good feed- 
ing conditions and variations as great as 50 per cent are likely. 
Some .of the curves are stopped off at certain sized belts, as with 
large pieces it is not advisable to use a conveyor any narrower, 
regardless of what capacity is required. It is advantageous to 
install a feeding device of some kind if the feed is irregular. 
Materials should be delivered to the belt in the direction of mo- 
tion of the belt and with as near the same velocity as possible. 
"Wear. Small belts of stitched canvas or woven cotton are 
often used and are usually well oiled. For large, permanent con- 



CONVEYORS 



137 



veyors, rubber belts composed on a cotton duck foundation are 
most satisfactory. Mr. George Frederick Zimmer in Cassier's 
Magazine for August, 1909, gives the following table showing the 
wear on different materials subjected to a uniform sand blast 
for 45 minutes: 

Rubber belt 1.0 

Rolled steel 1.5 

Cast iron 3.5 

Balata belt, including gum cover 5.0 

Woven cotton belt, high grade 6.5 

Stitched duck, high grade 8.0 

Woven cotton belt, low grade 9.0 

The rubber covering performs two offices, that of resisting wear 
and that of preventing moisture from reaching the body of the 
belt. 

The number of plies necessary is given by Mr. C. K. Baldwin. 
Belts 12 to 14 inches wide, not less than 3-ply; 16 to 20 inches 
wide, not less than 4-ply; 22 to 28 inches, not less than 5-ply, and 
30 to 36 inches, not less than 6-ply. The pension on a belt must 
not be more than 20 to 25 lbs. per inch per ply and a good belt 
should have a breaking strain of 400 lbs. per inch per ply. 

Belts are usually troughed because this increases the capacity. 
A sufficient number of idlers should be provided, as this lessens 
the chance of damage. Idlers should be kept weri lubricated with 
a viscous lubricant as oil is liable to spill on the belt. The 
best method of joining belts is with a butt-joint held together by 
clamps. 

Costs. For contract purposes the belt conveyor is generally 
mounted on a more or less elaborate wooden framework, housed 
or otherwise, the cost of which must be estimated in accordance 
with the special conditions and design of the outfit. The belt 
conveying apparatus proper consists of a driving mechanism, 
which is often belted or sometimes directly connected to electric 
motors; the idlers and belts; and the troughing rollers. The price 
will vary considerably, approximate ones only being here given 
for purposes of rough estimates. 

TABLE 89 





Maximum 




Weight per 




Width 


Diam. of 




Ft. for Belt, 


Approximate 


of 


Lumps of 




Return Idlers 


Cost per 


Belt 


Material 


Speed 


and Troughing 


Lineal Ft.* 


12" 


2" 


Up to 200 ft. 
per minute 


14 lbs. 


$ 2.50 to $ 4.00 


IS" 


4" 


Up to 200 ft. 
per minute 


30 lbs. 


4.00 to 6.25 


24" 


6" 


Up to 200 ft. 
per minute 


46 lbs. 


5.75 to 8.75 


7" 


7" 


Up to 200 ft. 
per minute 


62 lbs. 


7.25 to 11.75 


6" 


9" 


Up to 200 ft. 
per minute 


100 lbs. 


10.50 to 14.25 



"Depends upon kind of belt. 



138 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Note. At speed of 300 ft. per minute a 12" belt should not 
carry material more than %" in diameter; 8" belt, material not 
more than 1%" in diameter; 24" belt, not larger than 3"; 30" belt, 
not larger than 4"; 36" belt, not larger than 6" in diameter. 

Wlhen speeds up to 600 ft. per minute are used material larger 
than 2" size is not likely to stay upon the large belts and for 
material 1" and larger a belt no smaller than 18" should be used. 

W. R. Ingalls says that the cost of a 12" belt plant capable 
of running at 300 ft. per minute would be about $600 for lengths 
of 100 ft, each, and if properly installed would consume about 3 
to 3% horsepower. He says that the cost of repairs should be 
about 12y 2 per cent per annum upon the cost of plant if given 
such service that the belt will last about five years; while if the 
belt is so used as to last only 2% years the repair cost must run 
up to about 20 per cent per annum. In one actual case in a plant 
where many belt conveyors were used repairs did not average 
more than 12% per cent. 

Mr. George F. Zimmer is an English authority for the state- 
ment that the cost of repairs for 100 ft. of traverse varies from 
%c to lc per ton per 100 ft. for coal, to 2c for coke and 8c for 
sulphate of ammonia. These figures are given also in the table 
following. 



140 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Mr. Edwin H. Messiter says that for ordinary mine run ore 
the largest lumps of which do not contain over 1 cubic foot, a 
30" conveyor is suitable. Sizes of lumps which may be carried 
by the several sizes of conveyors are: 

Lumps Conveyor *Tons per Hour 

12" 30" 560 

8" 24" 360 

6" 20" 250 

4" 16" 160 

3" 14" 120 

2" 12" . 80 

Speeds up to 400 ft. per minute may be used and 700 ft. in 
special cases. 

Inclination should be limited to 20° from horizontal, but 26° 
may be used with steady feed and fine material. Life of belts 
varies with tonnage. If correctly designed and made of proper 
materials on large conveyors, belt renewals will approximate 0.1c. 
per ton of ore. Cost is greater on small conveyors than on large 
ones. Horsepower required will average about 0.00015 horse- 
power per ton per foot of horizontal distance carried, plus 0.001 
horsepower ton per foot of height elevated. 

Automatic reversible trippers are designed to distribute mate- 
rial carried by belt conveyors on long piles or large bins. They 
travel on a track between two points, automatically reversing and 
discharging their load continuously. They can be so regulated as 
to discharge at one point. Their cost is about as follows: 

Width of Belt, Width of Belt, 

Inches Price Inches Price 

12 $320 20 $425 

14 345 24 .475 

16 370 30 555 

18 345 36 635 

Hand propelled trippers discharge materials at fixed points, to 
which they are moved along a track by hand. 

Width of Belt, Width of Belt, 

Inches Price Inches Price 

12 $180 18 $215 

14 190 20 225 

16 200 24 250 

♦Last column is capacity for ore weighing 100 lbs. per cubic 
foot at a speed of 400 feet per minute. 



CONVEYORS 



TRQUGHING AND RETURN IDLERS. 

> < I 

k-A.-H<~ - G *i 







Fig. 63. 

DIMENSIONS IN INCHES 



idth of 




















Belts 


A 


B 


C 


D* 


Et 


F 


G 


H 


1 


12 


11% 


5 


7% 


3% 


3 


ny 2 


12 


22 


ItV 


14 


12% 


5 


7% 


3% 


3 


i2y 2 


14% 


24 


ItV 


16 


13% 


5 


7% 


3 


i2y 2 


16% 


26 


ItV 


18 


13% 


5% 


9% 


3% 


5 


13% 


18 


32 


1% 


20 


15% 

i6 y 2 


5% 


9% 


3% 


ft 


13% 


20% 


34 


m 


24 


5% 


9% 


3% 


ft 


14 y 2 


24% 


40 


iy 


30 


18% 


5y 2 


10% 


4y 2 


5 


16 


31% 


46 


IV, 


36 


21% 


5% 


12% 


5 


b 


18% 


37% 


52 


i% 



Pulleys are of cast iron on hollow steel shafts, turning in cast 
iron brackets mounted on hard pine or steel base, for attaching 
to stringers. 

Guide idlers are of cast iron and consist of two inclined pulleys 
mounted on cast iron brackets. 



dth of Belt, 
Inches 

12 

14 

16 

18 


Troughing Idlers 

$ 3.25 ' 

3.70 

4.25 

5.80 


Return Idlers 
$3.10 
3.30 
4.25 
5.10 
5.50 
7.00 
7.30 
8.50 


Guide Idlers 
$3.70 
3.70 
3.70 


20 


6.40 


4 60 


24 

30 

36 


7.70 

9.60 

12.75 


4.60 
5.20 
5.75 



A bucket conveyor, with 18"x24" buckets capable of running at 
a speed of 10 ft. per minute, should cost about $3,600 per 100 ft. 
length, which includes the driving mechanism and an electric 
motor. The power needed to operate, about 1 horsepower; re- 
pairs and renewals for a number of years would average from 1 
to 2 per cent per annum on the first cost. This of course 
does not include depreciation. For this opinion I am indebted 
to W. R. Ingalls, who has been quoted above. 

Mr. F. W. Parsons is authority for the statement that a con- 
veyor 95 ft. long and a cross conveyor 71 ft. long for conveying 

* Minimum depth of stringer allowable with Standard Idler 

Boards, 
t Maximum width of stringer allowable with Standard Idler 

Boards. 



142 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



coal into a boiler house, including miter gears, countershaft, self- 
oiling pillow block, sprockets, etc., should cost about $475 f. o. b. 
factory. For driving machinery from main shaft to countershaft 
and from countershaft to lead shaft $75 ought to be added to 
this, and $175 for lumber, bolts and iron for chutes, and $200 
for erection, total cost, exclusive of freight, being $915. 

Belt elevator. The life of belts of the same grade varies widely 
between limits according to tonnage carried, the length of belts, 
and the economic layout of the whole arrangement. On large 
belts of course the cost for repairs per unit of material delivered 
will be considerably smaller than on small belts. For special 
work, such as crusher plants and outfits of similar kind, the 
operation is almost automatic and with the exception of renew- 
als which can be made rapidly there is practically no interrup- 
tion to continuous service. 




Fig. 64. 



At the Union Stock Yards in Chicago a belt carrier with 24"x24" 
buckets and a vertical lift of 58 feet with a 38-ft. horizontal 
run had been in operation about five years handling an average 
of 2,500 tons of coal per week, with no cost for repairs, and in 
1908 was not likely to need repairs for another five years. 

In Pittston, Pa., operating on a 25° incline and conveying coal 
355 feet with 48" wide buckets, a belt carrier installed in 1902 
handled 130,000 tons a month and after four years was in excel- 
lent condition. Cost of repairs averaged: material, .04c per ton 
handled; labor, .06c per ton handled, these repairs being the re- 
newal of the carrier rollers and the driving pinion of the head 
gear. 

The illustration (Fig. 64) shows a twenty-four inch conveyor 



CONVEYORS 



143 



one hundred feet long supplied Charles F. McCabe by the Robins 
Conveying- Belt Co., for removing- 10,000 cubic yards of earth 
and rock at 181st street and Jerome avenue, New York. The 
picture shows the very disadvantageous circumstances under 
which such a belt conveyor will work to advantage. Earth 
was shoveled on to the conveyor by hand and was discharged 
from the head end to wagons. Pieces larger than a man's head 
were frequently placed on the conveyor, and were carried suc- 
cessfully, although it ran at times at an upward inclination of 
over 23 degrees. A Mundy engine, located in a pit beneath the 
tail end, drove the conveyor. 





if ®f *? 


■ ■ ■ 








HJfBJi- - 


■HI 






. ' * - : ' 


r 

9|E 


;J s#«&T s- s.« ; 






P**$? 


||§^ 


ill 

IH1B 







Fig. 65. 



In the installation illustrated and described in the foregoing 
it was impossible to support the conveyor by any other than 
the most crude supports. This fact, however, did not interfere 
with the successful operation of the conveyor, nor did it injure 
the machinery to any appreciable extent. The belt itself, when 
the work was completed, showed little signs of wear. 

Figure 65 shows a Robins Belt Conveyor used by Ryan & 
Parker in excavating for the foundation of the power house of 
the New York Gas and Electric Light, Heat and Power Co. The 
earth was delivered to the conveyor from wheel scrapers through 



144 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



bridges, and the excavating was done by practically the same 
means, employed more recently by F. M. Stillman & Co., for their 
work at East 12th street, New York. The conveyor was driven 
at its head end by a small horizontal engine, very little power 




Fig. 66. 

being required. It was subjected to the roughest kind of usage; 
rocks weighing over 100 pounds were constantly dumped upon 
it, but never caused a moment's stoppage during the entire 
work. The width of the belt was 30 inches, and the actual 




Fig. 67. Movable Tripper. 

quantity removed exceeded 1,200 cubic yards per day. The 
work was all done during very cold weather, in December and 
January. 

The conveyor used on this contract was also employed by 



CONVEYORS 



145 



Messrs. Ryan and Parker for similar work in a gre ( at number of 
places, its length being increased or diminished as desired by 
easily made changes in the number of idlers and length of belt. 
The illustration (Fig. 66) shows the conveyor described in the 
foregoing, carrying the cement bags up the incline to the mixer 
house. It was driven by a Lambert engine placed on a platform 




I 



t» 



e 



mMM 







Fig. 68. 



in the mixer house, and run at a speed of 325 feet per minute. 
This engine also drove a 24-inch Robins Belt Conveyor which 
carried concrete from Smith mixers and discharged it through a 
long chute to cars, which carried the concrete to all points where 
foundations and retaining walls were being constructed. In order 
to prevent the material from adhering to the belt, a Robins high- 
speed rotary cleaning brush was attached to the discharge end of 



146 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



the conveyor. This brush was belt driven from a small pulley on 
the shaft of the end pulley of the conveyor. 

Hullett-McMyler Cantilever Crane or Conveyor. This machine 
is illustrated in Fig. 70 and was used on the Chicago Drainage 
Canal. The skip is of steel and has a capacity of 3.7 cubic yards 
water measure, or 1% cubic yards of solid rock. A 9xl2-inch 
engine working under 80 lb. pressure and with 200 revolutions 




Fig. 



per minute does the hoisting. The total weight of the crane is 
110 lbs. and its cost is about $9,000. The daily (10 hours) ex- 
pense of operating each crane was: 

1 engineer $ 2.50 

1 fireman 1.50 

Machinist service 1.00 

Superintendence 75 

1 V-l tons coal 2.50 

Oil and waste 25 

Repairs (?) 50 

Track maintenance 1.50 

Night watchman : 50 

Total .$11.00 



The two handled 168,470 cubic yards solid rock in 337 10-hour 
shifts, 250 cubic yards per shift per machine. 




147 



148 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Hullett-McMyler Derrick. Fig. 71 illustrates this machine, 
which handles a skip weighing 2,400 lbs., making, with its full 
load of 1% cubic yards of solid rock, 3% tons loaded. It weighs 
95 tons and costs $15,000. The cost of operation is practically 
the same as for the Hullett-McMyler Conveyor. Two of these 
machines moved 279,300 cubic yards in 492 (10-hour) shifts 
averaging 568 cubic yards per shift for the two machines. 




Fig. 71. Hulett-McMyler Derrick. 



A steel incline and tipple is often used to convey earth from 
a steam shovel to the top of a high bank where it is dumped. 
Sucn a machine is illustrated in Figs. 72, 72A. The steel truss of 
the incline weighs 8,500 lbs., and the total load of boilers, with- 
out cars, etc., is 100 tons. The engines are ll"xl8", double cylin- 
ders, and their cost with the boiler was $2,700. The shovel cut 
was 20 ft. wide, 18 ft. deep and the best month's record was 920 
cubic yards per 10-hour shift. The whole machine cost about 
$4,000. 



CONVEYORS 151 

The Brown Cantilever Crane. Eleven of these machines shown 
in Fig. 73 were used on the Chicago Drainage Canal, and after 
the first year a monthly output of 15,000 to 16,000 cubic yards, 
600 cubic yards per 10-hour shift per crane, was attained. The 
trusses have a slope of 12%°, a carriage or trolley travels along 
the track on the lower chord of the truss, the hoisting power 
being a 10%"xl2" engine and a 120-horsepower boiler. The skip 
can be dumped automatically at any point. It has a capacity 
of 75 cubic feet water measure and carries 1.5 to 1.7 cubic yards 
of solid rock. The average traveling speed is 150 ft. per min- 
ute. The weight of the entire machine is 150 tons and it costs 
about $28,000. The daily cost of operating each crane was as 
follows : 

Engineman $ 3.00 

Fireman 2.50 

Oiler 1.75 

Operator 2.75 

1% tons of coal at $1.75 3.00 

Oil, water and waste (estimated) 50 

Laying track (estimated) 50 

Total $14.00 



MECHANICAL CONVEYORS.* 

Mechanical conveyors, of which there is a great variety, may 
be classified as of (1) the push or drag type, and (2) the carry- 
ing type. In the former the material is pushed or dragged for- 
ward in a trough. In the latter type it is continuously carried 
forward on a belt, or in a series of connected pans or buckets, 
which take the place of a belt. In a horizontal conveyor the 
only mechanical work to be done consists in the overcoming of 
friction. It is obvious, therefore, that a well-mounted belt or 
series of buckets can be moved with less friction and therefore 
require less power than any form of conveyor in which the 
material has to be pushed or dragged forward. 

All of these conveyors are used in practice, some of them 
extensively. Some of them are extremely efficient machines; 
others have very little to commend, yet are useful for some 
special purposes because of limitations in the application of bet- 
ter types. The special form of conveyor must always be chosen 
with view to the work that is to be done. In this article the 
writer has reference only to the use of conveyors for the trans- 
portation of ore and other mineral substances. There is a dearth 
of practical information on this subject; even the manufacturers 
appear to lack a good deal of important data, and it will be useful 
if readers are led to contribute results of their own experience. 
It is obviously a subject in which experiences may differ widely 
under varying conditions. 

* This article, by Mr. Walter Renton Ingalls, is so practical 
and so full of valuable data that it has been abstracted almost in 
full. It appeared in The Engineering and Mining Journal in 1904. 




p*^pf--* 



CONVEYORS 153 

Push or Brag- Conveyors. 

Among the conveyors of this type are the screw, the scraper, 
and the reciprocating-. All of them have the advantage that ma- 
terial can be discharged without complicated machinery, at any 
desired point, which makes them especially useful for the filling 
of a series of bins. 

Screw-Conveyor. The screw-conveyor is one of the oldest of 
conveying devices. Also it is perhaps one of the most inferior. 
The screw-conveyor consists commonly of a trough of iron or 
steel, with semi-cylindrical bottom, in which is turned an end- 
less screw, composed of a shaft, solid or hollow, and a spiral of 
steel or cast iron. The shaft is supported in boxes at each end 
of the trough, and by intermediate hangers in long conveyors, 
and is driven by pulley, gear or sprocket wheel. The shaft is 
generally made in sections, which may be united in any suitable 
manner, though certain devices are much better than others. The 
spiral is ordinarily of 8-in., 10-in. or 12-in. diameter. In trans- 
porting ore it is inadvisable to turn a 9-in. or 10-in. screw at 
more than 50 to 75 rev. per min., since a higher speed is apt to 
throw material out of the trough and produce too much dust. 
Obviously the speed should diminish as the diameter of the 
screw increases. 

The capacity of a screw-conveyor depends upon the diameter 
and pitch of the screw, its speed of revolution, and the specific 
gravity of the material to be transported. One manufacturer 
gives the capacity of a 6-in. screw, run at 100 rev. per min., at 
3 tons per hour; of a 9-in. screw at 70 rev. per min., 8 tons per 
hour; and of a 12-in. screw at 50 rev., 15 tons per hour. It is 
presumable that these figures for capacity refer to quartzose 
ore, which may be taken as weighing 100 lbs. per cu. ft. An- 
other manufacturer estimates the capacity of a 5% -in. screw at 
120 rev., 42 cu. ft. per hour; 7y 8 -in. at 110 rev., 71 cu. ft.; 9% -in. 
at 100 rev., 141 cu. ft.; 11%-in'. at 80 rev., 247 cu. ft. It is 
quite right to state these data in cubic feet instead of by weight, 
but the speeds given are too high for good practice. However, 
the capacities appear to be stated moderately, notwithstanding. 
On the basis of material weighing 100 lbs. per cu. ft., the ca- 
pacity of the 5%-in. screw would be 2.1 tons per hour; of the 
7% -in. screw, 3.55 tons; of the 9%-in. screw, 7.05 tons; and of 
the 11% -in. screw, 12.35 tons. The figures of either of these 
manufacturers seem to be on the safe side as to capacity, since 
a 9-in. conveyor run at 70 rev. per min. will certainly transport 
10 tons per hour of ore weighing 150 lbs. per cu. ft., or 6% tons 
of ore weighing 100 lbs. per cu. ft. 

Ideas as to the power required to operate a screw-conveyor 
are less definite. In the transportation of any substance hori- 
zontally, friction is the only element which has to be overcome, 
not only the friction of the material itself but also that of the 
mechanism. It is evident, therefore, that the power required is 
a function of the weight of the material, the distance to which 
it is carried and the speed, plus the similar factors for the 



154 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

mechanism. One manufacturer states that a 5% -in. screw run 
at 120 rev. per min. requires 0.5 h. p. per 33 ft. of length; a 
7%-in. screw at 110 rev., 6.75 h. p.; and a 9%-in. screw at 100 
rev., 1 h. p. These figures are rather lower than practice indi- 
cates, and would appear to correspond more closely to the power 
required to drive the conveyor empty than full. Another manu- 
facturer gives the formula, H. P. = WL-=-3 X33000, in which W 
is the weight in pounds of the material to be carried per minute 
and L the distance in feet to which it is to be carried. According 
to this the power required to carry 10 tons of ore 100 ft. per 
hour would be only 0.33 h. p., which, of course, is absurd, since 
it would require far more power than that to run the conveyor 
empty. A 9-in. screw conveying that quantity of material would 
probably require 4 to 5 h. p. The formula should evidently be 
expressed as H. P. = [WL-=- (3 X 33000)] + PL, in which F stands 
for the power required to turn the screw itself at a specified 
speed. The screw is wasteful of power, because not only is the 
ore pushed through the trough as in the scraper conveyor, but 
also the screw presents a greatly increased frictional surface, 
while it is subject to all the frictional resistance of a poorly 
supported and carelessly attended line of shafting, running in 
grit all the time. 

The screw-conveyor is the cheapest of all conveyors to install. 
A 9-in. screw, 100 ft. long, ought to be put up for about $300. 
On the other hand, all of its parts are subject to heavy wear, and 
repairs and renewals may easily amount to 100 per cent per 
annum, this depending upon the work required of it. There are 
some cases wherein it is advantageous to use a screw, notwith- 
standing its serious drawbacks. They are at their best when 
used for finely-crushed and dry ore. They are more troublesome 
with wet, clayey ores, and are quite unsuitable for coarse ores. 
A very long screw is apt to be a nuisance anyway. A short 
screw often makes a good feeding device. The screw-conveyor 
with externally heated trough has been proposed as a drying and 
roasting furnace. It has been used occasionally for the former 
purpose, but not for the latter. Neither arrangement commends 
itself. 

Rotary-Conveyor. The screw-conveyor is often referred to as 
a spiral conveyor. Another form of spiral conveyor consists of 
a cylinder with an interior spiral, the cylinder beii\g supported 
on rollers and revolving like a cylindrical roasting furnace. Con- 
veyors of this form are seldom used. They would appear to be 
costly, clumsy and difficult to repair, while material can only 
be fed at one end and discharged at the other end, which in 
adaptability would make it the least advantageous of all con- 
veyors. If the cylinder be set on an incline, or if it have a taper, 
of course no interior spiral is necessary. The cylindrical dryer 
and several forms of roasting furnaces are really forms of this 
type of conveyor, just as other mechanical drying and roasting 
furnaces embody the principle of the scraper conveyor. Roast- 
ing cylinders as long as 60 ft. are used in Europe, and cement 
kilns as long as 120 ft. are used in the United States. 



CONVEYORS 155 

Scraper-Conveyor. The scraper-conveyor consists essentially 
of a trough in which the ore is dragged forward by a series of 
transverse push-plates, called flights. The method of connecting 
the push-plates is subject to a large number of modifications. 
Thus there is the continuous cable, dragging circular flights 
through a V-shape or semi-cylindrical trough, and the monobar 
conveyor, in which the flights are carried by a series of single 
linked bars. One of the commonest forms of this type of con- 
veyor is, however, the double link-belt chain, supported on rollers, 
wheels or sliding shoes, which run on rails at each side of the 
trough, carrying the flights between them. This is known as the 
suspended-flight conveyor. The chains pass over sprockets at 
each end of the conveyor and return on overhead rails. The 
sprockets at one end are keyed on the driving shaft, while those 
at the other end are carried in boxes which can be adjusted to 
take up the slack in the chains. The monobar conveyor can be 
constructed so as to make a bend in the horizontal plane, or even 
make the complete return circuit. 

The scraper-conveyors have the advantage that they can be 
arranged to be fed or to discharge at any point. They have the 
disadvantages of involving a good many wearing parts and re- 
quiring considerable power to drive. The Link-Belt Engineering 
Company gives the following formula for power: 

H. P. = (ATL + BWS) ~ 1000, 

in which A and B are constants depending on angle of inclination 
from the horizontal, T is the tons per hour* to be conveyed, L the 
length of the conveyor in feet, center to center, "W the weight in 
pounds of chains, flights, and shoes, and S the speed in feet per 
minute. For horizontal runs, A = 0.343 and B = 0.01. According 
to this formula, the power required to move 10 tons of ore per 
hour the distance of 100 ft. would be 3.5 h. p., but we should 
hesitate to reckon so low. Anyway, it always requires more 
power to start a conveyor than to operate it and therefore a 
larger motor should be provided. Scraper-conveyors are usually 
operated at speeds of about 100 ft. per minute. The weight of 
the chains, scrapers, wheels and axles or rollers, amounts to 
about 30 to 35 lbs. per foot, center to center, for a 10-in. or 12- 
in. suspended flight conveyor, which at 100 ft. travel per minute 
will have capacity for moving about 10 tons per hour of ore 
weighing 150 lbs. per cu. ft. The cost of a suspended flight con- 
veyor 100 ft. long, installed, will come to about $450. 

The capacity of a scraper-conveyor depends upon the width of 
the trough, the speed of the chain, the volume of the ore, and 
the frequency of the flights. The flights are commonly set 16 in., 
18 in. or 24 in. apart. Obviously the flights will not push the ore 
ahead in an even sheet, but will crowd it up into little heaps, a 
succession of which will be moving through the trough. There- 
fore the more frequent are the flights, the greater the capacity 
of the conveyor. The suspended-flight conveyor is superior to 
other forms; it requires about 20 per cent less power than the 



156 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

simple drag, runs more smoothly and is not so noisy. The point 
of special weakness in these conveyors is the chains, the break- 
age of which is likely to cause costly and vexatious delays. The 
monobar is better than the chains; the latter, if used, should be 
provided of greater strength than is frequently the case. The 
scraper-conveyor gives the best results with fine ore and mod- 
erate lengths. Many examples of large and long installations 
for the handling of lump ore, coal and rock are to be seen. They 
are very noisy and are subject to frequent breakdowns. 

Reciprocating' Conveyor. The reciprocating conveyor is a new 
modification of the scraper-conveyor, which is finding consider- 
able favor. In this the ore is. pushed forward in a trough by a 
series of flights which are hinged at regular intervals to a ladder- 
like frame, composed of a pair of channel beams joined by suit- 
able cross-bars and mounted on rollers. This frame is given a 
reciprocating motion by a crank mechanism, which can be placed 
at any convenient point. In another form, the nights are fixed 
tp a reciprocating rod, as an iron pipe of suitable strength, which 
is supported by wheels and axles. In either case, the nights are 
so hinged that in their forward motion they bear against stops, 
and push the material along, while in the backward motion they 
return to the starting point by dragging back over the top of the 
material. In this way the ore is literally shoveled forward stroke 
by stroke. 

The reciprocating conveyor has these advantages: It can be 
fed and discharged at any point; it occupies less height than the 
chain scraper-conveyow; and all of its wearing parts, which any- 
way are comparatively few, are outside of the grit, save the 
flights themselves and the trough. On the other hand, it is un- 
economical of power, owing to the frequency with which motion 
is reversed. At every stroke the inertia of the entire lot of ore 
in the trough has to be overcome and this will probably limit 
the usefulness of this type of conveyor to a comparatively mod- 
erate length. Moreover, they are obviously inapplicable to con- 
veying materials containing lumps. They are considerably more 
costly than the ordinary scraper-conveyor, the cost varying ac- 
cording to the details of manufacture. Thus to install a recipro- 
cating conveyor 100 ft. long, capable of transporting 10 tons per 
hour of ore weighing 150 lbs. per cu. ft., would cost from $700 
to $1,200 (actual quotations, with an allowance for cost of in- 
stallation). A 15-h. p. motor should be provided to drive. The 
capacity of this form of conveyor is determined by substantially 
the same factors as in the case of the scraper-conveyor. 

Another form of reciprocating conveyor consists of a light 
trough, supported or suspended in a suitable manner, to which a 
to-and-fro movement is imparted by suitable mechanism. This 
form of conveyor is not in general use, but the writer has seen it 
employed with good success for transports of several hundred 
feet, the entire installation being of the simplest construction. 
Obviously, however, it is suitable only for fine, dry material, 
or else a loose pulp. In either case, the forward travel of the 



CONVEYORS 157 

material will depend upon the slope of the trough and the length 
and number of the jerks. The Wilfley conveyor, which is of this 
type, is used for the transport of wet concentrates, the motion 
of the trough being given by the same mechanism that is used 
for the "Wilfley table. A patented reciprocating trough-conveyor 
has the bottom of the trough made in a serrated form, so that 
at each jerk the material goes over a ledge and therefore attains 
a positive forward movement. 

Carrying 1 Conveyors. 

The conveyors of this type consist substantially of an endless 
belt, or a continuous chain of pans or buckets. There are numer- 
ous modifications of both forms. 

Belt Conveyor. The belt conveyor is essentially a band sup- 
ported on idlers and running over pulleys at either end, by one 
of which it is driven. A suitable arrangement at the other end 
serves to take up slack and keep the belt tight. The simplest 
conveyor of this type has a flat belt, which has to be quite wide 
in order to prevent material from spilling off. To obviate this, 
the belt is concaved, and to reduce the wear of the belt by being 
thus flexed it is manufactured in various ways. There is also 
a great variety in the composition of rubber employed and in 
the design of the supporting rollers. Rarely, a flat belt with 
side rims is run over plain rollers. i 

Irrespective of these modifications in design and construction, 
the belt conveyor is for many purposes the most efficient of all 
conveyors. It requires the least power to drive, save for the 
highly developed forms of continuous bucket conveyors; its first 
cost is moderate, and the expense for repairs and renewals is 
less than for any other form of approximately equal first cost. 
It is adapted to a great variety of uses, carrying ore up consid- 
erable inclines and at changes of angle, and has great capacity, 
but it has the drawback of inability to discharge at intervals, 
save by the use of a rather awkward and expensive tripper. It 
is possible, however, where electric power is available, to install 
a movable conveyor, run by a self-contained motor, and to cause 
the belt to discharge over the end into any one of a series of 
bins, by moving it forward or back; and the direction of the belt 
travel can be reversed. Thus, a line of bins 200 ft. long can 
be filled by a conveyor of a little more than half that length, 
the feed being received midway in the line of the bins. Sim- 
ilarly such self-contained conveyors can be constructed in port- 
able form and used for work about the yard, such as the loading 
of railway cars. These are things which can not be done so 
conveniently with any other type of conveyor. Moreover, this 
can be used as a sorting belt at the same time as a carrying 
belt, and in taking ore to breakers and rolls a magnet can be 
set over the belt to pick out drill points and other undesirable 
pieces of steel and iron. 

The rubber belt is quite durable and it may be reinforced on 
the wearing side by an extra layer of rubber, like elevator belts. 



158 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

It is, however, unsuitable for carrying- ore from dryers, etc., 
which is of such temperature as to affect the rubber. The limit 
of rubber belting in this respect is soon reached (it would be 
unsafe to attempt to carry ore so hot as 150° C.) but in such 
cases the Leviathan or Gandy belts may be substituted. Such 
cotton-duck belts are, however, less durable against abrasion 
than the rubber. 

The capacity of a belt conveyor depends upon the width and 
speed of the belt and the weight of the material to be carried. 
If the belt is troughed it is safe to estimate that the load will 
cover one-half of the total width of the belt and that the depth 
in the center will be one-quarter of its own width. The cross- 
sectional area of the load (which may be considered as an in- 
verted triangle) multiplied by 12 will give the number of cubic 
inches of material per running foot of length, and from the 
weight of the material and speed of the belt the capacity may 
easily be calculated, but an allowance must be made for irregu- 
larity in feeding. A flat belt will carry only about one-third as 
much as a troughed one. 

A belt speed of about 300 ft. per min. is commonly used, but 
450 ft. per min. is not excessive; belts have been observed to run 
smoothly at speed as high as 900 ft. per min., but. the wear on 
both the belt and the idlers was then excessive. 

A troughed 12-in. belt, run at 100 ft. per min., is able to carry 
187.5 cu. ft. per hour, or 14 tons of ore weighing 150 lbs. per cu. 
ft., but to perform the duty that we have assumed for other 
conveyors in this article, viz., the transport of 10 tons per hour, 
we should install practically a 12-in. belt and run it at about 
300 ft. per min. The cost of such a conveyor installed would be 
about $600 for a length of 100 ft. It would require about 3 to 
3.5 h. p. to drive, assuming it to be properly installed. No gen- 
eral rule can be given for estimating the power required to drive 
a belt conveyor, which depends largely on the arrangement of 
the idlers. If they are too far apart the belt will sag down 
between them, increasing the load; if they are too near together 
the frictional resistance is increased. The greatest item of 
repairs in connection with a belt conveyor is the replacement of 
the belt, which is the most costly single piece of the apparatus. 
If the belt lasts five years the cost of repairs will come to about 
12.5 per cent per annum; a belt life of only 2.5 years would 
mean a repair cost of about 20 per cent per annum. In a cer- 
tain large works where a good many belt conveyors are em- 
ployed the actual expense for repairs is not much more than 12.5 
per cent per annum. 

Continuous Bucket Conveyor. The pan and bucket conveyors 
consist essentially of an endless chain of overlapping pans and 
buckets, which may be arranged in a great variety of ways. One 
of the simplest is the endless traveling trough conveyor (re- 
ferred to also as the open trough conveyor and apron conveyor), 
consisting of a series of overlapping sections of light sheet steel 
trough, which are secured on the under side of a heavy link-belt 
chain (or to a pair of chains) ; the chain passes over a sprocket 



CONVEYORS 159 

at each end of the conveyor and the pans are supported on rollers 
attached to the frame. These conveyors are considerably more 
expensive than the belt conveyors. The first cost of a 12-in. 
conveyor of this type, which would have capacity for 10 tons 
of ore per hour, would be in the neighborhood of $11 to $12 per 
foot, installed. Ordinarily they have the disadvantage of being 
able to discharge only at the end, where the pans pass over the 
tail sprocket (although in the forms wherein the pans are car- 
ried between a pair of chains, they can be arranged to dump at 
intermediate points by having a dip in the rails) and in this 
respect are of more limited application than the belt conveyors; 
but on the other hand they are suitable for conveying hot ma- 
terial or substances that would injure a belt. Conveyors of this 
type, of heavy construction, are used at various places for the 
transportation of hot slag and when properly installed give good 
service. It is only a little step further to the casting and con- 
veying machines for pig iron and other metals. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

CRUSHERS 



Machines for crushing rock, ore and similar hard materials are 
in two usual forms. Jaw crushers and gyratory crushers. Jaw 
crushers are usually of smaller capacity than are gyratory crush- 
ers. The jaw crusher operates in general in the following 
manner: 

An eccentric shaft in revolving imparts a backward and for- 
ward movement to a lever arm whose fulcrum is at the outside 
end. At a point between the power end of this arm and the 
fulcrum is a "toggle" to which is imparted a forward and back- 
ward movement by the arm and which in turn imparts the same" 
movement to the lower end of a corrugated steel or cast iron 
crushing plate free at its lower and hinged at its upper end. 
Opposite this plate is a somewhat smaller fixed plate and the 
two together form the "jaws." By changing the toggle for a 
larger or smaller, the "set" or size of the opening at the bottom 
of the jaws is regulated, and thereby the size of the product. The 
"jaw opening" is the width by the length of the opening between 
the upper ends of the crushing plates and determines the great- 
est size of stone that can be introduced. 

The jaw crusher is of limited capacity, its product is not uni- 
form, and the machine itself is subject to frequent breakages 
due to the severe shocks it has to sustain. For these reasons 
the gyratory crusher was invented and is used wherever a uni- 
form product of great quantity is essential. The principal objec- 
tion to it is its non-portability. In this type of crusher a per- 
pendicular shaft, to which are fastened the inner crushing plates, 
revolves with an eccentric motion, inside of the stationary outer 
crushing plates. The actions of the inner jaw plates are both 
rolling and crushing. The horizontal distance apart of the lower 
ends of the concentric jaws determines the size of the product 
and is regulated by raising or lowering the inner jaw. 



JAW CBUSHERS 

CLIMAX ROCK CRUSHERS 

TABLE 91 



Opening 


Capacity, Tons 


Weight, Not Mounted 




(Ins.) 


per Hour 


(Lbs.) 


Price 


7 xl3 


Small 




$ 425 


8 xl5 


10 to 15 


MOO 


465 


9 x!6 


12 to 18 


7,000 


570 


10 x20 


15 to 25 


9,250 


780 


10%x22 


15 to 30 


15,500 


860 


12 x28 


25 to 40 


27,000 


1,300 


14 x28 


50 




1.430 



CRUSHERS 

CHAMPION ROCK CRUSHERS 
TABLE 92 





Jaw 


Type 






Opening 


Capacity, Tons 


Weight, Not Mounted 




(Ins.) 


per Hour 




(Lbs.) 


Price 


7x13 


8 to 12 




5,500 


$ 425 


9x15 


12 to 18 




8,800 


465 


10x20 


16 to 24 




12,500 


780 


11x22 


18 to 26 




15,000 


880 


11x26 


24 to 35 




20,000 , 


1.260 


14x26 






1,400 


11x26 






Heavy 


2,620 



The following are prices of crushers made in the middle west: 
TABLE 93 



No. 


Jaw Opening, 
Inches 


Capacity 

Per Hour, 

Tons 


Approx. 

Weight, 

Lbs. 


Speed 


HP. 
Req. 


Price 


8 
9 

10 
11 


8x16 

9x18 • 
10x22 
11x26 


10 to 15 
10 to 20 
16 to 25 
24 to 30 


7,500 

8,500 

11,500 

13,500 


300 
300 
280 
275 


12 
15 
20 
25 


$ 5^0 

620 

865 

1,170 



Crusher complete, mounted on trucks with heavy steel axles, 
and steel or wooden wheels, having an output of 15 to 30 tons 
per hour when the jaw (ll"xl8") is set at an opening of two 
inches (weight 10,100 lbs.) with an elevator 14 ft. long with 
folding device (weight 1,200 lbs.) and a screen, of the chute 
type of steel rods or perforated metal, costs $1,120. An 18 
horsepower engine is necessary to operate it. 

The dimensions, weights, capacities, required power and prices 
of some of the smaller sizes of rock and ore breakers are here 
given: 



SAO 



5-5° 
2 >& 



lO^CS to bo 

cvd o u o ^ 
. ^cjO tobfl 
£os-, ~ - 



©5 bo 
SK.S 



.S3 



31 



<H 1 


«H >> 


•n >> 


■ 


m 


OS 


OJB 


o$ 


V 


H 


§ 




j5 


K 


u 


KB 


3 
O 


m3 
o 








.So- 


SB 

o> 


O 

fc-o 

0) 


o 
o 


02 


Q 


a 


U 


£ 


1% 


32x12 


400 


14 to 21 


$1,180 


1% 


36x14 


375 


22 to 30 


1,550 


2 


40x16 


350 


28 to 45 


2,030 



,XviGo 

u 

11 11 2 2| 3 
8x30 22,000 15 20 25 30 40 .. 
10x38 32,800 .. 30 40 50 60 70 
12x44 48,000 .... 50 70 80 90 

Equipment suitable for use with the above crushers is as fol- 
lows: Screens: One 32"xl0' iron frame screen complete. Revo- 
lutions driving pulley, 55; size driving pulley, 42x8*4; approxi- 
mate horsepower, 6; weight, 5,900 lbs.; price $490; one 40"xl4' 
iron frame screen complete. Revolutions driving pulley, 45; size 
pulley, 54"xll%"; approximate horsepower, 10; weight, 9,250 
pounds; price, $590. 



162 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

ELEVATORS 

, — Buckets — s Weight, 
Size Gauge Lbs. Price 

With geared head, 50' centers 13x10 No. 14 4,650 $490 

With geared head, 50' centers 16x11 No. 14 5,835 585 

"Back Gear Driving Connection" is an arrangement for driving 
the elevator and screen, particularly used with the smaller sizes, 
and takes power from the breaker. 




Fig. 74. Geared Elevator, Left- Hand 
Driven. 



Countershaft. The cost of the iron work for one of these is 
about $50. 



CRUSHERS 163 

Breakers suitable for general contracting use have the follow- 
ing capacities: 



•*&•£ '3°fl ^2-s-Sg ^ g e^-a& *« ft * 

««£ «&t)G bJi dS, fli^fiH^Sf; d)H c ffl 'Jin g a) 

_,** s.Sp o- ftSo^^^gsS-Sft.s^ £-S o t: 

Q A £ U OQ OfrM « W ft 

6x21 6x42 8,400 6 to 12 1% 24 8 450 7 to 12 $600 

7x22 7x45 14,480 10 to 20 1% 28 10 425 10 to 16 $800 

Equipment for above costs as follows: 

One 32x14 iron frame screen $420 

One No. 3 elevator, 50' centers '. 445 

One No. 3 back gear drive (iron work only) 40 

Mounted crushers (small size only) cost about $350 extra. 

A portable crushing- and screening- plant consisting of 10x18 
crusher, 17 ft. folding elevator, 30 inch by 9 ft. revolving screen 
and a 15-ton portable bin costs $1,575 complete. This plant with 
a 9x16 crusher costs $1,385 and a 20 horsepower traction engine 
is necessary to operate it. 

The following is the estimated cost of a complete portable 
crusher and plant for macadam road building. 

1 crusher, 9x15", with rotary screen.... $1,000.00 

Portable bins 200.00 

1 15-H. P. engine 200.00 

1 20-H. P. boiler 600.00 

12 wheel scrapers 500.00 

12 drag scrapers, shovels and picks 100.00 

. 2 graders 100.00 

2 steam drills 500.00 

1 15-H. P. boiler for drills 400.00 

Water and steam pipes, quarry tools, etc 300.00 

1 sprinkling wagon 500.00 

~t 10-ton steam roller 2,500.00 

Total $6,900.00 

ROTARY CRUSHER 

Approx. 
"Weight 

to s s S > S * s 

.5 aft M « 5 * 2 

ftp, s- o O u £ « a &D +j bu r> - 

1 13x18 1 to 6 6 to 10 300 24x 8 6'7" 3' 2" 2' 4,000 4,700 

2 18x28 8 to 15 15 to 20 250 30x12 8'8" 3'10" 7'2£" 9,000 10,500 

3 26x35 15 to 35 25 to 30 250 36x16 lO'O" 5' 3" 10'5 " 20,000 22,000 
Prices: No. 1, $360; No. 2, $810; No. 3, $1,810. 



164 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The cost of moving a 9x15 crusher plant with non-portable bin 
a few miles and setting up ready for crushing is about $75 
under average conditions. 

Repairs. In crushing 224,203 tons of rock in 1886-7 an average 
of eight sets of crusher apparatus being in operation, the follow- 
ing new parts were required. 

12 levers .' . . @ $25.00 $300.00 

9 jaw plates @ 15.50 139.50 

12 jaw plates @ 12.00 144.00 

Toggles, check plates and sundries 247.80 

Total $831.30 

or an average of about $100 per crusher. This does not include 
babbitting the bearing or labor of making repairs. 

Repairs for Bolls. 

7 pairs tires @ $120 $ 840.00 

Gear wheels and pinions 335.00 

Total $1,175.00 

or about $147 for each pair of rolls. The tires of the rolls 
used for coarse crushing are not turned when worn, but are re- 
placed by new ones. For the screens 21 sets of perforated plates 
@ $60.75 = $1,275.75 were required, or an average of 2.6 sets per 
year per screen. The average life of the wearing parts of a jaw 
crusher is therefore about eight months; a set of screen plates 
about four months. 

In Camp's "Notes on Track" there is a description of a crush- 
ing plant installed by the Pennsylvania railroad for the crushing 
of track ballast. It consisted of a gyratory crusher of 40 to 50 
cubic yards per hour capacity and a smaller auxiliary crusher. 
The stone from a large crusher was taken by a belt conveyor to a 
revolving plate screen 12 feet long by 4% feet in diamete^ 
divided into three sections having one-inch, two-inch, three-inch 
holes. On the outside of the one-inch hole screen was an auxili- 
ary screen of %-inch mesh. The rejected material was led 
through a chute to the smaller crusher whence it was again 
conveyed to the screens. After the stone had been screened it 
dropped into four bins. The products of the stone were 17 
per cent screenings, 8 per cent %-inch stone, 33 per cent 1%- 
inch stone, 42 per cent 2 %-inch stone. From the bins the mate- 
rial was chuted directly into cars. This plant was operated by 
a 150-horsepower engine. The labor necessary consisted of one 
fireman, one oiler and four laborers whose total wages per hour 
were $1.19%. The repairs and renewal of broken parts cost $500 
for four hundred working hours. 

The Dolese & Shepard Company of Chicago have, estimated the 
life of their new stone crushing plant at twenty years with 
5 per cent annual depreciation. They have found from experience 
that repairs to crushers cost 5 per cent annually, repairs to 
screens and conveyors 15 per cent. The large size stone wears 



CRUSHERS 165 

the screens and conveyors much more rapidly than the small size 
stone. For example, the screen for No. 9 crushers had to be re- 
newed in nine months, whereas the other screens had been in 
service eight months and showed no wear. 

The Illinois Stone Company, at Lemont, 111., has a stone-crush- 
ing plant with a capacity of 700 cu. yds. in 10 hours. The plant 
is a timber structure and cars are hauled up a short incline to the 
main crusher where they are dumped automatically. The stone 
passes through a No. 7% and two No. 4y 2 gyratory crushers, and 
3-ft. cylindrical screens of sizes from % in. to y 2 in. The 
original cost of the machinery, the three crushers, screen, belts, 
etc., was $23,000. The cost of repairs given below is for new 
parts and does not include the labor of making repairs. 

First Year $1,900.00 

Second Year 600.00 

Third, Fourth and Fifth Years 1,400.00 

Total for Five Years $3,900.00 

Average per Year $780.00 

The % in. steel plates have been replaced about twice a year. 

DISC CRUSHER 

A third type of crusher is of the disc pattern (see Fig. 75). 
This was not employed in ordinary hard rock work until 1909, 
but is now coming into use. It is especially useful for crush- 




A and 8 are 
Crush/no 



Fig. 75. Symons Disc Crusher. 

ing the tailings of gyratory crushers and for breaking gravel or 
boulders. It can be quickly adjusted to crush any size of product 
between ft in. and 3 in. 

The crushing is done by the two discs of manganese steel, 
which are dish-shaped and are set with their hollow sides facing 
each other, and at an inclination towards each other. Both discs 
rotate in the same direction at the same speed. When the stone 



166 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

is fed through a central feed opening it is thrown by centrifugal 
force into that part of the hollow where the discs are wide apart. 
It is then carried around with them to where they are close 
together and is thereby crushed. The small pieces fly out from 
between the discs while the large particles are caught again and 
the operation repeated. 

TABLE OF SIZES AND WEIGHTS 





Approx. 






Min. Exit 






Size 


Shipping Wt. 






Opening for 






of Crusher Lbs. 


H. 


P. Required 


Best Results 




Price 


48" 


30,000 




50 to 65 


1 " 




$3,000 


36" 


19,000 




30 to 40 


%" 




2,150 


24" 


8.50O 




18 to 25 


y 2 " 




1.250 


18" 


5,600 




12 to IS 


%" 




950 


13" 


3,000 




10 to 15 


Yi" 




600 




LISTED CAPACITY 


IN TONS 


PER HOUR 






Size Crusher 


Size Ring Tons per Hour 


Size Crusher Size Ring Tons per Hour 


4S" 


1 45 to 


70 


24" 


1% 


25 to 


30 


48" 


2% 85 to 100 


18" 




5 to 


8 


36" 


% 25 to 


30 


18" 


1 


12 to 


15 


36" 


2 50 to 


60 


13" 


Vi 


4 to 


5 


24" 


% 12 to 


15 


13" 


% 


8 to 


10 



ESTIMATED COST OF QUARRY PLANT, GABBRO 
The following estimated cost of constructing and operating a 
quarry plant suitable for manufacturing ballast for railroads, is 
obtained from the Proceedings of the American Railway En- 
gineering and Maintenance of Way Association, 1909. 

Cost of Plant. From published figures, the cost of building a 
plant of 1,000 tons daily capacity, and its cost of operation to 
quarry, is as follows: 

Capacity, 1,000 tons daily 300,000 tons annually 

900 cu. yds. trap per 10 hour day 270,000 cu. yds. annually 

Crushers, 4, 250-ton Farrell, at $1,250 $ 5,000 

Engines, 4, 60 H. P., 14x12 at $500 2,000 

Foundations 100 

Belting, 13", 200 ft. at $2.75 550 

Boilers, 2, 200 H. P. and setting 7,500 

Steam fittings 4,000 

Boiler house 2,500 

Engine house 1,500 

Stack 2,000 

Scales, 60 ft., including foundations and timber 1,225 

Bins 600 

Elevators with platforms, 4 at $1,500 (for tailings) 6,000 

Pump for water supply, 5,500 gallons per hour 200 

Tank, 50,000 gallons 1,200 

Steam drills with tripods connecting hose, 20 at $245.... 4,900 

Screens, rotary, 54", 4 at $950 3,800 

Small tools, forges, bars, wedges, hammers etc 1,200 

Derrick, small stiff leg 150 

Total $ 44,425 

Contingencies, 8 per cent 3,553 

$ 47,978 

Land, 50 acres at $150 per acre 7,500 

Cable railway and dump cars for haul to crusher, 

this being a varying item as quarry is worked 5,000 

Total cost of quarry $ 60,478 



CRUSHERS 167 

COST OF OPERATION OF QUARRY PLANT, GABBRO 

18 drillers at $3 per day, 300 days $ 16,200 

IS helpers at $1.75 per day, 300 days 9,450 

3 blacksmiths at $3 per day, 300 days 2,700 

50 bar-sledgers at $1.75 per day, 300 days 26,250 

60 coal loaders at $1.75 per day, 300 days [1,E00 

8 crusher men at $1.75 per day, 300 days 4,200 

1 quarry boss at $5 per day, 300 days 1,500 

1 fireman at $2.50 per day, 300 days 750 

1 engineer at $3 per day, 300 days 900 

4 bin men at $1.75 per day, 300 days 2,100 

.1 scale man at $2 per day, 300 days. 600 

1 carpenter at $3 per day, 300 days 900 

10 laborers at $1.75 per day, 300 days 5,250 

1 clerk at $7TpO per year 750 

Fuel, 2,700 tons of coal at $2.70 7,290 

Oil waste, etc 500 

Dynamite, 7 lbs. per cu. yd.; 270,000 cu. yds. — 189,000 lbs. 

at 15c 28,350 

Drill repairs, 1 machinist at $4 1,200 

1 heluer at $2.50 750 

Supplies at $1.25 per month per drill 270 

Blacksmiths included above ... 

Total $141,410 

4 per cent on first cost of plant $2,418 

10 per cent depreciation on machinery, except 

crushers 2,160 

16% per cent depreciation on crushers 833 5,411 

$146,821 

Contingencies, 8 per cent 11,750 

$158,571 
This shows a cost per yard of 59 cents. 



168 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Outputs of Stone Crushers. Very little has appeared in print 
regarding the outputs of stone crushers, and accordingly the 
accompanying table showing the actual output of a number of 
stone crushers may be of interest: 

(1) (2) (3) (4) 



\B 



< *r & £ 

Size of crusher 7 % ... 

Size of broken stone, inches 2% 2%, 1^,1% 2% 2f 

and screenings 
Number of men feeding crusher. ... 2 1 22 

Output in cu. yds. per 100 hours.. 300 600 360 80 to 120 

Aver, output in cu. yds. per 10 hrs.300 600 450* 

Best output in cu. yds. per 10 hours. 450 750 500* 

* Tons, f Nothing larger than will pass a 2 in. screen. 

(1) Information furnished by the Breckenridge . Stone Co., 
Breckenridge, Minn. The rock was a limestone. In addition to 
the two men feeding the crusher, about 45 others were employed 
by the company on other work about the crusher and quarry. 
(2) Information furnished by the Lake Shore Stone Co., of Bel- 
gium, Wis. The rock was a very hard dolomite limestone. The 
"one man" referred to in the table keeps the stone from "bridg- 
ing" and keeps the hopper free. In addition, 44 men were em- 
ployed loading stone into cars going to the crushers. (3) In- 
formation furnished by the Elk Cement & Lime Co., Petoskey, 
Mich. The crushers were side by side, the Gates being used for 
rejections. The rock was a hard limestone. The size of broken 
stone from the crusher ran up to 2y 2 in. (4) Information fur- 
nished by Holmes & Kunneke, Columbus, O. The rock was a hard 
limestone. 

COST OF OPERATING A STONE CRUSHING PLANT BY CITY 

EMPLOYEES POP. THREE AND ONE-HALF 

MONTHS, BOSTON, MASS. 

The Boston Finance Commission, in 1908, made a statement 
to the effect that in 12 years the city of Boston had wasted 
$1,000,000 by operating its own stone crushing plants instead of 
buying crushed stone from contractors for street work. Upon 
the request of certain city employees who professed confidence 
in their ability to turn this tide of extravagance, the mayor 
promised that for a limited time one crushing plant would be 
placed at their disposal to demonstrate their claims. The em- 
ployees chose for the experiment the Church Hill Ave. plant and 
the Boston Finance Commission placed the work of recording 
the results in the hands of its engineers, Metcalf & Eddy, of 
Boston. The full report of the engineers is given in Vol. III. of 



CRUSHERS 169 

Finance Commission's report recently made public and from 
this I take the following- data: 

The crusher plant occupies an area of 570,000 sq. ft., pur- 
chased in 1882 for $30,000 and having an assessed value in 1907 
of $79,800. The tract is used in part for other than quarrying 
and crushing purposes. The plant consists mainly of a 30xl3-in. 
Farrel crusher, a 72xl6-in. Atlas engine, a 66-in. x 17-ft. tubular 
boiler, the usual elevators, bins, extra parts and tools, and of 
three large and one baby steam drills. The estimated cost of the 
plant was $16,653; interest was calculated at 4 per cent and de- 
preciation at 6.75 per cent annually, which gives an amount of 
$1,791 which in the costs following was applied on a monthly 
basis. The charge for steam drills is based on a rental of 50 
cts. per working day. 

Force Employed. The force employed, with wages, was in gen- 
eral as follows: 
Labor at Ledge: PerDav 

1 sub-foreman at $3.50 $ 3.50 

1 blacksmith at $3 3.00 

1 blacksmith's helper at $2.25 2.25 

3 steam drillers at $2.25 6.75 

3 steam drillers' helpers at $2.25 6.75 

10 stone breakers at $2.25 22.50 

5 hand drillers at. $2.25 13.25 

1 powderman at $2.25 2.25 

9 loaders at $2.25 20.25 

Total $ 78.50 

Labor at Crusher: 

1 engineer at $3.50 $ 3.50 

1 fireman at $3.25 3.25 

1 weigher at $3.50 3.50 

1 oiler at $2.25 2.25 

3 feeders at $2.25 6.75 

1 pitman at $2.25 2.25 

Total $ 21.50 

Teaming: 

6 single teams at $3.50 $ 21.00 

Total $121.00 

The force consisted largely of men who were in some degree 
skilled in rock work. The majority of the men were young and 
all were vigorous and skilled to such an extent that the force as 
a whole was skillful and efficient. There was a marked lack of 
interest on the part of some of the employees, which undoubt- 
edly had its effect in reducing the amount of work done con- 
siderably below the amount which would be done under contract 
conditions; on the other hand, it should be stated that some of the 
men took a lively interest in the work and did their full duty. 
Preparatory Work. To put the plant in condition for the test 
there were expended the following amounts: 

Items Cost 

Labor $207.51 

Teaming 7.50 

Materials 38.34 

Total $253.35 



170 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

This made a charge of $0,028 per ton of output during the test 
run. There were also $68.44 expended on repairs to scales which, 
being permanent repairs, were not charged to the test; they 
amount to a charge of $0.0076 or about % ct. per ton of output. 
To house and prepare plant and tools for the winter after the con- 
clusion of the test run cost $18 or $0,002 per ton of output. 

Method of Operation. The quarry was first stripped of the 
earth overlying the ledge, after which holes were drilled in the 
rock by means of steam drills. These holes were loaded with 
dynamite and exploded, thus throwing out great quantities of 
stone. Much of the stone thus thrown out was in large blocks, ' 
which required breaking before they could be put into the crusher. 
In some cases this could be done by sledging and in other cases 
holes were drilled in them by means of a baby steam drill and 
hand drills, and the blocks cracked by use of dynamite. The 
stone thus prepared for the crusher was hauled to the loading 
platform, where it was dumped into the crusher and upon the 
platform. Men were stationed on the platform to feed the rock 
into the crusher. After passing through the crusher the broken 
stone was delivered by elevator to a revolving screen where it was 
separated into two grades; the very fine, or' dust, being conveyed 
to one set of bins and the cracked stone to another set. These 
bins hold approximately 400 tons; and when the demand for stone 
for use upon the streets was not equal to the output of the 
crusher, and the bins were full, it became necessary to haul the 
balance of the output to a pile in the yard — about 2,259 tons 
of broken stone and 194 tons of dust being stored in the yard 
for this reason. 

There was a misunderstanding with regard to hauling of stone 
from the bins to the pile in the yard, which caused a slight 
delay on July 1, 2 and 3, during a portion of which time the 
crusher was shut down. This delay amounted in the aggregate to 
not over two days of crusher service, during whicl^ time the 
quarrying was proceeding as usual. After July 3 there was no 
appreciable delay on account of causes beyond the control of the 
foreman, except such occasional delays as are inevitable upon 
such work due to temporary disablement of the plant. 

In this connection it should be noted that the capacity of the 
bins being only about 400 tons, they were sufficient only for 
about 2% days output of the crusher as it was operated. The 
normal capacity of the crusher is claimed by the manufacturers 
to be about 250 tons per day, while the maximum output for any 
one day during this test was 225 tons. 

During three weeks in July, three drills were operated, but this 
was found to be inadvisable because the force of laborers was 
unable to handle the rock as fast as it was blown out. 

Periods of Operation. The results of this test have been di- 
vided into three periods, so that the comparative progress from 
time to time can be noted, as well as any improvement in the 
cost of operation. The dates of closing these periods were so 
selected that the amount of uncrushed stone which had been 



CRUSHERS 171 

quarried was comparatively small, being in no case in excess 
of 200 tons. 

First Period — The first period was from May 28 to July 13, 
inclusive, but included only that drilling and blacksmithing done 
up to July 6, inclusive, which corresponded to the output of the 
first period. The work and expense of this period may be sum- 
marized as follows: 

Work Done: 

Stripping removed 174 tons 

Holes drilled (2%-in. diameter) by steam drills 1,069.5 ft. 

Unbroken stone on hand at expiration of period (esti- 
mated) 200 tons 

Broken stone ready for crusher at end of period none 

Total output of crushed stone during this period 1,651 tons 

Cost: 

Labor and teaming per ton of output $1.21 

Materials used per ton of output ., 0.11 

Total cost per ton of output $1.32 

In this summary, as in the summaries of the other periods, no 
account is taken of interest, depreciation or rental of plant, and 
certain general items of expense, or a few incidental supplies. 
The final summary covering the entire period, however, includes 
all of these expenses. 

It should be noted, in the consideration of the first period, that 
the cost per ton of output includes all of the preliminary work, 
which amounted to approximately $0.15 per ton of the output of 
this period. Deducting the cost of the preliminary work from the 
cost per ton of output, $1.32, for the first period leaves the net 
cost for this period $1.17 per ton, which cost can be compared 
with similar costs for the second and third periods. 

Second Period — The second period extended from July 14 to 
11 a. m. of July 21, inclusive, and includes the drilling and 
blacksmithing applicable to this period. The work and expense 
of the second period may be summarized as follows: « 

Work Done: 

Stripping removed 85 tons 

Holes drilled (2%-in. diameter) by steam drills 402.7 ft. 

Unbroken stone on hand at expiration of period (esti- 
mated) 50 tons 

Broken stone ready for crusher at expiration of period none 

Total output of crushed stone during this period 906 tons 

Cost: 

Labor and teaming per ton of output $0.80 

Materials used 0.08 

Total cost per ton of output % $0.88 

Third Period — The third period extended from 11 a. m. of 
July 21 to September 10, inclusive, and final date of the test. The 
work and expense of the third period may be summarized as 
follows: 



172 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Work Done: 

Stripping- removed 125 tons 

Holes drilled (2%-in. diameter) by steam drills 2,087.9 ft. 

Unbroken stone on hand at expiration of period (esti- 
mated) 200 tons 

Broken stone ready for crusher at expiration of period none 

Total output of crushed stone during this period 6,397 tons 

Cost: 

Labor and teaming per ton of output $0.76 

Materials used 0.08 

Total cost per ton of output $0.84 

It should be noted that the cost per ton of output during the 
third period was very close to that of the second period. The 
reduction in cost of stone crushed during the second and third 
periods below that of the first period, after deducting the cost 
of preparatory work, shows the result of the experience acquired 
by the force and improvement in organization. 

Results of Entire Test. As already stated, the duration of this 
test was from May 28 to September 10, inclusive. The details of 
the cost of this test are given in Table B. The work accom- 
plished during the test may be summarized as follows: 

Work Done: 
Stripping removed (a large part of the stripping had 
been done prior to the beginning of this test and is 

not included herein) 384 tons 

Holes drilled (2%-in. diameter) by steam drill 4,160.1 ft. 

Unbroken stone on hand at beginning of test none 

Unbroken stone on hand at expiration of test (esti- 
mated) 200 tons 

Broken stone ready for crusher at expiration of test. none 

Broken stone on hand at expiration of test none 

Total output of crushed stone during test: 

Dust 1,970 tons (22 per cent) 

Stone 6,983 tons (78 per cent) 

Total • 8,953 tons 

The cost to the city of producing the 8,953 tons of crushed 
stone, exclusive of $68.44 paid for permanent repairs to the 
scales, may be summarized as follows: 

Cost: Per Ton 

Labor and teaming $0,881 

Material used 0.106 

Interest, depreciation and rental of tools and machinery.. 0.069 
Estimated equivalent cost of stripping done prior to begin- 
ning of test 0.025 

Total cost $1,081 

Less cost of quarrying 200 tons of unbroken stone remain- 
ing at expiration of test 0.006 

Net cost of crushed stone produced $1,075 

The major items of the foregoing summary may be subdivided 
into a comparatively small number of items which will show 
the cost of the various parts of the process of preparing crushed 
stone. (See Table A.) 



CRUSHERS 173 

TABLE A — SUMMARY SHOWING APPROXIMATE DISTRIBU- 
TION OF EXPENSES AT CHESTNUT HILL 
AVENUE CRUSHER 

gi si 

o OO 



O O (k 
Quarrying and breaking ($50 having 
been deducted on account of un- 
broken rock remaining at the end of 

test.) $4,263.27 $0,476 44.3 

Stripping 244.54 .027 2.5 

Stripping done prior to test (estimated) 223.83 .025 2.3 

Loading and delivery to crusher 1,980.99 .221 20.5 

Crushing: 

Operation (including feeding crusher) . . 1,255.89 .140 13.0 
Interest and depreciation on plant (3 

months at $149.25 per month) 447.75 .050 4.7 

Special expenses: 

Weighing stone 181.57 .020 1.9 

Weighing stripping 19.67 .002 0.2 

Hauling bins to pile (2,453 tons) 281.15 .032 3.0 

Holidays 705.75 .079 7.3 

Absent with pay 27.58 .003 0.3 

Total charged to output $9,631.99 $1,075 100.0 

Permanent repairs to scales 68.44 

Total cost of test " $9,700.43 

* Output equals 8,953 tons of crushed stone (including dust). 
These units may be grouped as follows: 

Quarrying and breaking $0,749 

Crushing 0.244 

Holidays and absent with pay 0.082 

Total $1,075 

Distribution of Cost of Foreman, Engineer, Fireman and Coal. 

The foreman devoted his time almost wholly to the work of quar- 
rying and breaking the rock for the crusher, and only a small 
portion to the operation of the crusher. We have, therefore, 
charged 30 per cent of his time to the quarrying, 60 per cent to 
the breaking and 10 per cent to the crushing. 

The steam for running the steam drills was furnished from the 
boiler, which constituted a part of the crusher plant. This boiler 
was under the general direction of the engineer and was cared 
for by a fireman. We have not charged any portion of the time 
of the engineer to quarrying, but have charged one-half of the 
time of the fireman as well as one-half the cost of the coal used. 

Stripping. In certain places the ledge was covered with a 
layer of earth, which it was necessary either to remove before 
blasting or separate from the^stones after blasting. A portion 
of this material had been removed from the ledge prior to the 
beginning of this test. The quantity of stripping removed dur- 



174 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

ing the experimental run was 384 tons, and our estimate of the 
amount which was moved prior to the beginning of the run (the 
cost of which should be charged against this experiment) would 
be 350 tons, or an amount nearly equal to that removed during 
the test. The cost of stripping done during the test was $0,637 
per ton of soil stripped from the surface of the ledge. At this 
rate, the stripping done prior to the test would have cost $222.95 
had it been done by the same force as a part of the experiment. 
This estimated cost of preliminary stripping amounts to $0,025 
per ton of output. 

Allowance for Rock Quarried but Not Blasted. As already 
stated there was no quarried rock on hand at the beginning of 
the test, but there was a quantity of about 200 tons remaining 
at its close. This should, of course, be credited to the experi- 
ment, which has been done by deducting the cost of quarrying 
it from the entire cost of the experiment. The cost of quarry- 
ing, including stripping, was about $0.25 per ton of rock quar- 
ried (8,953 tons of output + 200 tons unbroken rock = 9,153 tons 
quarried). The cost of quarrying 200 tons was therefore $50, 
which amounts to $0,005 per ton of output, which has been de- 
ducted from the total cost of output. 

Resume of Results of Test. This test has covered a period of 
time sufficiently great to demonstrate with accuracy the cost of 
producing crushed stone at the Chestnut Hill avenue crusher by 
day labor, under the conditions of the test. The force apparently 
consisted of men skillful and competent as could be selected from 
the entire organization of the division, and certainly gave evi- 
dence of being reasonably skillful and able-bodied. So far as 
could be seen the foreman in charge of the work was given an 
absolutely free hand to organize his force as he deemed best, 
and to adopt such methods of handling the work as he might 
desire. With very slight and unimportant exceptions he was fur- 
nished with tools and supplies promptly, so that there is no rea- 
son to think that the output could have been increased by the 
improvement of conditions depending upon the co-operation of his 
superior officers in the Street Department. The net result of 
this test appears to be that the crushed stone was produced at a 
cost to the city of $1,075 per ton. These figures make no allow- 
ance for the cost of the quarry to the city, or the cost of ad- 
ministration and clerical services at the office, the latter of 
which is estimated at $0.05 per ton of output. 

This experiment has been carried out under the very best of 
conditions. The quarry and crusher selected was the most favor- 
able of any which the city has worked in the past, and pro- 
duced crushed stone in 1905 more cheaply than any other crusher. 
During that year each of five crushers produced more than 
30,000 tons of broken stone — the Bleiler, Centre Street, Chestnut 
Hill Avenue, Codman Street and Columbia Road crushers. Of 
these the Chestnut Hill Avenue crusher yielded the smallest out- 
put, although the cost per ton of crushed stone, $1,148 was lower 
than that of any of the others. The cost of producing crushed 
stone during the test was therefore reduced less than $0.08 below 



CRUSHERS 175 

the cost of producing crushed stone at this crusher during the 
year 1905. 

We have already called attention to the marked increase in 
efficiency of the force employed at the crusher during the second 
and third periods of the experiment. It is reasonable to inquire 
what the cost of the output would have been had all the work 
been done with the same . efficiency. Such an estimate may be 
obtained by adding the cost of interest and depreciation, rental 
of machinery and tools, temporary repairs, and the stripping done 
before the beginning of the test, to the cost of any particular 
period, or an assumed cost. These items amount to over' $0.10 
per ton of output, so that it is reasonable to estimate the cost 
of operating the crusher at $0.95 to $1 per ton of output, based 
upon the efficiency attained during the second and third periods. 
This estimate, as in all other cases, does not include any charge 
on account of administration or office expense, nor does it include 
any charge for the cost of owning and maintaining the quarry. 

Comparison with Market Pricels of Crushed Stone. According 
to the report upon stone crushers already cited, the market price 
of crushed stone f. o. b. cars at the crusher is 50 cts. per net 
ton. While it is not possible to determine accurately the market 
price of crushed stone f.> o. b. cars Boston, under a contract simi- 
lar to one which the city might negotiate, an estimate was given 
in the report, from which we have just quoted, amounting to 
$1 per ton f. o. b. cars, or $1.10 loaded upon wagons ready for 
hauling to the streets. It thus appears that the cost of crushed 
stone produced during this test was more than twice that of 
crushed stone f. o. b. cars at the crusher of a private corporation, 
or more than twice the price for which it could be produced at 
the Chestnut Hill Avenue crusher by a contractor, and that the 
cost was about $0,025 less than the estimated contract price of 
crushed stone purchased in the local market and loaded upon 
wagons fh Boston. These figures include no part of administra- 
tion or office expenses, and no portion of the cost to the city of 
owning and maintaining the quarry. The administration and of- 
fice expense would doubtless amount to as much as $0.05 per ton 
of output, but we are not in position to make any estimate of 
the cost to the city of owning and maintaining the quarry. 

We made the statement that the cost of crushed stone produced 
during the test was more than twice the price for which it 
could be produced at the Chestnut Hill Avenue crusher by con- 
tract, upon the assumption that conditions could be the same at 
this crusher as at the large commercial crushers in use. 

As we understand the law, a contractor producing stone at this 
crusher for the use of the city woujd be obliged to confine the 
hours of labor to an eight-hour day, which would materially 
increase the cost of his work. It is also probable that the city 
would find it impracticable to take the maximum output of the 
crusher at all times, which would also be an important factor in 
the cost of operating this plant. 

As stated in our report, the companies furnishing crushed stone 
within reasonable railroad distances of Boston appear to be very 



176 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

willing to dispose of their product at 50 cents per ton f. o. b. 
cars at crusher. We have one instance where crushed stone of 
one size (not the run of the crusher) was furnished at a cost 
Of 55 cents per yard, or about 44 cents per ton delivered in place, 
including more or less freight expense. Obviously this stone was 
sold at a price at least as low as 40 cents per ton at crusher. It 
should be borne in mind, however, that these plants are very 
large ones, much larger than the Chestnut Hill Avenue crusher. 
We have obtained the following data relating to the cost of 
operating a small temporary crushing plant on a trap rock quarry 
from. April to October, 1906. The crusher was a 10% by 18 
inch Acme — a smaller outfit than that in use at Chestnut Hill 
Avenue. The cost of producing the stone is given in detail in 
the following table: 

Cost 
Cost per Ton 

Picking or drilling $1,165.08 $0.0628 

Breaking 1,937.23 .1042 

Loading j 1,843.99 .0994 

Hauling 800.00 .0432 

Crushing 1,229.73 .0662 

Superintendence 437.10 .0235 

Coal, oil, etc 520.00 .0280 

Dynamite and exploders 416.00 .0224 

Total $8,349.13 $0.4497 

Plant rental ($210 per mo.) .07,92 

$0.5289 

It appears from the foregoing table that the total amount of 
stone, 18,559 tons, was quarried and crushed for 45 cts. per ton, 
not including rental of plant. The rental of plant — actually a 
rented plant — was $0.0792, which added to 45 cents would make 
a total cost of 53 cfents per ton. 

It is important to note that during the test run of the Chest- 
nut Hill Avenue crusher, the average output was 120 .tons per 
day for three months (75 days) of actual operation of crusher. 
The nominal capacity of the crusher being 240 tons, it appears 
that the output was just one-half of the capacity. Under good 
management there should be no difficulty in turning out 240 tons 
of stone per day, and this could have been turned out during the 
test run without materially increasing the expense of the output, 
except for the cost of quarrying and breaking. These items 
would have been materially increased if the methods, discipline 
and character of labor remained the same. 

In considering this subject, it should be borne in mind that 
i there is not sufficient rock available at this location to warrant 
the establishment of a very large crushing plant. There is 
probably stone enough to supply the present crushing plant for a 
period of three or four years. (This is only a rough guess be- 
cause no measurements have been taken upon which to base 
an opinion.) 

From a further consideration of the statement in our report, 
which we have quoted above, we are of the opinion that a con- 
tractor might produce crushed stone at the Chestnut Hill Avenue 



CRUSHERS 177 

crusher for about one-half of the cost of crushing stone during 
the test run. This, however, would probably not include the 
contractor's profit, and would necessitate his having an abundant 
market which would enable him to work the plant to its maxi- 
mum capacity. It is not probable that the city could let this, work 
to a contractor for a sum as low as one-half the cost of the 
output during the test run for the reasons already given. 

Cost of Hauling Crushed Stone to the Streets. An examina- 
tion of the teaming checks covering a period of about three 
weeks, a portion of which Was during and a portion after this 
test, showed that the cost of delivering stone amounted to about 
$0.40 per ton for the first mile, and about $0.10 per ton for each 
additional mile. Thus, with stone costing $1,075 per ton in the 
bin, the total cost to the city of such stone delivered to the 
street, at a distance of one mile from the crusher, would be 
$1,475 per ton, or at a point two miles from the crusher, $1,575 
per ton. For comparison with contract prices, this figure should 
be increased by the amount of the cost of purchasing and main- 
taining the quarry and the proportionate cost of administration 
and office forces, not only on account of the quarrying and crush- 
ing, but also on account of teaming. 

TABLE B— DATA ON COST OF OPERATING STONE CRUSHER 

AT CHESTNUT HILL AVENUE LEDGE, BRIGHTON, 

MASS., FROM MAT 28 TO SEPTEMBER 

10, 1908, INCLUSIVE 

Cost per 

ton figured 

Item Total cost on output 

Labor: 
Supervision (foreman): 

Quarrying and breaking 90 per cent $ 253.58 $0,028 

Crushing, 10 per cent 28.17 0.003 

Buildings 93.36 0.010 

Installing drilling plant 77.21 0.009 

Removing and storing drilling plant 18.00 0.002 

Operating drills 453.95 0.051 

Furnishing steam for operating steam drills. . 114.16 0.013 

Cleaning rock for drills and moving same... 100.66 0.011 

Blacksmith on ledge tools and pipe fittings.. 382.57 0.043 

Blasting and care of explosives 182.29 0.020 

Breaking stone 1,362.42 0.152 

Hand drilling (block holes) 515.55 0.058 

Loading stone 1,010.87 0.113 

Removing and loading stripping 124.00 0.014 

Weighing stone 181.57 0.020 

Weighing stripping 19.67 0.002 

Feeding crusher 331.61 0.037 

Crusher operation (engineer, fireman, oiler and 

pitman) 539.74 0.060 

Crusher repairs 55.54 0.006 

Absent with pay 27.58 0.003 

Holidays 705.75 0.079 

Teaming: 

Buildings 4.50 0.001 

Drilling plant 3.00 0.000 

Hauling stone to crusher 929.28 0.104 

Hauling stripping 111.47 0.012 

Hauling product to pile 281.15 0.031 

Total $7,907.65 $0,882 



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180 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

A COMPARISON OF GYRATORY AND JAW CRUSHERS; THE 
FIELD IN WHICH EACH IS SUPERIOR 

Jaw and gyratory crushers are the two distinct types of crush- 
ers extensively used for the preliminary reduction of rock and 
ore. The well known Dodge and Blake crushers are the best 
examples of the jaw type and have been widely used for many 
years. Aside from some modifications in the method of apply- 
ing the thrust and in the construction of the frame, these ma- 
chines as built today are similar to the early designs. The gyra- 
tory type of rock breaker was introduced about 1885. Its large 
capacity was its most attractive feature and led to its rapid 
introduction. The early designs were faulty in many features. 
There is an improved design which has become more or less 
standard with the several manufacturers. This is the suspended- 
shaft, two-arm spider, drop-bottom type, with cut-steel bevel 
gears, forced oil circulation, manganese-steel crushing head and 
concaves. 

Since it is possible to purchase either type of crusher in almost 
any size and with the assurance that the design and construction 
are adequate for the work intended, the choice of type can be 
made strictly on the basis of suitability and economy. There 
are fads in machinery as well as in millinery. The rapid devel- 
opment of the gyratory crusher, and its success in meeting 
severe requirements have led many to advocate the complete 
retirement of the jaw type. Each type has a field in which it 
is superior, and it is easy to define the limits of each. There 
are certain advantages and disadvantages that are inherent in 
each type of machine, irrespective of size or service, and these 
are generally fairly well recognized. Of greater importance and 
less generally appreciated, are the characteristics of each machine 
for a particular size and service. 

Table I has been prepared to show at a glance the compara- 
tive features of the two types over a wide range of sizes and 
services. All the machines quoted in the table, except the two 
largest sizes of gyratory crushers, are standard sizes. The 
weights, capacities, required power, etc., are those guaranteed by 
the manufacturers for average conditions with hard, friable 
rock. The machines quoted in the table to deliver a certain 
sized product are the medium sizes adapted to that product, as 
both larger and smaller machines, within small limits, could 
be adjusted to produce a certain size of material. The par- 
ticulars of the 36x282-in. and the 42x345-in. gyratory crushers 
are only approximate, as the largest standard size manufac- 
tured is 24x198 ins. Gyratory crushers larger than 24x198 ins. 
have been built to special design. 

Size of Feed. Inspection of the compiled and calculated data 
in Table I reveals the following interesting comparisons: It 
develops that in each case the gyratory is a machine of greater 
weight, capacity and horsepower than the Blake crusher for the 
same size feed and product. The feed opening of the Blake 
type is rectangular, that of the gyratory is necessarily the seg- 



CRUSHERS 181 

ment of a ring. From this fact it follows that the weight and 
capacity of a gyratory crusher will increase more rapidly with 
an increase in the width of the receiving opening than will the 
Blake type. In other words, we may vary the width or the length 
of the feed opening in the Blake type independently of each 
other, while in the gyratory type the width of the feed opening 
controls the entire design, and the whole machine must be pro- 
portioned accordingly. This is an important characteristic and 
has great influence in denning the field of each type. 

Weight, Capacity and Horsepower. Table II, which is com- 
puted from the data given in Table I, indicates a notable 
superiority of the gyratory type as regards efficiency of power 
consumption and capacity per ton weight of crusher. In all 
cases tabulated, except the first (crushing from 7 to iy 2 ins.), 
the relative capacity of the gyratory is greater than either the 
relative weight or required power. Referring to the third col- 
umn of Table II, it appears that in this case the weight of the 
gyratory is 1.6 times that of the Blake crusher for the same 
size feed and product, but the capacity of the gyratory is 2.8 
times that of the Blake, and the relative power required is only 
1.66. This comparison between the two types is also emphasized 
by the values of capacity per installed horsepower which were 
computed for Table I. The gyratory is shown to vary from 
0.58 ton per hour installed horsepower, in the smallest size tabu- 
lated, to 4.80 for the largest size, while the Blake has the values 
0.50 to 2 for the same conditions. The greater duty per installed 
horsepower in the gyratory type is due to several reasons. A jaw 
crusher must break a rock by simple compressive force, high 
stresses being obtained by impact. The gyratory has the advan- 
tage of breaking a large number of pieces by beam action be- 
cause of the concave shape of the shell and the convex shape of 
the crushing head. This action introduces both compressive and 
tensile stresses in the piece of rock, causing it to break with less 
exertion of force because the tensile strength of rock or ore is 
only a fraction of its compressive strength. 

The gyratory is more economical of power owing to its con- 
tinuous action. A jaw breaker consumes a large amount of 
energy in overcoming the inertia of the heavy and rapidly re- 
ciprocating parts. Another feature which helps to account for 
the relatively large amount of power that is installed for Blake 
crushers is the intermittent character of the work. The demand 
is irregular, and may temporarily far exceed the average, so a 
crusher of the jaw type must be liberally equipped with power. 

Comparison of Operating Advantages. Reference to Table I 
shows the marked advantage of the Blake over the gyratory 
type as regards the height of crusher. This is an important 
item, as it controls the height of buildings. In addition to the 
greater actual height of the gyratory it requires much clear 
headroom both above and below the machine for the necessary 
raising and lowering of the parts. The floor space occupied is 
about the same for either machine for a certain size feed and 
product. 



182 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The concave shape of the rigid shell of the gyratory, resulting 
in breaking some of the rock by beam action, causes the mate- 
rial to be more cubical in form than the product of a jaw 
crusher. For this reason the gyratory usually gives the most 
uniform product from a given ore or rock. 

Other conditions being equal, there is less actual wear on the 
liners of a jaw crusher, because the tendency toward a certain 
grinding action cannot be entirely eliminated from the gyratory 
type. Owing to the conical shape of the concave liners of a 
gyratory they cannot be reversed when worn at the bottom. 
The plates for a jaw crusher can be arranged to be turned end 
for end when the lower part becomes badly worn. For these rea- 
sons the renewals for the gyratory type are a greater expense 
than in the jaw type. 

Provided the feed is previously reduced to proper size, attend- 
ance is the same for one machine of either type, which gives 
an important advantage to the gyratory in those cases where 
its larger capacity enables it to replace two or more jaw crushers. 

Repairs. Repairs are more difficult to make, and possibly more 
frequent, with the gyratory type. The critical mechanical fea- 
ture of the gyratory is the eccentric drive on the lower end of 
the main shaft. With hard rock and heavy feeding it requires 
efficient lubrication to keep the bearings cool. A well designed 
Blake crusher is easier to keep in order. The introduction of 
steel castings for the main frame of the jaw crushers has 
increased the strength and lessened the weight of that im- 
portant part. As regards vibration during operation the gyratory 
is superior, as it runs very steadily. 

The consideration of relative merits for a specified capacity, 
and the comparisons drawn therefrom are all on the basis of a 
given size of feed and product. It would be desirable to compare 
the two types on the basis of given capacity as well as size of 
feed and product, but this is not possible. When we designate 
the feed and product, the size and capacity of the appropriate 
crusher of each type is determined thereby, and these vary widely 
for the two types. The bearing that the required capacity has 
upon the comparison of merits, although left for the last, is 
all-important, as will be shown. 

Consider the case in the first column of Tables I and II. This 
is the only case of those tabulated in which the gyratory does 
not excel in capacity per ton weight of machine. If, however, 
a particular installation required the capacity afforded by the 
7x56-in. gyratory (seven tons per hour), it might be selected 
in place of two 10x7-in. Blake crushers, because of the economy 
of one machine, one foundation, and one attendant. If, however, 
advantages are to be gained, as in small stamp mills, by dividing 
the work between several small crushers so as to avoid conveying 
the crushed material and to gain bin storage without additional 
height, two small Blake crushers might be selected in preference 
to one gyratory. It should be noted that the relative weight 
of the two types is not an exact index of the relative first cost, 



CRUSHERS 183 

because the gyratory crushers are sold at a higher price per 
pound than the Blake type. There are other factors affecting 
first cost besides the price of the machine at the manufacturer's 
works. 

Bock Breakers vs. Bulldozing-. Referring to the last columns 
of the tables, there is a most interesting case which is not 
generally well understood. We are dealing with large receiving 
openings and coarse crushing. During the last few years a 
demand has arisen for crushers of this magnitude in order to 
introduce economies in the mining and milling of ores. It has 
long 1 been recognized that rock breaking is cheaper than stamp 
milling down to a size of about 1 in., and now it is beginning 
to be understood that rock breaking is cheaper than bulldozing 
and sledging pieces several feet in each dimension. This, of 
course, applies only to large-scale operations where the amount 
to be handled and the transportation equipment render such an 
installation feasible. To show the economies possible in this 
direction it may be noted that at the Treadwell mines in 1903* 
the amount of powder used in stoping was 0.34 lb. per ton of 
ore mined, while it required 0.85 lb. per ton mined to bulldoze 
this rock after it was stoped. It required one man breaking rock 
for each machine drill. Much labor was necessary on the feed 
floor of the crusher. The gyratory crushers in use did not receive 
large pieces. It is understood that improvements in this direc- 
tion are now planned. 

Returning to the tabulated features of the crushers with large 
feed opening, one is impressed at once with the enormous capac- 
ity and colossal size of the gyratory machines for this class 
of work. While the calculations show that the gyratory crushers 
in these sizes have marked advantages in efficiency, their tre- 
mendous size and cost are prohibitive unless their large capac- 
ities can be utilized. The 36x2S2-in. gyratory is estimated to 
have a capacity of 900 tons per hour to a 12-in. product, and the 
42x345-in. 1,200 tons per hour to 16-ins. It would be a re- 
markable mining or quarrying operation that would furnish 
large material at such a rate, and that is why we do not hear of 
gyratory crushers of such dimensions. Some machines have been 
built larger than 24xl98-in., but they are not likely to come into 
general use. On the other hand the large Blake crushers are 
commonly built and successfully installed. Their capacity is 
usually in excess of the requirement but, as is evident from Table 
I, not to the prohibitive extent that is true of the gyratory type. 

Crushing Plant for 200-Stamp Mill. As an illustration of the 
application of the preceding data and conclusions, the design of a 
crushing plant for a 200-stamp mill will be considered. Assume 
a wide body of hard ore, which can be mined cheaply if the ore 
does not have to be blasted beyond what is necessary to break 
it from the solid, and adequate transportation facilities are pro- 
vided to convey the large material to the crushing house. I 
further assume that a knowledge of the character of the vein 

* The Treadwell Group of Mines, Douglas Id., Alaska, by R. A. 
Kinzie, Trans. A. I. M. B., 1904. 



184 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



and the general conditions of mining are such that it will be 
desirable to provide for receiving pieces up to 36x42 ins. Assume 
that the stamps have a capacity of 5 tons per day, then for the 
200-stamp mill 1,000 tons per day crushed to pass a 1%-in. ring 
(equivalent to 1%-in. cube) must be delivered by the proposed 







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Fig. 75a. Diagram Showing Proportions of Rock Crushed 
to Various Degrees of Fineness. 



crushing plant. It is apparent that the ore must be crushed 
in stages. Since the initial crushers of large receiving opening 
will of necessity have a large capacity, it will be best to con- 
centrate the crushing into one 8-hour shift, thus introducing 



CRUSHERS 185 

economies in operation. This calls for a crushing capacity of 
125 tons per hour. 

In Table III the distribution of sizes in run-of-mine ore is 
obtained from experience. The percentages of the different 
sized particles in the product delivered by any particular crusher 
may be found by consulting the diagram shown in Fig. 75a. For 
example, when crushing to pass a 6-in. ring, 81 per cent will pass 
a 5-in., and about 20 per cent will go through a 1%-in. ring. 
This diagram was constructed by the Power and Mining Ma- 
chinery Co., and is stated to be the result of the compilation of 
a large amount of experimental data. The results obtained are 
stated to have been uniform, and the diagram is recommended 
to be used to determine the percentages of certain sized products 
from any crusher, roll, or screen. The diagram is approximately 
correct for hard friable ore, and proper allowance must be made 
if the rock has any inherent tendency to break in a certain way. 

Taking the required capacities and duties as . arrived at in 
Table III and referring to Table I, it is apparent that we would 
select the 42x3 6-in. Blake crusher for the initial breaker. This 
machine has excess capacity over what is required, but not such 
enormous excess cost and capacity as a gyratory for the same 
work. For the secondary crushing one 12x8 8-in. gyratory is 
strikingly superior, as it would require three 24xl2-in., or two 
40xl2-in., or two 36xl8-in. Blake crushers for the same capacity. 
For the final crushing two 10x80-in. gyratory crushers would be 
indicated. 

If the ore foundation and conditions of mining and transporta- 
tion were such that an initial crusher to receive pieces 24x3 6-in. 
was sufficiently large, it would be found, upon making a size 
analysis similar to that shown in Table III for 36x42-in. that one 
36x24-in. Blake machine crushing to 4-in., followed by two 
10x80-in. gyratory crushers each giving a product to pass a 
1%-in. ring, would meet the conditions. 

In an installation of the size considered above, the crushing 
plant would be separated from the mill, the crushed product 
being delivered to the ore bins by conveyers. The large initial 
crusher must have a solid foundation, preferably resting directly 
on the ground. The large pieces to be handled make it imperative 
that the ore be dumped into a receiving hopper that feeds directly 
to the large crusher. If a gravity-plant site is not available or 
desirable, there is no difficulty in .elevating the product of the 
initial crusher for further reduction. 

The conclusions reached above are in accordance with the most 
advanced practice. The economy of breaking by crusher over 
bulldozing and sledging is beginning to be appreciated. Recent 
installations in South Africa employ large Blake crushers for 
initial breakers, followed by gyratory machines preliminary to 
stamp milling. A notable installation in the United States is 
that of a 60x42-in. Farrell-Bacon jaw crusher capable of breaking 
down to 16-in. the largest pieces of hard iron ore that can be- 
handled by a 70-ton steam shovel. Other plants where economies 



186 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

have been secured by introducing large initial crushers of the 
Farrel-Bacon jaw type are the Granby mines, Phoenix, B. C, the 
British Columbia Copper Company and the Natomas Consolidated 
of California. 

In conclusion it may be said that while each type has a field 
in which it is superior, no sharp lines can be drawn because of 
the many factors involved. It is believed, however, that with 
the aid of the data here presented an investigation along the lines 
indicated will quickly disclose the most desirable machine for 
any particular service. 

Note particularly that the capacity in tons per hour of a 
crusher is a very uncertain quantity. The data in these tables 
have been gathered from various sources and are believed to be 
fairly accurate, but the author disclaims responsibility for what 
any one crusher may do on any particular job or on any particu- 
lar kind of rock. The only safe course is to leave a liberal 
margin for contingencies. The guaranteed capacity of a manu- 
facturer, even if accompanied by specifications and a contract 
may mean only the guaranteed capacity for a run of an hour, and 
at the end of the hour the machinery may need to stand still 
for another hour to cool off. Crushers have been sold on such 
a basis more than once to the sad discomfiture of the contractor. 



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188 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

TABLE III. — SIZE ANALYSIS. 
Crushing Plant Designed for 125 Tons per Hour. 
Tons per Hour Between 
36 and 12 and 3 and 1% in 

12 in. 3 in. l%in. and under 

Run in mine 55 40 15 15 

Feed to first crusher 55 

Product of first crusher 30 15 10 

Feed to second crusher 70 

Product of second crusher . . . 

Feed to third crusher 

Product of third crusher .. .. 60 

In asking for estimates on crusher plants, the following in- 
formation should be given the manufacturer: 

The nature of the material to be crushed. 
Tons or cubic yards to be crushed per day of ten hours. 
Sizes into which the material is to be screened. 
The different sizes to be obtained. 
Storage capacity for crushed stone desired. 
(This information will enable the determination of the proper 
length of elevator if one is needed.) 
Whether power plant is wanted. 

(If so, kind of power preferred, steam or electrical. If elec- 
trical, advise whether direct or alternating current, and voltage, 
phase and cycle.) 

System of delivering rock to the crusher best fitted to local 
conditions: 

A — Incline and automatic dump cars. 

B — Level with end dump cars and tipple. 

C — Level with side dump cars. 

D — Incline chute.' 

E — Incline track. 

F — Dump cars on tramway. 

G — Horse and cart. 

Give an idea as to the character of the ground in the proposed 
location; whether level or on a hillside. If on a hillside, give 
approximately the grade with a rough sketch of the site, if pos- 
sible, showing the position of the quarry relative to the plant 
and the position of railroad tracks. 

Answers to the above questions, together with such other sug- 
gestions and directions as may be offered by a prospective cus- 
tomer, will facilitate very much the preparation of plans and the 
selection of appropriate machinery for the plant. 



DERRICKS 



LIGHT DITCH DERRICK 

3"x4" spruce, 12' high, with drum, gear and cranks $50.00 

4" square spruce, 14' high 60.00 

3 leg tripods, 12' high, no gear 16.00 

3 leg tripods, 14' high, no gear 18.00 

All ironed and painted. No rope or block. 




Fig. 76. 



TRIPOD DERRICK OP PIPE AND DROP FORGED FITTINGS 

Size of 
No. pipe legs Weight Safe capacity Price 

1 1 "x 7 ' 38 lbs. 1000 lbs $ 3.75 

2 1 "x 8%' 45 lbs. 1000 lbs 4.10 

3 l^"xl0 ' 88 lbs. 2000 lbs 6.75 

4 1 % "xl2 ' 100 lbs. 2000 lbs 7.50 

5 2 "xl2 ' 145 lbs. 3000 lbs 10.50 

6 2 "xl4 ' 165 lbs. 3000 lbs 11.50 

Sulky derrick about 15' high. One man, one ton, with brake, 
blocks and 50' of 1 / £" steel wire rope or 100' of 1" manila rope. 
Weight, 3,500 lbs. Price, $60.00. See Fig. 76. 



190 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

LIGHT DERRICKS WITH WINCHES OPERATED BY HAND 
POWER 

Fig. 78. These can also be operated by an engine and can be 
set upon a small car. 

Fitted with manilla rope for light work. Sheaves arranged 
for three lines in the boom tackle and two lines in the hoisting 
tackle. 




Fig. 77. Plant for Loading Earth. 



1 Derrick, 1500 lbs. capacity with 18' mast and 18' boom.. $46. 50 
100' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for boom line, at 

4c ft 4.00 

150' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for fall line, at 

4c ft. .'. 6.00 

300' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for 4 guy lines at 

5c ft 15.00 

3 7" single wood blocks for hoist and boom line, at 75c 2,25 

1 boom winch, used for operating the boom 12.00 

Total $85.75 

Same outfit with 16' mast and 16' boom $85.25 

Same outfit with 14' mast and 14' boom 84.75 

Same outfit with 12' mast and 12' boom 84.25 

1 light car, 4'x6', with flat wheels, complete 25.00 

1 No. 1 light car, 4'x6', with flanged wheels, complete...... 28.00 

All derrick irons for derrick (no rope, blocks, boom winch 

or timbers, but with drawings for mast and boom) 31.50 



DERRICKS 191 

FITTED WITH STEEL HOISTING CABLES FOR HEAVY 
WORK 

Sheaves arranged for three lines in the boom tackle and three 
lines in the hoisting tackle. 




Fig. 78. Parker Derrick No. 4 — Hand Power. * 

1 Derrick, capacity 1500 lbs., with 18' mast and 18' boom..} 46.50 
100' of %* best flexible steel cable, estimated for boom line 

at 7c ft 7.00 

200' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for fall line 

at 7c ft 14.00 

300' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for 4 guy lines 

at 5c 15.00 

3 8" single steel blocks for %" cable, with plain hooks, at 

$4.50 13.50 

1 8" single steel block for %" cable, with swivel hook... 9.00 

4 %" Crosby clips, at 20c 80 

2 %" galvanized thimbles, at 10c 20 

1 No. 1 boom winch, used for operating the boom 12.00 

Total $118.00 

Same outfit with 1 6' mast and 16' boom $118.00 

Same outfit with 14' mast and 14' boom 117.50 

Same outfit with 12' mast and 12' boom 116.50 

1 Light car, 4'x6', with flat wheels, complete 25.00 

1 Light car, 4'x6', with flanged wheels, complete 28.00 



192 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

All derrick irons for derrick (no rope, block, boom winch 

or timbers, but with drawings for mast and boom) $; 31.50 

Price of two wooden stiff legs (complete) to take the place 

of 4 guy lines 15.00 

Price of two wooden stiff legs (irons only) to take the 

place of 4 guy lines 10.00 

2 single sheave brackets for steam, power 5.00 

In building 1,000 ft. of 15" pipe sewer at Big Rapids, Mich., 
a trench 4' wide and about 15.5' deep was dug in gravel and 
boulders. About 8 cords of stone, many of them large size 
and near the bottom of the trench, were removed. A fuller 
description of this work is in Gillette's "Cost Data," p. 817. 

The first 5' were taken out with a scraper and a team and 
driver. The remainder was removed in buckets with a derrick 
of the above type. About 50' of sewer were completed per day 
at the following cost: 

Per Day 

1 foreman at $2.00 $ 2.00 

1 scraper team and driver at $3. 1 5 3.75 

1 man holding scraper at $1.50 1.50 

1 man dumping scraper at $1/50 1.50 

2 men pulling sheeting and carrying it at $1.50 ; . . 3.00 

1 man pulling sheeting and carrying it at $1.50 1.50 

1 horse and driver on haul line at $2.50 2.50 

4 men filling two 1-6 cubic yard buckets at $1.50 6.00 

1 man laying pipe and $2.00 2.00 

1 pipe layer's helper at $1.50 1.50 

Total . . '. $25.25 

This gives a cost of 50.5 cents per lin. ft. of sewer. The 
actual cost of excavation was 20 cents per yd. for scraper and 
12.6 cents for derrick work. The derrick was moved two or 
three times a day, which took about seven minutes each time. 

Fitted with Steel Cable for Heavy Work. Sheaves arranged 
for three lines in the boom tackle and three lines in the hoisting 
tackle. 

1 Derrick, capacity 4000 lbs., with 20' mast and 30' boom. .$ 76.00 
150' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for boom 

line, at 7c ft 10.50 

300' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for hoisting • 

line, at 7c ft 21.00 

300' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for 4 guy lines, at 

5c ft . ... 15.00 

3 8" single steel blocks, with plain hooks, for %" cable, 

at $4.50 13.50 

1 8" single steel block, with swivel hook, for %" cab'e. . . . 9.00 

4 %" Crosby clips, at 20c , 80 

2 %" galvanized thimbles at 10c 20 

1 boom winch, used for operating the boom 14.00 

Total $160.00 

Same outfit with 20' mast and 24' boom 157.25 

Same outfit with 18' mast and 18' boom 154.50 

1 Light car, 6'x8', with flat or flanged wheels, complete. . . 30.00 
All derrick iron for above (no ropes, blocks, timbers or 

boom winch, but with drawings for mast and boom) .... 53.50 
Price of 2 wooden stiff legs (complete) to take the place 

of 4 guy lines 20.00 

Price of 2 wooden stiff legs (irons only) to take the 

place of 4 guy lines 12.00 

2 Single sheave brackets for steam power 6.00 



DERRICKS 193 

Special Outfit Designed for Lumber Vards. Fitted with steel 
hoisting cable. Sheaves arranged for three lines in the boom 
tackle and three lines in the hoisting tackle. 

1 Derrick, capacity 4000 lbs., with 20' mast and 30' boom. . $76.00 
150' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for boom 

line, at 7c ft 10.50 

300' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for fall line, 

at 7c ft 21.00 

300' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for 4 guy lines, 

at 5c ft 15.00 

3 8" single steel blocks, with plain hooks, for %" cable, at 

$4.50 13.50 

1 8" single steel block, with swivel hook, for %" cable... 9.00 

4 % " Crosby clips at 20c 80 

2 %" galvanized thimbles at 10c .20 

1 No. 4 boom winch, used for operating the boom 14.00 

Total $160.00 

Same outfit with 20' mast and 24' boom 157.25 

Same outfit with IS' mast and 18' boom 154.50 

1 extra heavy lumber yard car, 6'x8', with flat or flanged 

wheels, complete 50.00 

1 8" snatch block for %" cable, with chain, for horsepower 

use 5.00 

1 pair skidding tongs, open up to 10" 2.25 

1 pair skidding tongs, open up to 14" 3.00 

1 pair skidding tongs, open up to 20" 5.00 

Shipping weights vary from 300 lbs. to 2,500 lbs., according to 
size. 

All irons for 1,500-lb. derrick weigh approximately 300 lbs. 
All irons for 4,000-lb. derrick weigh approximately 550 lbs. 

HAND POWER BREAST OR BUILDERS' DERRICKS. 

Length of timbers (feet) 16 24 40 

Size of timbers (inches) 4x6 6x8 8x8 

Diameter of drum (inches) 6 6 9 

Length of drum (inches) 42 60 72 

Price complete without timbers 

or rope $36.00 $45.00 $58.50 

Price complete without rope 56.70 67.50 100.00 

Derricks for operation by steam engine cost: 

5 ton stiff-leg derrick with bull wheel and 30' boom $350.00 

10 ton guy derrick with 50' boom 550.00 

15 ton guy derrick with 65' boom 650.00 

Mr. Saunders gives the following detailed cost of a large 
quarry derrick with a capacity on a single line of 20 tons. 

Timber for mast 24"x24"x75' $ 45.00 

Timber for boom 65' 28.00 

Expense of delivering timber 16.50 

Carpenter work on mast and boom at $12.50 a day 25.00 

Derrick irons, sheaves 219.00 

2,400' of best galvanized 1" iron rope for 8 guy 237.00 

Thimbles, clamps, etc 25.00 

500' steel hoisting rope, 1%" 240.00 

Labor on dead men, 4 men, 2 days at $1.40 11.20 

Labor raising derrick, 8 men, 2 days at $1.40 22.40 

Labor fixing guys, 8 men, 2 days at $1.40 22.40 

Total $891.50 



194 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Stiff -leg derrick complete capable of operating %-yard clam- 
shell bucket on a 50' boom. Equipped with 8' bull wheel, guide 
sheaves, framed complete with all irons. Boom 12" x 12" x 50'; 
mast 10" x 10" x 32'; stiff legs 10" x 10", framed 10 horizontal 
to 12 vertical; sills 10" x 10". Price, $415.00 f. o. b. N. Y. 



RIGGING FOB STIPP-IEG DERRICK 

1 14" single block with shackles $10.50 

1 14" double block with shackles 15.50 

310' of 4 part topping line 

115' of 4 part bull-wheel line with clips 26.00 

425' of %" C. C. S. wire rope 

300' of 3" holding and closing line 26.00 



Total 



$78.00 




Fig. 79. 

Derrick fittings bought for second-hand derrick of similar 
description as above for use with 3 drum hoist and a clam shell 
bucket -cost as follows: 

1400 lineal feet %"x6xl9 crucible steel W. R. cable $102.33 

3 14' double bronzed bushed blocks at $13.75 41.25 

1 14' single bronzed bushed blocks 9.35 

2 12" sheaves bronzed bushed blocks at $1.75 3.50 

12 guy clamps and bolts for %" rope at 24c 2.88 

1 12" snatch block bronze bushed 11.55 

Total $170.86 

A car provided with an A frame, a hoisting engine and light 
jack arms, capable of lifting' 5-ton boulders, etc., costs from 
$1,500 to $2,000 new. See Fig. 79. 



DERRICKS 195 

IRONS FOR POWER-OPERATED STIFF-LEG DERRICKS 



The following- list, to accompany Fig. 80, enumerates the most 
important metal parts of stiff-leg derricks to be operated by 
power. It does not include guide sheaves, blocks, or other 
running gear. 




Iron Work Complete for Power Stiff- Leg Derrick — As 
Regularly Furnished. 



1 Mast Top with straps and 

gudgeon pin. 
1 Mast Bottom complete with 

step, double sheaves and 

strap for boom. 
1 Flat Bolted Boom Band 

with 2 links. 



D. 1 Single Boom Sheave with 

boxes, for center of mast. 

E. 1 Double Sheave Mast 

Bracket. 

F. 1 Top Stiff Leg Iron. 

H. Lower Stiff Leg Irons (two 
of these furnished), and 
all necessary bolts. 



196 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Prices of derrick (not including timber, engine, bull wheel or 
guide sheaves, blocks, hoisting rope, clamps or thimbles) are: 

Size of mast timber (inches) .... 8x8 14 x 14 18 x 18 

Length of mast (feet) 24 40 36 

Size of boom (inches) 6x6 12 x 12 16 x 16 

Length of boom (feet) 32 54 54 

Size of stiff legs and sills (in.). 6x6 12 x 12 16 x 16 

Capacity in tons 1 to 2 10 to 12 20 to 25 

Shipping weight (lbs.) 750 2100 7000 

Price with self-lub. sheaves $80.00 $150.00 $375.00 

On railroad work in Newark it took six men and a foreman 
one day to move a stiff-leg derrick with a 50' boom 150 feet and 
one day to set it up, at a total cost of $24.00. This includes 
moving the engine and the stone used to weight the stiff legs. 
Two guy derricks with 70' masts and 80' booms were used for 
two years in building a concrete filter. During that period they 
were erected once, moved five times, and finally removed once 
at a cost of $1,400, an average of $100 per move. As a rule, 
however, a guy derrick can be shifted more easily than a stiff- 
leg derrick, as there are no stones to be handled. 

Derricks should be provided with a bull wheel where possible, 
as the wages of two tagmen will soon pay for it. 

Sizes and prices of steel bull wheels complete with braces: 



Diameter, 
feet 


For booms, 
length in feet 


Weight 
complete 


Price 


8 
12 
14 
16 


40 
60 
70 
80 


1600 
2000 
3000 
3700 


$ 85.00 
110.00 
215.00 
280.00 



Guide sheaves and rollers in frame for leading rope from 
bull wheel to swinging drum of engine: 



Diameter of large Self-lubricat- 

sheaves (inches) Common sheave - ing sheave 
10 $ 4.50 $ 5.25 

14 6.75 9.25 

18 11.00 14.75 

A derrick formerly known as the Kearns derrick was used in 
the construction of a 14' concrete sewer at Louisville, Ky. The 
sewer was 4,230 ft. long and had an average depth of 39.3'; 
the average number of yards per ft. was 26.5. The derrick 
excavated to within 14' of the bottom, and a Potter machine 
excavated the remainder and carried it to the rear for backfill. 
The derrick operated a %-yd. clamshell bucket, which loaded 
into wagons for spoiling or into Koppel cars for backfill. The 
output was about 1,500 cu. yds. per week. 

The machine consisted of a stiff-leg derrick mounted on a 
turn-table. The power plant was a 7 x 10 in. engine with three 
drums, and a 30 H. P. boiler. The entire outfit cost about $6,500. 



DERRICKS 197 

FLOATING DERRICKS. 

(See also Boats.) 

A floating derrick was purchased by the city of Chicago in 
1905 at a cost of $5,287.26. It was used on the hydraulic filling 
of the Lincoln Park extension in 1910 for various purposes. 
It was in commission ten hours per day and was operated by a 
crew consisting of an engineer, fireman and a varying number 
of deck hands, usually four. The cost of operation during 1910 
was as follows: 

Hours in commission 1,783.50 

Labor of operation $1,871.29 

Fuel and supplies.... 599.07 

Insurance 100.00 

Labor repairs 268.70 

Towing 17.62 

Total $2,856.68 

Total cost of repairs 286.32 

Total cost of operation 2,570.36 

Total cost per hour 1.60 

Total cost per day 16.00 

During 1911 the derrick was in commission for 440 hours 
with a crew of two men, and for 1,254 hours with a crew of six 
men. The cost of operation and repairs for the 1,694 hours in 
service is given as follows: 



COST OF DERRICK OPERATION AND REPAIRS. 
Operation Per hour 

Labor, watching $ 178.67 

Fuel 237.68 

Supplies 244.63 

Insurance 96.50 

$ 757.48 $0.45 

Repairs 

Labor $ 188.70 

Material 140.75 

Teams 14.00 

$ 343.45 $0.20 

Total operation and repairs, excepting operating 

labor $1,100.93 $0.65 

April 1 to Aug. 1, 440 hrs. 

Operating labor $ 568.55 $1.29 

Fuel, supplies and repairs 0.65 

Cost per hour, 440 hours $1.94 

After Aug. 1, 1,254 hours. 

Operating labor $3,155.95 ' $2.52 

Fuel, supplies and repairs 0.65 

Cost per hour, 1,254 hours. $3.17 

Total cost for year $4,825.43 



198 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

DIVING OUTFITS 



A diver's outfit consists of a metal helmet or head covering, 
a breast plate, an air-tight diving suit, and shoes with weights. 
"Weights are also attached to his waist to overcome buoyancy. 
The helmet always has one window in front, usually one on 
each side, and sometimes one near the top. The air hose runs 
from the pump to a valve either in the helmet or breast plate. 
Besides this one, a safety and a regulating valve for controlling 
the pressure are provided. The diver is raised or lowered by a 
rope attached to his waist called the safety line. 

The air pump is always operated by hand power, may have 
from one to three cylinders, may be single or double acting, and 
of either the lever or fly-wheel type. 

The prices of diving apparatus are as follows: 

Helmets, $100; suits, $30 to $60; other equipment, $100 to 
$150; air pumps, $100 to $400. The cost of a complete outfit 
varies with the depth of water where it is to be used. For 
shallow water an outfit costs from. $300 to $450; for moderate 
depth, $450 to $700; and for deep sea diving, $700 to $800. 

The net weight of helmets varies from 37 to 74 pounds.; gross 
weight, 77 to 144; shipping space, 5 to 9 cu. ft. 

The net weight of air pumps varies from 30 to 1,400 lbs., and 
shipping space from 3 to 40 cu. ft. 

Diving dresses weigh (net) 16 to 32 lbs., and occupy 1% to 4 
cu. ft. 

Diving shoes weigh (net) 36 lbs., and occupy 1 cu. ft. of space. 

Air hose weighs about 22 lbs. per length of 50 ft. and occupies 
2 cu. ft. of space. 

Be,Iow are given itemized lists of two complete outfits: 

DIVING OUTFIT No. 1. 

Complete in all respects for one or two divers as supplied for 
general use of contractors, divers, etc. 

1 Air pump. No. 1. Two cylinders, double action with two 
patent indicating gauges to denote the air pressure and 
depth of each diver; with water cistern, two fly-wheels 
in ash chest, with iron rings for lashing .$500.00 

These pumps have removable tills fitted into the pump cases, 
in which are furnished and packed the following small parts : 

1 union joint, double male. 
1 union joint, double female. 
1 nut for securing pump handles (spare). 
1 oil can. 
1 overflow nozzle. 
12 washers for air hose (spare). 
1 socket wrench. 



DIVING OUTFITS 199 

1 screwdriver. 

3 double-ended spanners. 

1 10-inch monkey wrench. 

Spare valves, inlet and outlet. 

1 Improved diving helmet, 3 lights, sectional screw, to 
receive air in the head-piece, or one to receive air in the 
breast-plate; either style, including safety valve, ad- 
justable regulating valve and recessdd gasket seat....$ 100.00 

2 rubber diving dresses; Size No. 2, at $50.00 100.00 

150 feet standard white air hose (3 pieces) with couplings, 

at 40c 60.00 

1 set diving weights, belt pattern 22.00 

1 pair diving shoes, with lead or iron soles. . , 15.00 

2 pairs rubber diving mittens, at $5.00 10.00 

1 pair rings and clamps 5.00 

1 life or signal line (150 feet) 2.50 

1 pair cuff expanders 5.00 

1 knife, belt and air-hose holder 10.00 

6 feet snap tubing, at 60c 3.60 

1 pair chafing pants 4.00 

1 helmet cushion 3.00 

2 pairs diver's stockings, at $1.25 2.50 

2 woolen shirts and drawers, at $1.50 6.00 

2 pairs woolen mittens, at $1.25 2.50 

1 woolen cap 1.25 

1 basket for helmet, dresses, hose, etc 18.00 

6 extra bolts and nuts for helmet (spare), at 25c 3.00 

1 set extra couplings (spare) 2.00 

1 yard rubber cloth for repairs . . . 2.50 

1 can rubber cement for repairs (1 lb.) .75 

1 cutting punch .75 

Complete outfit for one diver $879.35 

Complete outfit for 2 divers will include duplicate of each 

of the above items except the pump 1258.70 

For one diver: Net weight, 950 lbs.; gross weight, 1,100 lbs.; 
shipping measurements, 56 cu. ft. 

For two divers: Net weight, 1,260 lbs.; gross weight, 1,500 
lbs.; shipping measurements, 80 cu. ft. 



DIVING OUTFIT No. 2. 

Complete in all respects for one diver. 

1 air pump, No. 4, single cylinder, double action, ash chest, 
iron brake, made in sections, for packing inside pump 

chest, strong brass handles for lashing $125.00 

The equipment furnished and packed in this pump is as 
follows: 

1 oil can. 

1 10-inch monkey wrench. 
1 improved diving helmet, 3 lights, sectional screw to re- 
ceive air in the head-piece, or one to receive air in the 
breast-plate, either style, with safety valve, adjustable 

regulating valve and recessed gasket seat 100.00 

1 rubber diving dress, No. 2 size 50.00 

100 feet standard white air hose (two pieces) with coup- 
lings, at 40c 40.00 

1 set diving weights, belt pattern 22.00 

1 pair shoes, with lead or iron soles 15.00 

1 pair rubber diving mittens 5.00 

1 pair rings and clamps 5.00 

1 life or signal line (125 feet) 2.25 



200 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

1 pair cuff expanders $ 5.00 

1 diver's knife, belt and air hose holder 10.00 

2 feet snap tubing, at 60c 1.20 

1 pair chafing- pants 4.00 

1 pair diver's stockings 1.25 

1 woolen shirt and drawers, at $1.50 3.00 

1 pair woolen mittens 1.25 

1 woolen cap 1.25 

1 basket for helmet, dress, hose, etc 18.00 

1 helmet cushion 3.00 

3 bolts and nuts for helmet (spare), at 25c 1.50 

% yard rubber cloth for repairs 1.25 

1 can rubber cement for repairs (1 lb.) .75 

1 cutting punch .75 

$416.45 
Net weight, 360 lbs.; gross weight, 475 lbs.; shipping measure- 
ments, 27 cu. ft. 

SELECTION OF DIVING APPARATUS. 

In the selection of an outfit the following points should be 
given careful consideration: 

1. Duration of the work. 

2. ■ Whether it is to be conducted with long or short spaces 
of time intervening. 

3. Depth of water. 

4. Whether the outfit is to be used on rocky or sandy bottom. 

5. Character of the work. 

6. Selection of the pump. 

The selection of the pump is the most important point, and 
in view of recent experiments and tests of the work that can be 
accomplished by a diver at different depths, buyers are apt 
to order pumps of too small capacity. A volume of air equal 
to that ordinarily breathed at the surface (about iy 2 cubic feet 
per minute) should be introduced into the helmet. The volume 
of free air that must be taken in by the pump at the surface 
to deliver \y 2 cubic feet per minute at 5 fathoms is about 3 
cubic feet; at 16 fathoms, about 6 cubic feet; at 27 fathoms, 
about 9 cubic feet, etc. 

The following table gives pressure in pounds per square inch 
at a given depth of water: 

30 feet, 12% pounds. 

60 feet, 26% pounds. 

90 feet, 39 pounds. 

120 feet, 52% pounds. 

150 feet, 65% pounds (usual limit). 

180 feet, 78 pounds. 

210 feet, 91% pounds. 

240 feet, 104 pounds. 



DRAWING BOARDS 



Drawing boards of thoroughly seasoned, selected narrow strips 
of white pine, and either finished natural or with a light coat 
of shellac, cost as follows: 

One face for drawing 12x17" $0.55 

One face for drawing 16x21" .SO 

One face for drawing 20x26" 1.05 

Both faces for drawing. 12 x 17" .55 

Both faces for drawing 16x21" .88 

Both faces for drawing 20x26" 1.05 

Both faces for drawing 23 x 31" 1.45 

Both faces for drawing 27 x 34" 2.40 

Both faces for drawing 31x42" 3.20 

Drawing boards of white pine, with hardwood ledges attached 
by screws, arranged to allow for contraction and expansion: 

One face for drawing 16 x 21" $1.20 

One face for drawing 20 x 26" 1.75 

One face for drawing 23x31" 2.60 

One face for drawing 31x42" 4.20 

One face for drawing 33 x 55" 6.80 

One face for drawing. 36 x 60" 8.00 

Extra large drawing boarclc c" pine: 

36 x 72" $12.80 

36x84" 14.40 

42 x 60" 12.00 

42 x 72" 14.40 

42 x 84" 16.80 

42x96" 20.80 

48 x 72" . 19.20 

48x96" 26.40 

48 x 120" 35.20 

54x96" 32.80 

54 x 120" 40.00 

60x96" 37.50 

60 x 120" 46.50 

Trestles and horses for drawing boards. Wooden horses, light 
construction, 37" high. 35" long, per pair, $2.60. 

Ditto, fine quality, 37" high, 35" long, per pair, $4.40. 

Ditto, fine quality, with removable sloping ledges, 37" high, 35" 
long, per pair, $4.80. 

Adjustable wooden horses, best workmanship, 36" long, adjust- 
able for height from 37" to 47" on level or slope, per pair $6.00. 

Folding hardwood trestle, 37" high, with drawing board, 
31 x 42", each, $12.80. 

Ditto, 33x55", each, $16.00. 

Adjustable drawing table with iron supports: 



SI x 42" each $21.00 

Board, 33 x 55" each 23.00 

Board, 36 x 60" each 24.50 

Board, 42 x 72" each „ 28.50 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

DREDGES 



There are four types of dredges: (1) The dipper dredge; (2) 
the grapple dredge; (3) the bucket elevator dredge; (4) the 
hydraulic dredge. For harbor work or where the water is 
rough the scow containing the machinery also has pockets for 
the material, which it conveys to sea or some other dumping 
place. This is called a hopper dredge. 

DIFFER DREDGES 

A dipper dredge is really a long-handled steam shovel mounted 
on a scow. The dippers range in size from % to 15 cu. yds. 
This type of dredge is adapted to work in all kinds' of materials. 

Mr. Gillette, in Earthwork, describes a home-made dipper 
dredge, the cost of which was as follows: 

1 Hoisting engine and boiler (single drum, dbl. cyl., 

8 H. P., 4% x 6 ins.; weight 3,500 lbs) .". .$ 500.00 

2 Scows, 3,200 ft. B. M. (6x34 ft.) 150.00 

10 Sheaves, 6 in. . . . 20 00 

120 Ft. & in. hoisting chain, 250 lbs., @ 8c 20.00 

160 Ft. % in. iron, 250 lbs., @ 4c 10.00 

1 Dipper % yd., 400 lbs., @ 10c 40.00 

40 Ft. cast iron rack, 200 lbs., @ 10c 20.00 

1 Turntable plate and rim, 100 lbs., @ 10c 10.00 

100 Bolts, % x 12 ins., 200 lbs., @ 5c 10.00 

1,000 Ft. B. M. yellow pine 30.00 

Labor and sundries 190.00 

$1,000.00 
This dredge can be loaded on two flat cars or four ordinary 
wagons. The crew consists of three men and the total cost of 
operation is about $8.00 per day. In digging a trench 18 ft. 
wide by 12 ft. deep the average capacity in 10 hours is 60 yards 
of hardpan or 175 yards of river gravel. 

In Engineering News of October 30, 1902, is described a dipper 
dredge with a 2% cu. yd. bucket which excavated in clay 20 ft. 
below the water, depositing the material in two scows, each 
having a drop pocket of 140 cu. yds. A tug boat towed the 
scow containing material to the dumping ground. The total 
cost of the outfit was $43,000. Six per cent interest plus 6 per 
cent depreciation over 100 working days gives a cost of $51.60 
per day. The usual rental of such a plant is $100.00 per day. 
The daily wages and coal bill average about $30.00. The average 
output in 10 hours was 745 cu. yds. at a total cost of lie 
per cu. yd. 

COST OF BUILDING A 2% CU. YD. DIPPER DREDGE AND 
ITS FIRST SEASON'S WORK. 

The following notes on the cost of dredging were abstracted 
from a report by B. F. Powell, engineer for the Fort Lyon Coal 
Co. at Las Animas, Colo., and appeared in Engineering and Con- 
tracting for May 29, 1912. The company, previous to 1911, had 



DREDGES 203 

let all its excavation work by contract, but after an investi- 
gation it decided to purchase a dredge and do its own excavating. 
Accordingly a contract was let to the Marion Steam Shovel Co. 
for a 2y 2 cu. yd. dipper dredge, with an 80-ft. boom. It was 
estimated that the probable cost of the dredge, with boat, etc., 
equipped and ready for operation, would be $26,000. It was esti- 
mated that the work could be done at a cost of operation not 
exceeding 4 cents per cubic yard, while the low bid received 
for the work was 8% cents per cubic yard. The difference on 
1,000,000 cubic yards to be excavated would thus be a saving 
of $47,000. Out of this the dredge would be paid for and leave 
a balance of $20,000, and the machine would be had for future 
work. 

The dredge was built under the supervision of the Marion 
Steam Shovel Co. Work on it was commenced April 3 and the 
hull was completed and launched on May 26, 1911. The boilers 
were steamed up on June 5 and used from that time on to 
furnish power for erecting the balance of the machinery. The 
fifteen-day test was begun on July 1, when it was demonstrated 
that the dredge would excavate its estimated yardage. 

The hull of the dredge is 100x41x8 ft. and required 135,000 
ft. B. M. of lumber. It has two 120 H. P. boilers, one double 
10 x 12-in. hoisting engine, a double 8 x 10-in. swinging engine, 
an 80-ft. boom and a 2V 2 cu. yd. bucket. The amount of work 
accomplished by the dredge in the soft material in which it 
worked is given below: 

Cu. Yds. 

July 74,000 

August and September 130,000 

October 71,750 

Total 275,750 

The cost of operation as given for the month of October was 
$0.0315 per cubic yard. 

The dimensions of the irrigating and storage canal now being 
completed are 120 feet on top and 100 feet on the bottom for 
the first two miles from the head gate; for the next mile the 
width is 20 feet less, and after the third mile the width is 
again reduced 20 feet, making the bottom width 60 feet, with 
1 :1 slopes. The depth is 10 feet. 

The actual cost of the dredge follows: 

COST OP DREDGE. 
Materials ; 

Dredge equipment $14,932.00 

Extra boiler 1,600.00 

Electric light plant 500.00 

Freight 413.96 

Tools 250.00 

Extra machinery 571.17 

Boiler flues 236.80 

Oakum 4.50 

Steel and castings 427.70 

Wire rope 510.75 

Oil 317.27 



204 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

COST OF DREDGE— Continued 

Coal and hauling $ 2,896.68 

Hardware 1,880.22 

Groceries and camp supplies 1,611.45 

Lumber 5,033.27 

Total $31,185.77 

Labor: 

Constructor $ 584.70 

Foreman ■. . 984.92 

Cook 155.00 

Dredge runner 722.83 

Labor '. 1,717.03 

Carpenters 1,232.05 

Hauling 404.45 

Sundry expenses, materials, teams, labor 2,818.33 

Total $ 8,619.33 

Total, labor and material $39,804.08 

The above table shows the cost of the dredge, its construction 
and its operation until theend of the season, November 11, 1911, 
as shown by the company's books. If we multiply the yardage 
excavated by about 4 cents (the cost of operation) and deduct 
this amount, $11,030, from the total shown in the table, the 
result should give the cost of the dredge ready for operation. 
This is $28,774. 

The following data were abstracted from an article by Mr. 
C. W. Durham in Professional Memoirs, and reprinted in Engi- 
neering and Contracting, July 17, 1912: 

The equipment includes three dipper dredges, Ajax, "Vulcan 
and Phoenix, and two pipe-line dredges, Geyser and Hecla. As 
will be noted, the care and upkeep of dredges are very expensive, 
and in the case of suction dredges the pontoons and catamarans 
also require much repair. 

The Ajax has hull dimensions 70x26x6 feet; she was rebuilt 
in 1894 and, with large annual miscellaneous repairs, has been 
kept in good condition. 

The Vulcan, oak hull, 80x30x8 feet; nominal repairs to 1890; 
hull rebuilt in 1892-1893 and 1898-1909; condition now good, 
although annual repairs have been large for the past eight 
years. 

The Phoenix, oak hull, 80x8 feet; nominal repairs to 1890; 
hull rebuilt in 1895-1896; burned and entirely rebuilt, using a 
portion of the old machinery, in 1908-1909, at a-cost of $19,581.29; 
now in good condition. 

The Geyser, with eleven pontoons, was built by the United 
States at small cost, using an old boiler and pump; hull pine, 
100x20x4 feet; pump, 12-in. suction; large expenditures each 
year for pump, pipe pontoons, etc., in addition to hull repairs; 
condition bad. 

The Hecla, 15-in. suction dredge, with eleven pontoons; built 
by United States; large repairs every year; hull fir and oak, 
120x26x5 feet; rebuilt 1909-1910; good condition. 



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Dipper dredge 
A j a x , bought 
1877; built 1876. 
(Oak hull.) 



Dipper dredge 
Vulcan, built 
1882-1883. (Oak 
hull.) 



flr't 1 "i -1 J^f° Dipper dredge 

;So»SSwSSSSSS3S^S Ph oenix ( built 

iioostpHowojoicoNiHoi-atooooi 188 5. (Oak 

' )OCOMiDCol<ll<ICOCOO hull. ) 



1000-J01tOts5l»Wl( 



; "-q Suction dredge 
• £ Geyser, built 
: ^ 1893. (Fir hull.) 



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Suction 
Hecla, built 
1900-1901. (Fir 
hull.) 



206 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

SOME COSTS OF DRES&EWOBK ON THE LOS ANGELES 
AQUEDUCT. 

The following costs of dredging- are taken from the monthly 
report for February, 1911, on a section of the Los Angeles 
aqueduct through the Owens Valley. The dredge consists of 
a scow on which is mounted a No. 60 Marion electric shove] 
with a 1V 2 cu. yd. dipper. The cost of the dredge was $19,897, 
and it was built according to the specifications of the aqueduct 
engineers. The yardage is based upon the theoretical section 
of the aqueduct, or 14.81 cu. yds. per lineal foot. This is 
exceeded to a small extent by excess cutting. The following 
are the data for February: 



Men, No. of days 
Live stock, No 

days . . . .\ . . . 
Lineal feet .... 
Cubic yards . . . 
Labor costs . . . 
Live stock costs 
Cost materials 

supplies 

Power cost .... 
Freight cost . . . 

Total costs 



Renewals 
Operation, and rep. 



205 

56 

2,625 

38,876 

727.39 

50.40 

1.75 

408.51 

.35 



Unit cost per 

cubic yard $0.0001 S0.03C 



241 



838.81 
10.80 

120.32 
9.79 

24.06 



$34.29 $1,188.40 $1,0 



Misc. 
3 



Totals. 
459 



$17.85 $1,618.34 
61.20 

.... 122.07 

418.30 

24.41 

$17.85 $2,244.32 



$0.0258 



$0.0565 



The unit cost per cubic yard for the month figures 5.65 cents, 
but the unit cost given for the work of the dredge to date is 
6.7 cents. 



GRAPPLE DREDGE. 

Grapple or grab bucket dredges are also known as clamshell 
or orange peel dredges, according to the type of bucket used 
in excavating. They are adapted to work in very deep water 
or in confined places, such as caissons. 

In Engineering News, February 2, 1899, an Osgood 10 cu. yd. 
clamshell dredge is described. The crew consisted of ten men, 
and five tons of coal were consumed in ten hours. The machine 
had a capacity of one bucket load per minute and averaged 
about 400 cu. yds. per day. 

The table on page 216 has been compiled from the report of 
Gen. Bixby, Chief of Engineers of U. S. A., for the fiscal year 
of the U. S. Government ending June 30, 1911, and contains 
some important data. The column headed "Total Cost of 
Dredging" is understood to include cost of repairs, but not 
interest and depreciation. The oldest of these dredges seems 
to have been built in 1869, which would make its age at the 
time of the report 42 years. It is hardly safe, however, to 



DREDGES 207 

eonsider this the standard age for computing depreciation. At 
the age of 30 a dredge is either so antiquated as to make repairs 
very heavy, or so out of date as to make it uneconomical to 
operate. Therefore, 'fixing- 30 years as the life, which is more 
than that of the average locomotive in the United States, and 
allowing interest at 6 per cent, the annual interest and depre- 
ciation on the total' cost of the dredges would be $82,061, or 
about 2c per cu. yd. in addition to the average figure of 13.6c 
given in the table. 

A clam shell dredge, Delta (Fig. 81), was used by the Cali- 
fornia Development Co. from November, 1906, to the present time 
(1912) in places where it was necessary to build up levees to 
greater heights than could be reached by the dipper dredges. 
The following description is compiled from a paper by Mr. H. 
T. Corry, Trans. Am. Soc. C. E., November, 1912: 

The dredge had a hull 120 ft. long, 54 ft. wide, and 11 ft. 
deep, and was equipped with a clamshell bucket mounted on 
a 150 ft. boom. The machinery comprised a 150 H. P. internally 
fired, circular, fire-tube boiler, and a 20 x 24-in. engine on each 
side. Work on the hull was started May 1, the hull launched 
August 15, and the machinery in place at the end of October. 
The total cost of the dredge was $80,000, including $34,000 for 
machinery f. o. b. San Francisco. The weight of the craft was 
850 tons. 

Operatives: 

1 captain at $125 to $150 per month and board. 
3 levermen at $85 per month and board. 

2 firemen at $60 per month and board. 

2 deckhands? at $50 per month and board. 
1 cook at $50 per month and board. 
1 blacksmith at $90 per month and board. 
1 roustabout at $40 per month and board. 

Three shifts were worked, making a total of 22 hours actual 
work per day.. The average time in operation was 28 days per 
month. In good ground, with side swings averaging 70 degrees 
on each side, the time per bucketful was 40 seconds. The 
quantity handled varied with the kind of material from 3 to 8 
cu. yds. extremes. On the Sacramento River, under good con- 
ditions, 150,000 cu. yds. per month were handle^. 

Monthly expenses: 

Maintenance and operation $2,500.00 

Interest on investment at 6 per cent 400.00 

Taxes and insurance 200.00 

Deterioration 700.00 

$3,800.00 

The foregoing "monthly expense" is a minimum; ordinarily, 
in Mexico, the monthly expense was $5,000. The average cost in 
Mexico was 4 to 6 cents per cubic yard. 



LADDER DREDGE. 

Bucket elevator dredges are known as bucket ladder dredges, 
chain bucket dredges or endless bucket dredges. They are used 
principally abroad, and in the United States mainly on canal 
work. They are very good where the cutting is light and also 
in finished work, for they leave a smooth bottom. 

In Trans. A. S. of M. E., 18S6-7, Mr. A. M. Robinson says that 
1 H. P. on an elevator dredge will excavate 5 to 9 ,cu. yds. 
whereas in a dipper dredge 1 H. P. will excavate about 3 34 
cu. yds. in 32 ft. of water. 

In Engineering News, August 4, 1892, a Bucyrus bucket ele- 
vator dredge is described. The average daily output was 1,180 
yards in 10 hours in soft sponge material. The crew consisted 
of six men and the cost of excavation per cu. yd. was about 3c. 

In a paper read before the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 
of Great Britain on April 19, 1906, Mr. B. Seaborn Marks and 
Mr. Gerald N. Marks gave descriptions of bucket dredges used 
for dredging gold in Australia. A total of 50,000 to 70,000 
sup. ft. of timber are used in building a pontoon which will 
measure from 70 to 90 ft. or more in length, about 30 ft. in 
width and 6 ft. 6 in. in depth. These dimensions vary with 
the weight of machinery and th© general arrangement and 
design of the plant. Australian hard woods are excellent 
material, on account of their strength and durability, but their 
weight is an objection should a shallow draft be required. In 
this case Oregon pine would be preferable for planking, with 
hard wood framing. If hard wood is not procurable, pitch pine 
should be used for framing, as Oregon does not hold spikes 
securely. All pontoons are coated with tar to preserve the 
timber, after the seams have been calked, and are plated with 
%-in. steel plate for 6 ft. at either end as a protection from 
sunken logs. In countries where transportation is difficult and 
skilled labor scarce, pontoons are constructed of steel plates 
and girders. These are built in the works and afterwards taken 
to pieces and shipped in sections. The cost of building three 
plants and pontoons is given below, but these prices will 
necessarily vary with the cost of transporting, labor and such 
items: 

(1) A pontoon of hard wood with an inner skin of Oregon 
pine cost $5,760. The complete plant cost $32,500. This machine 
is a screen dredge with a discharge into a sluice run. A similar 
plant with a tailings elevator (in which case the screen would 
be lowered to within a few feet of the deck and power thereby 
saved in pumping up the water for washing purposes) would 
cost approximately $5,000 more. 

(2) The pontoon constructed of Oregon planking spiked to 
hardwood framing of cheap and effective design cost $4,140. 
The complete plant cost $27,500. The frame has diagonal struts 
forward, on the lower one of which the frame is pivoted and 
can be moved up and down to alter the dredging depth. 



210 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

(3) A pontoon, built on somewhat different lines with diagonal 
and cross braces, is constructed of Oregon planking with hard 
wood frames and is suitable for working light, shallow grounds. 
The gantry from which the ladder is swung is constructed of 
steel in the first two pontoons but in this case it is of Oregon 
pine. This dredge has a combination of sluice box, screen and ele- 
vator and can be lengthened so as to do the combined work of a 
screen and tailings elevator. The cost of the plant complete 
was $30,000. The buckets in general use were of 4% cu. ft. 
capacity of 5-16 to % in. steel. They varied, however, from 
3 to 12 cu. ft. capacity. The boiler generally used is of the 
return tube marine type with internal flue working up to 120 
lbs. per sq. in. It is usually 6 ft. 6 in. in diameter and 8 ft. 
long (12 ft. over all with combustion chamber and smoke box), 
fitted with 48 tubes and will give 75 I. H. P. The engine is 
from 16 to 25 H. P., making 125 revolutions per minute. The 
16 H. P. one has compound cylinders 8x14% and 14x14% ins. 
A belt from the fly wheel connects with the first motion shaft, 
and the pulley works a 12 in. centrifugal pump. 

The following table is the result of two dredges used in 
dredging gold. 

No. 1 Dredge. No. 2 Dredge. 
Full working time for a year. .52 wks. or 7,488 hrs. in each case. 

Actual time worked 6,161 hrs. 5,572 hrs. 

Percentage of lost time 17.70% 25.6% 

Gross capacity of dredge 130 cu. yds. 112.5 cu yds. 

per hr. per hr. ) 

Material actually treated 325,896.3 cu. 303,360 cu. yds. 

♦Percentage of material treated yds. 

relatively to gross capacity 

for time worked 40.6% 48% 

Gold recovered 1,198 oz. 12 1,393 oz. 17 

dwt. dwt. 22 gr. 

Net value £4,815 19s 2d £5,103 18s Id 

Total working expense £3,321 18s 8d £4,149 16s 7d 

Net profit £1,494 0s 6d £1,954 Is 6d 

Value per cu. yd. of material 

treated 1.76 gr. or 3.5d 2.2 gr. or 4d 

Cost of treatment per cu. yd. .. 2.4d 2.4d 

♦Calculated in each case with 4% cu. ft. buckets, but in the 
first 13 buckets and in the second 11.25 buckets per minute were 
delivered. 

The following table gives the expenditures during the week 
ending Aug. 17, 1905: 

No. 1 Dredge. No. 2 Dredge. 

£. s. d. £. s. d. 

Wages 30 17 1.2 30 15 11.2 

Repairs and renewals... 10 15 4.4 6 10 1.7 

Fuel 8 17 7.4 5 15 11.9 

General expenses 15 2.5 1 5 10.5 

Traveling expenses 3 3.8 2 3.5 

Rent on leases 10 8.9 3 19 9.7 

Freight and cartage 1 7.2 11 2.0 

Insurance 11 7.5 15 2.3 

Dredge supplies 16 1.8 14 4.2 

Office and management.. 9 9 10.5 9 10 8.7 

63 17 7.2 60 11 5.7 



DREDGES 211 

A bucket ladder dredge and special conveyor were built at 
Adams Basin on the New York Barge Canal during the summer 
of 1909. 

The dredge itself is floated on. two steel pontoons which are 
parallel to each other and are braced together by a rigid frame- 
work. A gantry projects in front of and between the pontoons 
and supports the ladder, which extends to the bottom of the 
canal. The buckets each have a capacity of 5 cu. ft. From a 
hopper at the top of the ladder the material is discharged 
upon a belt which in turn discharges into a second hopper and 
a second belt at the rear of the dredge. A third belt is carried 
on a separate pontoon, along a steel cantilever frame which 
carries the belt 40 or 50 ft. to the bank. Each belt is operated 
by a separate motor receiving power from the dredge. The 
plant cost $70,000. 

The cost of the work for the first three months was as 
follows : 

August, 1909; 18,638 cu. yds. excavated: 

Coal and oil $1,984.50 

Fifteen tons coal for hoisting engine, at $2.85 42.75 

Miscellaneous supplies for hoisting engine 5.25 

Miscellaneous supplies for hoisting engine and derrick. . 6.48 

Hauling supplies 54.00 

Crew of dredge 2,296.68 

Total cost $4,389.66 

Cost per cu. yd., 23.6 cents. 

Interest and depreciation, etc., were not to be included, on 
account of commencing work in this month. 

Drains and scrapers supplemented the dredge, moving 6,244 
yds. for a total of $1,280.50, or 20.5 cts. per cu. yd. The cost 
of wooden forms and of spreading and compacting amounted to 
$1,193.25 for 10,015 cu. yds. of embankment, or 11.9 cts. per cu. yd. 

September, 1909; 32,000 cu. yds. excavated: 

Interest, dep. and repairs $2,205.00 

180 tons coal, at (2 tons per shift) 513.00 

150 gals, gasoline at 12 cts 18.00 

Oil (80 gals, at 19 cts.; 60-gals. at 35 cts) 36.20 

1,200 lbs. grease at 8 cts 96.00 

200 lbs. waste at 8 cts 16.00 

Teams 245.00 

Labor 2,827.00 

Total cost $5,956.20 

Cost per cubic yard, 18.6 cents. 

A total of 90 eight-hour shifts were worked. The cost of the 
embankment was as follows: 

Labor, spreading and compacting $3,151.50 

Hauling form lumber 177.16 

Cost form lumber 1,125.00 

General 290.00 

Labor on forms 828.32 

Hauling supplies ^ 55.00 

Total $5,626.98 



212 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Only 11,000 cu. yds. were allowed for the above work on 
embankment, as the forms gave way and the soft material had to 
be scraped back. This brought the cost of embankment for 
the month up to 51.1 cts. per yd. 

October, 1909; 25,500 cu. yds. excavated: 

Interest and depreciation $2,351 66 

186 tons coal at $2.85 530.10 

Labor $ 3,145.58 

Teams 5.00 

Oil, grease and waste 153.09 

Gasoline 18.60 

Repairs 18.90 

Total cost $6,222.93 

Cost per cubic yard, 24.4 cents 

A total of 93 eight-hour shifts were worked. The cost of 
embankment was as follows: 

Labor, spreading and compacting $2,898.25 

Forms 567.50 

Erection .'. . 108.50 

Hauling 95.00 

Total $3,669.25 

This gives for 21,800 cw. yds. of embankment a cost of 16.9 
cts. per cu. yd. 

RECENT EXAMPLES OF CALIFORNIA GOLD DREDGES 
WITH COSTS OF DREDGING. 

A concise statement of practice in California in dredge con- 
struction for reclaiming gold from underwater gravels is taken 
from an elaborate paper by Mr. Charles Janin in the bulletin 
for March, 1912, of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. 
The paper also gives a table of costs which are of general 
interest in view of the increasing favor with which elevator 
dredges are being considered in America. 

The modern California type dredge, with close-connected buck- 
ets, spuds and belt conveyor for stacking tailings, was a gradual 
development through years of experimenting. This dredge em- 
bodies the ideas of successful operators, and it is generally 
conceded that dredge construction and operating methods in 
California are far abead of those in any other country in the 
world. The dredges built in California cost from $25,000 to 
$265,000 each; a standard 8.5 cu. ft. boat costing from $150,000 
to $175,000, according to conditions to be met in operation. With 
great improvements made in dredge construction, and corre- 
sponding reduction in operating costs, areas that were at first 
considered too low grade to be equipped with a dredge are being 
profitably worked. 

California dredges vary in size from 3.5 to 15 cu. ft. buckets. 

In Alaska some dredges are equipped with buckets as small 
as 1.25 eu. ft. to dig shallow ground, and are reported to be 



DREDGES 213 

working profitably. While electricity is the ideal power for 
operating dredges, steam has been successfully used on a number 
of installations, and experience has proved the merits of the 
gasoline and distillate engine for this work. There seems little 
doubt but that the successful development of the gas producer 
for the generating of electric power will prove an important 
factor in considering future dredging of gravel areas in districts 
where electric power or water power for the installation of 
hydro-electric plants is not at present available. 

One of the largest gold dredges operating in California was 
put in commission at Hammonton, in Yuba River basin, August 
10, 1911. This dredge was built by the Yuba Construction Co. 
and is one of five practically similar dredges built by the same 
company this year. It required 820,000 ft. of lumber for th? 
hull and housing the hull; its dimensions are 150x58.5x12.5 ft., 
with an overhang of 5 ft. on each side, making 68.5 ft. total 
width of housing. The digging ladder is of plate girder con- 
struction and designed to dig 65 ft. below water level, and is 
equipped with ninety 15 cu. ft. buckets arranged in a close 
connected line. The entire weight of the digging ladder and 
bucket line is approximately 700,000 lbs. The washing screen 
is of the revolving type, roller driven, and is 9 ft. in diameter 
by 50.5 ft. long and weighs 111,721 lbs. Two steel spuds are 
used, each weighing over 44 tons. The ladder hoist winch has 
a double drum and weighs 67,016 lbs. The swinging winch con- 
sists of eight drums and weighs 34,193 lbs. The stacker hoist 
winch weighs 3,732 lbs. The gold saving tables are of the 
double bank type and have an approximate riffle area of 8,000 
sq. ft. The tailings sluices at the stern can be arranged to 
discharge the sand from the tables either close to the dredge 
or at some distance behind. The conveyor stacker belt is 42 
In. wide and 275 ft. long, on a stacker ladder of the lattice 
girder type, 142 ft. long. Nine motors are in use on the dredge, 
with a total rated capacity of 1,072 h. p. The total weight of 
hull and equipment is 4,640,862 lbs. 

Natoma No. 10 dredge, now under construction, is equipped 
with 15 cu. ft. buckets, and will have a steel hull, being the 
first dredge operating on a steel hull in California. The hull 
will be 150 x 56 x 10.5 ft. and will have a total weight of 920,000 
lbs. This will be about one-half the weight of a wooden hull 
to carry the same machinery, and the draft of the boat will 
be considerably lighter. This boat will be in operation in April, 
1912. 

The machinery of some California dredges has been dismantled 
and moved to other fields and installed on new dredges. The 
estimated cost of dismantling the Scott River dredge, which was 
equipped with 7.5 cu. ft. buckets, building a new hull, installing 
machinery, including a 28-mile haul, with a freight cost of over 
1 cent per pound and building a 5-mile transmission line, was 
$80,000. The Butte dredge was put in operation in November, 
1902, and dismantled in July, 1910. It was equipped with 3.5 



214 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

cu. ft. buckets. The machinery is being placed on a new hull and 
includes a new bucket line of 4 cu. ft. buckets. The cost of the 
installation has been estimated at $30,000. 

The dipper dredge has been successfully operated on small 
areas at Oroville and elsewhere, but does not meet with approval 
among dredge operators in general, who contend that the effi- 
ciency of these boats, both as to yardage and gold saving 
capacity, is not up to that of the standard type. These boats 
have a low first cost (about $25,000, f. o. b. factory) and are 
built with buckets of from 1.25 to 2.5 cu. yds. capacity. It is 
claimed by the dealers and some operators that under the fol- 
lowing conditions there is a field for this type of dredge: 
(1) Where the ground is somewhat shallow; (2) where the 
extent of the ground is not sufficient to warrant the installation 
Of a costly dredge; (3) where the material is of a rough char- 
acter, boulders and stumps; (4) where the ground is mixed 
with more or less clay, as the dipper will relieve itself hot- 
withstanding the adhesiveness of the material. 

What seems to be a record in dredge construction is the 
building of the dredge for the Julian Gold Mining & Dredging 
Co. on Osbourn creek, near Nome, Alaska. This dredge was 
constructed by the Union Construction Co. of San Francisco. 
The dredge was shipped from San Francisco on June 1, arriving 
at Nome June 13. On June 17 the company commenced hauling 
material, and on July 22 the dredge was completed and opera- 
tions started. The dredge hull is 30x60x6.5 ft. It is equipped 
with 34 open connected 2.75 cu. ft. buckets, and is designed to 
dig 14 ft. below water level. Power is furnished by gasoline 
engines as follows : One 50 h. p. for digging ladder, winches 
and screen; one 30 h. p. for pump; one 7 h. p. for lighting 
apparatus; a total of 87 h. p. Distillate costs at Nome 21 cents 
per gallon. Operating expenses at present range from $110 to 
$125 per day, and the capacity of the dredge is from 1,000 to 
1,300 cu. yds. per day, indicating an operating cost of from 10 
to ,11 cents per cubic yard, exclusive of repairs. The cost of 
the dredge complete and in operation was $45,000. 

The operating cost of dredging is always a matter of interest, 
but working costs cannot be fairly used in comparison unless 
uniform methods of determining them are employed, and also 
unless operating conditions are somewhat similar. As in other 
branches of the mining industry, it may also be said that the 
apparent operating cost is in a great measure a matter of book- 
keeping. It is interesting to note the following average oper- 
ating cost per cubic yard of the large companies working in 
California during 1910. The Tuba Construction Co., for the 
year ended February 28, 1911, handled 13,970,728 cu. yds. at a 
total cost of 5.67 cents per cubic yard. The Natomas Consoli- 
dated handled, for the year ended December 31, 1910, a total of 
15,989,525 cu. yds. at a total cost of 4.52 cents per cubic yard, 
and during the six months ended June 30, 1911, a total of 10.- 
793,891 cu. yds. at a total operating cost of 3.78 cents per cubic 



DREDGES 215 

yard. This company has put in commission during 1912 three 
dredges with buckets having a capacity of 15 cu. ft. These 
two boats are now satisfactorily handling ground that for a 
long time was considered too difficult for economical dredging. 
The gravel is deeper and more compact than any other in the 
district, and dredge No. 8 is handling ground containing much 
stiff clay. The Oroville Dredging, Ltd., for the year ended July 
31, 1910, handled 5,661,612 cu. yds. at a total cost of 5.05 cents 
per cubic yard. 



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218 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

HYDRAULIC DREDGE. 

The ordinary hydraulic dredge has a centrifugal pump to 
raise the earth and water, and a rotary cutter or a water jet 
to loosen the material. The discharge is carried through pipes 
supported on scows. Tough clay with very large boulders cannot 
be handled, and while sharp sand is excavated readily it cuts 
the pump and discharge pipe badly; but for soft material the 
hydraulic dredge is very satisfactory. 

In the Transactions of A. S. C. B., 1884, Mr. L. J. LeConte 
gives Ihe cost of dredging in Oakland Harbor, Cal. The 
average output was 30,000 cubic yards per month for eight 
months. The best output was 60,000 cubic yards in 23 days of 
10 hours each, with delivery pipe 1,100 ft. long. An output of 
45,000 cubic yards in 19 days of 10 hours each was accomplished 
when the lift was 20 ft. above the water, with a pipe 1,600 to 
2,000 ft. long. The dredge was equipped with a 6 ft. centrifugal 
pump, two 16 x 20 in. engines for the pump, two 12 x 12 in. 
engines for operating the cutter, etc., and two 100 h. p. boilers. 
On an average, 15 per cent of the material pumped was solid, 
but up to 40 per cent all solids could be carried. The daily 
cost was as follows: 

Coal, oil and waste $ 35.75 

Crew of 9 men 25.00 

Cook and board 7.00 

Interest, depreciation and insurance 25.55 

Repairs 10.00 

Total $103.30 

10 men on pipe line 20.00 



1,200 cu. yd. at 10 cents $123.30 

Mr. J. A. Ockerson, in the Transactions of A. S. C. E., 1898, 
gives the following cost of operating three dredges: 

Name of dredge Alpha Beta Gamma 

Cost $87,000 $217,000 $86,000 

Capacity, sand per 

hour 600 cu. yds. 2,000 cu. yds. 800 cu. yds. 

Draft 4 ft. 10 ins. 6 ft. 10 ins. 4 ft. 3 ins. 

Main engines 300 H. P. 2,000 H. P. 500 H. P. 

No. centrifugal 

pumps 1 2 1 

Diam. centrifugal 

pumps runner 6 ft. 7 ft. 5 ft. 9 ins. 

Diam. discharge pipe 30 ins. 33 ins. I 34 ins. 

Delivery head 20 ft. 29 ft. 37 ft. 

Velocity of dis- 
charge, per sec 10 ft. 14 ft. 10 ft. 

Agitators or cutters. 6 — 2%-in. jets 6 cutters 9 — 2y 2 -in. jets 

Coal used, 24 hours. 500 bu. 2,088 bu. 400 bu. 

Cost of running per 

day $97.00 $221.63 $100.51 

* Add $37 for steam tender and $12 for pile sinker per 12 hour. 

Mr. Bmile Low describes a small dredge used by the United 
States Government at Warroad River, Minn. The dredge is 
of the "seagoing hopper type" with stern wheel, but is also 



DREDGES 219 

adapted and equipped for use with a supported discharge pipe 
for river channel and river harbor dredging. The dimensions 
are: Length of hull, 100 ft.; width midship at main deck, 27 
ft.; depth of hull midship, 8 ft. 6 in.; length over all, including 
stern wheel and revolving cutter on the bow, 158 ft.; height 
of hull and superstructure, 25 ft. 4 in.; draft light, 4 ft. 2 in.; 
draft loaded, 6 ft. 4 in. The machinery consists of the following: 

Two 12 in. centrifugal pumps. 

One 16 h. p. vertical engine operating the revolving cutter. 

One 20 h. p. horizontal engine operating the cutter hoist, chain 
drums and rope spools. 

Two 10 x 60 in. stern wheel engines. 

One 6 x 10 in. duplex force pump. 

Four hand power worm gears for manipulating the sand pit 
shutters. 

Two 75 h. p. Scotch marine boilers. 

The pumps are arranged to take material through trailing 
suction ends from both sides of the dredge and one pump is 
also connected with the suction end of the cutter for dredging 
in clay and other hard material. The dredge, complete with 
wood barge, pipe floats and small boats, cost $29,130. It com- 
menced operation on May 7, 1904, and between that day and 
June 30 accomplished the excavation of 1,380 lin. ft. of channel 
with an average width of 100 ft. and a mean depth of 8 ft. 
The total excavation was 8,625 cu. yds. at an average cost of 
21% cents per cu. yd. for all expenses, including labor, fuel, 
supplies, subsistence, etc. The cost of subsistence per ration 
was 44 cents. The material dredged was equal quantities of 
hardpan and mud, the latter full of tough, fibrous roots. Stormy 
weather delayed the work 5V 2 days. The total excavation for 
the fiscal year July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905, was 55,205 cu. yds. 
The average cost of excavation, including charges on account of 
the plant used, was 13.03 cents per cu. yd., and the cost of 
subsistence per ration 39 cents. 

The following tables give some data concerning the best six 
hydraulic dredges in use on the Mississippi River. 

The dredges Delta, Epsilon and Zeta are non-propelling, re- 
quiring the service of a tender and pile sinker, and Iota, Kappa 
and F*ad are self-propelling. 

TABLE 96 — ORIGINAL COST OP PLANT 

Name Dredge Tender Pile Sinker Total 

Delta $124,940 $47,862 $2,884 $175,686 

Epsilon 102,000 47,862 2,884 152,746 

Zeta 109,000 47,862 2,884 159,746 

*Iota 100,480 100,480 

"Kappa 134,600 '134,600 

*Flad 134,600 134,600 

* Self-propelling. Average cost for non-propelling, $162,726; 
average cost for self-propelling, $123,227; average cost of one 
plant, $142,976+. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



-REPAIRS, RENEWALS, ALTERATIONS 
BETTERMENTS TO PLANT. 



Name 



Date of 
Delivery 



Delta, Aug., 1897 

Epsilon, Mar., 1898.. 

Zeta, Mar., 1898 

Iota, Aug., 1900 

Kappa, July, 1901 

Flad, July, 1901 

Tenders, Oct., 1899. . . 
Pile sinkers, Dec, 1898 

* Average of 4. 
repairs and 
ations and 
betterments 



The average repairs, etc.. 
$1,868.61. 



Repairs and 
Renewals 

$28,761.58 

21.3S1.17 

20.31S.06 

13,155.28 

7,533.16 

6,605.63 



Alterations and 
Betterments 

$20,634.20 
1,094.35 
3,128.17 
8,174.19 
4,664.95 
4,737.61 



Totals 

$49,395.78 
22,475.52 
21,446.23 
21,329.47 
12,198.11 
11,343.24 

*10,71S.< 
""".15 

6,292.48; 

alter- 

ons and 



per dredge for the last 3 years were 




96B — COST OF FIELD OPERATIONS. 

Number Total Cost Total Total 

of Seasons Field Hours in Working 

Name Operated Operations Commission Hours 

Delta 7 $135,651.40 16,648 7.605 

Epsilon 7 120,444.42 14,891 5,159 

Zeta 7 100,114.57 13,243 4,037 

Iota 5 80,942.51 12,137 3,127 

Kappa 4 58,780.57 9,411 2,882 

Flad 4 62,218.32 9,561 3,200 



Cost of Average Cost 

Average Cost Material Used per Month 

per Month in in Field Excluding 

Name Commission Repairs Field Repairs 

Delta $5,866.71 $4,595.91 $5,667.95 

Epsilon 5,823.65 4,310.65 5,615.23 

Zeta 5,443.06 3,872.81 5,232.51 

Iota 4,801.73 3,290.19 4,606.55 

Kappa 4,497.08 1,881.42 4,353.14 

Flad 4,685.41 997.79 4,610.27 



Including field repairs, average monthly cost for operating a 
non-propelling dredge with tender and pile sinker, $5,711.14; same 
for a self-propelling dredge, $4,661.41; excluding cost of material 
for field repairs, the monthly cost of operating a non-propelling 
plant, $5,505.23; same for a self-propelling plant, $4,523.32. 

The rated capacity of these dredges, based on an assumed 
velocity of 13 ft. per second in the discharge pipe and a carrying 
capacity of 10 per cent of sand, is 1,200 cubic yards per hour 
for the Delta and 1,000 cubic yards for each of the other dredges 
delivering through 1,000 ft. of pipe. In tests made in 1907, the 
following results were obtained: 



DREDGES 221 

96C — CAPACITY TEST OF THREE DREDGES 

Average Velocity Per cent Average Sand 

Name per Second of Sand per Hour 

Delta 15.10 ft. 14.69 1,850 cu. yd. 

Epsilon 16.78 ft. 20.68 2,553 cu. yd. 

Zeta :.. 16.48 ft. 11.14 1,364 cu. yd. 

Field tests under actual conditions were made in 1898. 



Duration 
of Test, 
Dredge Hours 



Delta . 
Epsilon 
Zeta . . 



27.38 
24.93 
62.92 



Average 
Cu. Yds. 
Per Hour 

1,295 

1,305 

652 



Sand, max. rate 2,550 cu. yd. p. hr. 

Sand. 

Blue clay and sand. 



Tests made with only water pumped in 1902 would give the 
deductions: 



96D— CAPACITY TESTS 

Average ^Cubic Yds. per Hour-, Length 
Dredge Velocity 15% Sand 10% Sand of Pipe 

Delta 16.65 2,160 1,440 500 ft. 

.Epsilon 21.20 2,404 1,600 500ft. 

Iota 18.36 2,114 1,400 500 ft. 

Kappa 21.35 2,342 1,560 240 ft. 

Flad 16.75 1,944 1,296 480 ft. 

*Iota 21.30 2,342 1,560 500 ft. 

* With shrouded runner. 

The actual averages of all the dredges in all materials from 
clay to sand were: 1901, 567.0 yards; 1902, 481.6 yards; 1903, 
422.9 yards; 1904, 537.1 yards; average, 500.0 yards. This average 
of 500 yards per hour can be depended on, under normal condi- 
tions, for -20 hours per day and 25 days per month. Allowing 
10 per cent for idle time, this gives 252,000 yards per month. 
The season of 1904 lasted four months, on which basis 908,000 
cubic yards per season could be accomplished. 

The contract price of the Harrod, under construction in 1907, 
complete with pipe line and all auxiliaries, was $238,998.17. Its 
rated capacity based on an estimated velocity of 22 ft. per 
second in the discharge pipe and a carrying capacity of 10 per 
cent of sand is 2,100 cubic yards per hour. The cost of oper- 
ating the Harrod is assumed to be $5,500 per month while in 
commission. 

The following notes on the hydraulic suction dredge are from 
U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bui. 230: 

For the construction of the larger levees the use of the 
hydraulic suction dredge is entirely feasible in connection with 
the use of other excavating machines. By the construction of 
the muck ditch a retaining bank will be built to as great height 
as the earth can be made to stand. A similar retaining bank 



222 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



will be constructed at the other toe of the levee by depositing 
earth excavated from the nearest margin of the ditch. The 
space between the two retaining walls can then be filled by a 
hydraulic suction dredge, the discharge pipe being supported 
by a cantilever. This machine (Fig. 82), in its present state 
of development probably represents the most economical method 
now in use for excavating very large channels, unless the ladder 
dredge be excepted. 

The following table indicates the cost of operating a hydraulic 
suction dredge on the New York Barge Canal in 1908. The 
dredge in question is of modern construction, has a 20-inch 
discharge pipe, and cost $115,000. A large part of the excava- 




Fig. 82. Hydraulic Suction Dredge, Showing Discharge Pipe 
Supported by Cantilever. 



tion was in stiff clay, though a part was in sand. The clay 
was of such firm texture that after remaining on the ground 
over winter the pieces had the same shape as when they were 
discharged from the end of the pipe line, still showing the 
marks of the cutter. While removing the old rock wall of the 
canal, the dredge was stopped sometimes twenty times a day, 
it is said, for removing boulders from the pump. Once during 
the season the dredge was sunk to the bottom of the canal. 
Otherwise the work was favorable, and the excavation made 
was representative of the capacity of the machine in ordinary 
clay soil. The charge against plant is intended to cover interest 
and depreciation at 15 per cent per annum. Under "Material" 
are included coal waste, tug hire, and similar items. 



DREDGES 223 

COST OP OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC SUCTION DREDGE 

ON THE NEW YORK BARGE CANAL FOR THE 

SEASON OF 1908. 

Item. April. May. June. July. 

Labor $3,670.95 $5,169.29 $5,615.75 $5,835.14 

Plant 408.30 1,367.60 1,677.85 1,735.50 

Material 1,900.62 2,558.88 2,263.16 2,446.45 

Total for month $5,979.87 $9,095.77 $9,556.76 $10,017.09 

Yards excavated 120,673 204,838 203,474 207,520 

Item. Aug. Sept. Oct. 

Labor $5,985.87 $4,993.11 $4,834.14 

Plant 1,631.85 1,692.85 1,791.15 

Material 2,320.92 2,430.05 -2,573.50 

Total for month ,$9,937.94 $9,116.01 $9,198.79 

Yards excavated 174,395 231,473 214,438 

Unit cost for the season, 4.63 cents per yard. 

An examination was made of several suction dredges on the 
New York Barge Canal and of the material excavated by them. 
In only one instance was the material at all comparable with 
that to be excavated in building the floodway levees, and in 
that instance the material was being removed at a cost of 
about 2y 2 or 3 cents per cubic yard, including all cost of 
maintenance, depreciation, repair and interest. The work planned 
for this type of machine on the St. Francis project is the 
excavation of large ditches outside the floodways, using the 
earth for constructing levees, and in dredging the channels of 
Tyronza and Little rivers. In the former case the work is 
estimated at 10 cents per cubic yard plus the cost of clearing 
and gru/bbing the ditch section at $150 per acre. In the second 
instance the work is estimated at 9 cents per yard, including 
the cost of clearing banks to enable the material to be deposited. 
This dredge can be used to advantage also for constructing two 
or three of the largest lateral ditches, which empty into ditches 
along the floodway. 

In Engineering-Contracting, Vol. XXXV, No. 8, the following 
description is given of a hydraulic dredge, its tenders and 
capacities, etc.: 

This dredge was used to fill in part of the Lincoln Park 
extension, Chicago, and was purchased in 1907. It is of the 
open end type, with a steel hull 148 ft. long by 38 feet wide 
and 10 y 2 ft. deep. The main pump has 30 in. suction and 
discharge, and the main engines , are of the triple expansion 
marine type of 1,200 i. h. p. The two double-ended marine boilers, 
10 ft. 6 in. by 18 ft. long, with eight corrugated furnaces, were 
fitted at the beginning of last season with underfeed stokers. 
The installation of engine room auxiliaries includes condenser, 
independent air pump, independent circulating pump, fire and 
bilge pumps and an electric light outfit. The rotary cutter is 
adapted to hard clay material and its edges are of hard steel 



224 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

and are movable. Two season's work have worn the cutting 
edges badly and manganese steel will probably be substituted. 
The dredge is anchored by heavy spuds operated by power. 
It can make a radial cut 175 ft. wide with a maximum depth 
of 35 ft. The dredge is provided with a complete repair shop 
and living quarters for the crew. 

The pipe line adopted has a central conduit 30 in. in diameter, 
carried by two cylindrical air chambers 33 in. in diameter. The 
sections are 95 ft. long and are joined with the usual rubber 
sleeve. The material excavated was very stiff gumbo. 




Fig. 83. View of Pontoon Discharge Pipe Used in Connection 
with the 30-in. Hydraulic Dredge. 



TABLE 97. 

I. TIME REPORT OF DREDGE "FRANCIS T. SIMMONS" 
FOR 1910 

Available 
Working Pumping 

Time. Time. Weather. Misc. Total. 

1910. Hrs. Pet. Pet. ' Pet. Pet. 

April 624 47.0 36.5 16.5 53.0 

May 600 57.7 19.0 23.3 42.3 

June 624 80.0 1.0 19.0 20.0 

July 600 68.4 14.0 17.6 31.6 

August 648 52.0 29.0 19.0 48.0 

September 600 63.5 9.5 27.0 36.5 

October 624 54.0 18.0 28.0 46.0 

4.320 60.2 18.2 21.6 39.8 

II. ANALYSIS OF WORKING TIME 

September, 1910. Hrs. Mins. Pet. 

Total available time 600 .. .... 

Dredge worked 381 20 63 V> 

Delays 218 40 36y 2 



DREDGES 

Causes of Delays: Hrs. 

Weather 57 

Short pipe 31 

Suction pipe, pumping and plug 11 

Pontoon line 31 

Swinging cables 15 

Main engine 24 

Spud engine 

Cutter engine 

Cutter shaft 

Moving dredge to new cut 5 

Towing and preparation 34 

Miscellaneous 1 

Stones 6 

218 



5 


9.5 


40 


5.28 


20 


1.89 


55 


5.32 


10 


2.52 




4.0 


25 


0.08 


'5 


V.82 


5 


5.68 


10 


0.19 


45 


1.12 




sate^KSirf 



Fig. 



View of 30-in. Hydraulic Dredge "Francis T. Sim- 
mons" in Operation in Lake Michigan. 



COST OF OPERATION AND REPAIRS OF DREDGE, 1910; 
TOTAL TIME IN COMMISSION, 4,320 HOURS 



Operation. Totals. 

Labor $13,855.45 

Fuel 17,000.35 

Supplies, tools, sleeves, oil, etc 4,323.52 

Commissary labor and supplies 6,010.90 

Field repairs, labor and material 6,040.82 

Tug service 13,587.83 

Derrick service 327.20 

Motor boat 584.00 

Insurance 3,500.00 

Winter repairs and fitting up: 

Labor '. . . . 5,267.68 

Material 2,164.25 

Fuel commissary and tools 1,025.41 

Tug service 753.08 

Totals: 

Operation 65,230.07 

Repairs 9,210.42 

Operation and repairs $74,440.49 





Per 


Per. hr. 


cu. yd. 


$ 3.2073 


$0.0243 


3.9353 


.0300 


1.0008 


.0076 


1.3914 


.0104 


1.3983 


.0106 


3.1453 


.0238 


.0757 


.0005 


.1352 


.0010 


.8102 


.0060 


1.2194 


.0093 


.501 


.0037 


.2374 


.0018 


.1743 


.0013 


15.0996 


.1142 


2.1320 


.0161 



$17.2316 $0.1303 



taw- 



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ooaoor-Joi 




SO 0° OOOO3 ^on 



S- w 
CO 



DREDGES 227 

The operating crew of the dredge is as follows: 

Per mo. 

1 Chief operator $150.00 

1 Assistant operator 125.00 

1 Chief engineer 150.00 

1 Assistant chief engineer 110.00 

4 Oilers 66.00 

4 Firemen 66.00 

4 Coal passers 55.00 

2 Spudmen 66.00 

1 Janitor 55.00 

8 Deckhands 55.00 

Commissary : 

1 Steward 86.00 

1 Second cook 40.00 

1 Porter 40.00 

The following data are for the year 1911 : 

V. TIME REPORT OF DREDGE, 1911 

Available working time, hours 4,620 

Pumping time, hours 3,288% 

Pumping time, percentage of total time.. 71.2 

Delays: . Hours. 

Weather, 6.2%, or 288 

Miscellaneous, 22.6%, or 1,043% 

Total delays, 28.8%, or 1,331% 

The best month's work was in November, when the working 
time efficiency was 79.5 per cent. The dredge was started for 
the year on April 15, during which month the working time was 
65 per cent of the total. The dredge went out of commission 
November 30. The working season, then, was 7% months, or 
62.5 per cent of the year. In calculating interest charges on 
this equipment, the monthly interest must be taken at 1/12 X 
100 

X annual interest. 

62.5 



VI. COST OF DREDGE OPERATION AND REPAIRS 

Total yardage 735.425 

Operation. 

Cost 
Sub-totals. per cu. yd. 

Labor $18,573.85 

Administration 1,112.56 

Watching 178.66 

Total $19,865.07 $0,027 

Fuel $17,726.58 0.024 

Supplies, tools, sleeves, oil, etc 6,786.66 0.009 

Commissary, labor 1,500.00 

Supplies 6,067.37 

Total $ 7,567.37 0.010 



228 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



VI — Continued 

Repairs, labor !..... $ 535.75 

Material 1,390.10 

Derrick 951.59 

Total $ 2,877.44 $0,004 

Towing, "Richard B." $ 2,377.16 

"Keystone" 5,512.06 

"Hausler" 11,455.41 

Total $19,344.63 $0,026 

Miscellaneous: 

Teams $ 65.33 

Insurance 4,101.53 

Motor boat 363.37 

Scow service 270.42 

Pile driver 245.38 $0,007 

Total $ 5,046.03 $0,007 

Total operation $79,213.78 $0,107 

REPAIRS. 

Labor $7,057.58 $0,010 

Material 5,746.50 0.008 

Fuel 468.75 0.0006 

Supplies 171.25 0.0002 

Commissary 826.24 0.0011 

Dunham tus? 76.00 

"Richard B." 485.59 

"Keystone" 174.07 

"Hausler" 201.63 

Total $ 937.29 $0.0012 

Miscellaneous teams and pile driver 147.55 

Derrick $ 357.46 

Total $ 505.01 $0.0007 

Grand total, repairs . $15,712.62 $0,022 

Total operation and repairs.... 94,926.40 0.129 

During- the season no repairs involving any extended loss of 
time were necessary. There was no loss of time due to the 
main pump and only 2*4, hours on account of repairs to the 
main engines. A short connecting section of cast iron in the 
discharge was worn through and replaced with cast steel. The 
cast steel pump casing and elbows show very little wear. 

The pontoon pipe was lined with an auxiliary wearing lining 
covering the bottom third of the pipe. This %-inch sheet was 
worn and was replaced for the 1912 season's work. The rubber 
sleeves joining the sections of the discharge pipe gave fairly 
good service. The average life of a sleeve was 41 days; but 
eliminating those sleeves which were damaged due to the condi- 
tion of the pontoons, the average life of a sleeve was 54 days. 
The cutter blades required to be renewed each year. 

Cost of Dredge. The following table gives the list of items 



DREDGES 229 

which together make up the cost of the dredge as it was put in 
operation in 1910: 

Engineering, plans, inspection, etc $ 9,816.45 

Contract (1907) with 2,000 ft. pontoons 151,402.19 

Terminal pontoon scow (1907) 1,227.88 

8 Jones underfeed stokers (1908) 6,700.00 

6 Pontoons (1908) 10,485.00 

Miscellaneous , 874.04 

Total $180,505.56 

COST OF TENDERS. 

(For the cost of the tugs operating in connection with this 
dredge see Tugs, p. 644.) 

A motor boat costing $1,150 was used for transportation of 
the men, etc. One hundred and forty-six days of its time, at a 
cost of $4.00 per day, were charged to the dredge. 

A hydraulic dredge was employed in the harbor improvements 
at Wilmington, Cal. The following statement shows the cost 
of dredging from April 1 to June 30, 1905: 

Routine office work, labor $ 673.33 

Care of plant and property, labor 180.00 

Surveys, labor and supplies 155.63 

Towing and dispatch work, labor, fuel and supplies.... 316.00 
Alterations and repairs to dredging plant, labor and 

material 2,432.52 

Operating dredge, including superintendence and labor 
charges, fuel, fresh water, lubricants, and all other 

supplies 10,084.54 

Deterioration of plant and property, estimated 2,263.94 

$16,105.96 
Cost per cubic yard, $0.0708. 

In addition to the hydraulic dredge, the following auxiliary 
floating plant is employed: A gasoline launch, length over all 
30 ft. \y 2 in., 7 ft. beam, depth 3 ft. 7 in., propelled by a 16 h. p. 
"Standard" engine. Also nine pontoons, each 35 ft. x 10 ft. x 3 
ft.; 15 pontoons, each 21 ft. 3 in. x 10 ft. x 3 ft.; one water boat, 
34 ft. 9 ins. x 10 ft. x 4 ft. 6 ins.; one oil boat, 34 ft. 9 ins. x 10 
ft. x 4 ft. 6 ins.; one derrick boat, 29 ft. 6 ins. x 10 ft. 7 ins. x 
3 ft. 10 ins. The original cost of the dredging plant was as 
follows: 

20 inch suction dredge i $ 99,453 

Gasoline launch 1,733 

Discharge pipe line for dredge 3,023 

Rubber sleeves 1,275 

Fontoons and barges 6,501 

Skiffs 154 

$112,139 
On the Chicago canal two dredges were used, which are 
described in Engineering News, September 6, 1894. Each dredge 
was equipped with a 6-inch centrifugal pump and a 250 h. p. 
engine. The discharge pipe was 18 in. in diameter, made in 33 ft. 
lengths, coupled with rubber hose held by iron clamps. Each 
dredge averaged 1,732 yards in 10 hours. 



230 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

In Engineering News, October 30, 1902, Mr. John Bogart, in 
charge of the Massena (N. Y.) canal, gives the cost of operating 
two dredges. Dredge No. 1 cost $40,000. It had a 12-inch 
wrought iron discharge pipe, a rotary cutter, and a centrifugal 
pump driven by a Lidgerwood compound condensing engine of 
125 h. p. It lifted the material 30 feet above the water and 
discharged it through a 2,000-foot pipe. The depth of cut was 
22 feet below the water surface. The output averaged 1,125 
yards in 22 hours, at a cost of $95.80, or 8% cents per yard. 




Fig. 85. 20-inch Hydraulic Dredge Designed and Equipped to 

Work on New York State Barge Canal. This Dredge Has 

Delivered 456,000 Cubic Yards in One Month and Cost 

$76,000, Not Including Pipe Line or Pontoons. 

Dredge No. 2 cost $60,000. Its discharge pipe was 18 inches in 
diameter. The output averaged 1,554 cubic yards at a cost of 
$145, or 9.4 cents per yard. 

Otto Fruhling, a German contractor, dredge operator and 
designer, has developed a new system of suction dredging. In 
this system an inverted dipper dredge bucket, at the end of the 
suction pipe, scrapes up and collects the dredged material before 
the suction forces come into play. This dredge is described 
by Mr. John Reid in an article in Engineering News, from which 
the tables on following pages are taken. 



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DRILLS 

TABLE 99— CATALOGUE DATA ON ROCK DRILLS. 
(As given in the various catalogues of the makers.) 

RECIPROCATING TYPE. 
Ref. 
No. Manufacturer. Unit. 

2. Kind of drill 

3. Model 

4. Diameter of cylinder Inch 

5. Length of stroke Inch 

6. Displacement of piston hammer Cu. in. 

7. Approximate strokes per minute under 75 lbs. pressure 

at drill No. 

8. Approximate displacement of piston hammer per min- 

ute at 75 lbs. pressure Cu. ft. 

9. Length of drill from end of crank to end of piston. . . .Inch 

10. Diameter of octagon steel used Inch 

11. Size of shank Inch 

12. Depth of hole drilled without change of bit (length 

of feed) Inch 

13. Depth of vertical hole each machine will drill easily 

from 1 to Ft. 

14. Number of pieces in set of steels to drill holes to 

depth as stated 

15. Diameter of holes drilled as desired (at bottom) Inch 

16. Diameter of supply inlet (standard pipe) Inch 

17. Size of boiler for ample steam supply, 1 drill.... H. P. 

18. Diameter of steam pipe to carry steam 100' to 200'.. Inch 

19. Weight of drill unmounted with wrenches and fittings, 

unboxed Lbs. 

20. Weight of drill unmounted with wrenches and fittings, 

boxed Lbs. 

21. Weight of tripod, without weights, unboxed Lbs. 

22. Weight of holding down weights Lbs. 

23. Weight of drill, tripod, weights, fittings and wrenches 

(boxed) Lbs. 

24. Weight of double screw columns, complete 

25. Weight of one 50' length of hose (boxed) Lbs. 

26. Price of drill unmounted, with wrenches and fittings, 

without tripods or column* $ 

27. Price of drill complete, including drill, tripod, weights, 

throttle, oiler and wrenches* $ 

28. Price of double screw column, complete* $ 

* Subject to a discount of from 15% to 40%, depending upon 
the makers, size of order, and price of steel. 

HAMMER DRILLS. 

2. Kind of drill 

3. Model 

4. Diam. of cylinder Inch 

5. Length of stroke Inch 

6. Displacement of piston hammer Cu. in. 

7. Length over all Inch 

7 -A. Length of air feed stoping drills extended Inch 

8. Diameter of hexagon steel used Inch 

9. Size of shank Inch 

10. Depth of hole each machine will drill easily Ft. 

11. Diameter of holes drilled as desired (at bottom) Inch 

12. Diameter of supply inlet (standard pipe) Inch 

13. Size of hose used Inch 

14. Weight of drill (unboxed) * Lbs. 

15. Weight of drill (boxed) Lbs. 

16. Weight of 50' length of hose (boxed) Lbs. 

17. Price of drillf $ 

tSubject to a discount of from 10% to 30%, depending upon 
the makers, size of order and price of steel. 
232 



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242 



ELECTRIC AIR DRILLS. 

Some of the conditions that particularly favor the selection 
of this type of drill are as follows: 

(1) High altitude, which impairs the efficiency of the ordinary 
compressor. 

(2) Long transmission lines, wire being cheaper than pipes. 

(3) Cheap electric power, of the right voltage and frequency. 

(4) Badly cracked or faulty rock, which would tend to make 
the bit stick. 

The following table was obtained from a manufacturer: 



TABLE ICO. 



DESCRIPTIVE TABLE OF "ELECTRIC AIR" ROCK DRILLS 

Symbol indicating size and type. 5-F 4-E 3-F 

Specifications: 

Diameter of cylinder in. 5% 4% 3% 

Length of stroke in. 8 7 6 % 

Length of drill from end of 

crank to end of piston in. 51V 2 45 40^ 

Depth of hole drilled Without 

change of bit in. 30 24 20 

Depth of vertical holes each ma- 
chine will drill easily from 

1 to ft. 20 12 10 

Approximate strokes per minute 400 440 480 
Diametor of holes drilled as de- 
sired from in. l%to2% 114 to2 l%tol% 

Size of octagon steel used.... in. 1%&1% 1 &1% % 

Size of shanks (diameter and 

length) in. l^byS 3 ^ lby5% % by 5 

Number of pieces in set of steels, 

holes, and depths as stated... 10 6 5 
Horse-power required for run- 
ning drill (at motor) 5 4 3 

Approximate Weights — Drill: 
Drill unmounted, with caps, not 

boxed lbs. 410 228 125 

Drill, unmounted, with caps, 

boxed lbs. 485 281 161 

Hose, fittings and wrenches, not 

boxed lbs. 65 75 35 

Hose, fittings and wrenches, 

boxed lbs. 115 150 65 

Tripod, without weights, not 

boxed lbs. 210 170 85 

Tripod, without weights, 

boxed lbs. 260 215 120 

Tripod weights, not boxed... lbs. 330 265 130 

Tripod weights, boxed lbs. 360 290 150 

Entire equipment, including drill, 

pulsator, alternating current 

motor, fittings, wrenches and 

extra parts, but no mountings, 

steels or blacksmith tools, 

boxed lbs. 1755 1690 925 

Entire equipment, including drill, 

pulsator, direct current motor, 

fittings, wrenches and extra 

parts, but no mountings, steels 

or blacksmith tools, boxed. lbs. 1985 1740 1155 



244 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



TABLE 100 — Continued 

Approximate Weights with Pul- 
sator Arranged for Direct Cur- 
rent Motor: 
Pulsator complete, mounted on 
truck with motor, controller 
and length of cable, not 

boxed lbs. 1050 

Pulsator complete, mounted on 
truck with motor, controller 
and length of cable, boxed.lbs. 1400 

Pulsator alone, less truck, not 

boxed lbs. 320 

Pulsator alone, less truck, 

boxed lbs. 370 

Motor alone, not boxed lbs. 406 

Motor alone, boxed lbs. 550 

Armature alone, not boxed.. lbs. 90 

Armature alone, boxed lbs. 120 

D. C. controller, not. boxed. ..lbs. 75 

D. C. controller, boxed lbs. 110 

Approximate Weights with Pul- 
sator Arranged for Alternating 
Current Motor: 
Pulsator complete, mounted on 
truck with motor, controller 
and length of cable, not 

boxed lbs. 950 

Pulsator complete, mounted on 
truck with motor, controller 
and length of cable, boxed.lbs. 1300 

Pulsator alone, not boxed... lbs. 320 

Pulsator alone, boxed lbs. 370 

Motor alone, not boxed lbs. 356 

Motor alone, boxed lbs. 425 

Rotor alone, not boxed lbs. 80 

Rotor alone, boxed lbs. 110 

A. C. controller, not boxed... lbs. 3 4 

A. C. controller, boxed lbs. 50 

Shipping Measurements (overall) : 
Box for unmounted drill ... ft. in. 4° 1* l 4 
Box for pulsator, motor and 
switch mounted on truck and 

cable ft. in. 4° 4° 3 3 

Box for hose, fittings and 

wrenches ft. in. 2™ 2 s s 

Box for pulsator ft. in. 2 6 l 6 2 2 

Box for motor ft. in. 2° H° 1«> 

Box for truck ft. in. 3 6 1° 9 

Box for armature .ft. in. 3° 1° 1° 

Box for "DC" switch and rheo- 
stat ft. in. I 6 is 1° 

Box for "AC" controller 

switch ft. in. I 5 1° 1° 

Box for tripod ft. in. 3° l 6 10 

Box for tripod weights ft. in. 2 7 l 1 10 

Price, f. o. b., factory $1,050 



400 


850 


320 


88 


370 


125 


390 


276 


495 


330 


100 


60 


125 


95 


75 


' 53 


100 


80 



320 


88 


370 


125 


375 


183 


490 


220 


9-0 


34 


120 


50 


34 


34 


50 


50 



3 1 2 10 


Oio 


04 


2 2 


0" 


2 2 10 


2* 


JJU 


1- 


V 


2» ]io 


V o 


2° 


1" 


1 B 


4 2 1° 


0» 


2" 


2" 


0" 


2 6 qio 


O io 


2 s 


Oio 


i* 


l 10 l 3 


I s 


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1° 


0* 


!4 !i 


1 2 


1 2 


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1» 


45 18 


()10 


8« 


I 3 


0» 


27 io 


()10 


2° 


|)W 


(W 


51,000 




$750 





DRILLS 



245 



An excellent general idea of this drill is given by Fig. 86. 

The electric air drill is driven by pulsations of compressed 
air caused by a "pulsator," which is driven by an electric motor. 
The air is not exhausted, but is simply used over and over 
again, working backward and forward in a closed pneumatic 
circuit, from which some leakage of air is necessarily inevitable. 
This leakage is provided for by compensating valves on the 
pulsator, adjusted to automatically maintain a constant average 
pressure in the circuit. The drill is practically a cylinder con- 
taining a moving piston and rotation device, without valves, 
chest, buffers, springs, side rods and pawls. The cylinder is 
larger than that of the corresponding air drill, but the piston 
is shorter, thus involving no great difference in weight between 
this and the older types. The pulsator requires no intake and 




Fig. 86. 



'Electric Air" Drill at Boutwell Milne and Varnum 
Quarry, Barre, Vt. 



discharge valves nor water jackets. It is geared to a motor 
which may, of course, be of either direct or alternating current, 
and is mounted on a wheeled truck for convenience in handling 
The pulsator and drill are connected by two short lengths of 
hose, each of which acts alternately as supply and exhaust. 

It is claimed by the manufacturer that with the electric air 
drill there is far less loss of power than in the case of the 
ordinary air or steam drill, and this claim seems, on theoretical 
grounds, to be well founded. 



246 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The following time studies were taken under my direction 
on the Kensico dam work at Valhalla, N. Y.: 

From these tables an accurate idea can be obtained of the 
working conditions and performance of these drills. 

The holes were vertical. 

The rock was for the most part a gneiss, with a tendency 
toward granite. 

It was hard and solid in some places, but in others seamy 
and presented difficulties to continuous drilling. 

The number of holes shot depends upon the progress of the 
work and at the quarry upon the amount of rock desired for 
crushing. 

Dupont 60 per cent dynamite used. 

Sticks 1%" in diameter by about 8" in length, weight 12 oz. 

The charge is calculated to average about V 2 lb. of dynamite 
per yard of rock. 

Dupont exploders. 

Blasting gang at the dam on day of observation, one loader 
and two tampers. 

There were said to be twenty drills at work at the dam and 
ten at the quarry. 

The a. c. motor is rated at about 5 h. p. 

The length of shift, eight hours. 

One shift per day. 

The smith's work consisted of sharpening drills and included 
also all the work pertaining to other machines on the job. He 
estimated that 75 per cent of his time was devoted to the drills. 

Estimate of coal burned by smith, 500 lbs. per day. 

Oil used by drills, 3 quarts each. 

Power consumed, from 30 to 40 K. W. H. per eight-hour day. 



TIME STUDY (QUARRY). 

Lineal feet drilled, 31 feet. 

Average depth of holes, 22 feet. 

Total working time, 7 hours, 27 minutes, 53 seconds. 

Rock, gneiss and granite, seamy in places. 



TABLE 101— FOLLOWING ARE THE OBSERVATIONS 
RECORDED IN MINUTES AND SECONDS. 






S <J ^ «! <2«° 

o §aH 

£ u 

MSMSMSM S 

Drill cutting 16 5 — 40 14 — 18 23 — 28 228 — 54 51.1 

Raising drill 15 0—05 1 — 05 1 — 59 16 — 13 3.6 

Loosening chuck (1) . 7 0—02 — 11 — 45 1 — 16 0.3 

Loosening chuck (2). 3 1 — 06 1 — 27 1—46 *4— 20 

Removing bit 12 — 03 0—32 1 — 54 6 — 26 1.4 

Bailing hole 11 — 45 1 — 23 2 — 00 15 — 10 3.4 

Putting bit in hole. 12 — 10 0—35 — 55 4 — 20 1.0 

Inserting bit in chuck 16 — 10 — 23 — 40 6 — 12 1.4 

Tightening chuck (1) 6 — 05 - — 10 — 20 1 — 00 0.2 

Tightening chuck (2) 10 — 38 0—53 1 — 20 8 — 46 2.0 

Getting started 17 — 00 1 — 01 6 — 23 17 — 13 3.8 

Cycle totals 8 — 44 21 — 58 41 — 30 305 — 30 68.2 

Shifting drill 4 t35 — 32 52 — 00 60 — 00 73 — 18 16.4 

Miscellaneous delays 11 — 30 6—17 25 — 40 $69 — 05 15.4 

Total 447—53 100.0 

The cutting speed was 0.135 feet per minute. 

Ratio of cutting time to total time was 0.511. 

Ratio of idle time to cycle time was 0.467. 

(1) Sleeve chuck. (2) Bolted chuck. 

* This figure is not included in "Cycle Total," for this operation 
was performed by one man at the same time that the other man 
was raising the drill. 

t Consisted in moving by derrick. 

t Note the high percentage of delays. Most of these were due 
to the necessity of waiting until the driller or his helper had 
gone in search of and had found drill steels. The lack of method 
in supplying these was one of the noticeable features of the job. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



TABLE 102 — TIME STUDY (PIT) 

Lineal feet drilled, 26.4 feet. 

Average depth of holes, 11 feet. 

Total working time, 3 hours, 56 minutes, 10 seconds. 

Rock, gneiss and granite. 



s s° • 



Drill cutting 12 

Raising drill 11 

Loosening chuck ... 12 

Removing bit 12 

Bailing hole 10 

Putting bit in hole.. 10 

Inserting bit in chuck 10 

Tightening chuck . . 11 

Getting started .... 10 

Cycle totals .... 

Shifting drill 2 

Miscellaneous delays 8 

Total 236—10 100.0 

The cutting speed was 0.190 feet per minute. 

Ratio of cutting time to total time was 0.589. 

Ratio of idle time to cycle time was 0.485. 

* Chuck loosened by one man simultaneously with raising of 
drill by other. 

t Bit removed by one man simultaneously with raising of drill 
by other. 

t The percentage of "Cycle Total" is higher in this case, due 
mostly to the fact that the drillers were better supplied with 
steels and did not have to stop work to hunt them. The miscel- 
laneous delays were chiefly due to the bits sticking in the holes. 



M S 


M S 


M S 


M S 




6—23 


11—35 


21 — 24 


139 — 00 


58.9 


— 10 


— 51 


2 — 00 


9—22 


4.0 


*0 — 00 


0—09 


— 25 


1 — 45 


0.7 


to — 00 


0—29 


1—10 


5—42 


2.4 


1 — 43 


1—36 


2—42 


16—01 


6.8 


— IS 


0—45 


2—09 


7—34 


3.2 


— 05 


— 25 


0—55 


4 — 08 


1.7 


0—02 


— 14 


0—40 


2—30 


1.1 


0—02 


— 13 


— 45 


2—08 


0.9 


8—43 


16—17 


32—10 


188—10 


$79.7 


9—03 


12 — 00 


15—00 


28 — 48 


12.2 


— 15 


2 — 24 


9—40 


19 — 12 


8.1 



COST OF DRILLING AND LOOSENING IN GNEISS AND 
GRANITE. 

Based on the above performance at the quarry, the following 
costs per lineal foot drilled and per cubic yard loosened have 
been deduced: 

1 drill did 31 ft. in 447 min. 53 sec. 
Equivalent to 200 ft. by 6 drills in one day. 
The average spacing of the holes being 17.5'xl6', the cor- 
responding cubic yards loosened= 

200x17.5x16 

=2070 

27 
Dynamite, 60 per cent, 1,035 lbs. or 620 lbs. nitroglycerine, = 
0.3 lb. per cubic yard =3.1 lb. per lineal foot. 

STANDARD BASIS OP COSTS. 



Force Rate 

6 drillers $2.50 

6 drillers helpers 1.75 

IVz blacksmith 3.00 

iy 2 blacksmith helper 1.75 

2 nippers 1-50 

2 mules 1.50 

Total labor (drill)... 

Coal, 500 lbs 3.50 

Oil, 3 qts. per drill 0.30 

Power, 35 K.W.H 0.01 

Total drilling cost. . . . 

3 powdermen 2.00 

1,035 lbs. dynamite 0.12 

25 exploders 0.03 



Interest and depreciation, 
2 per cent per month. . . 



Amount 


? 


15.00 




10.50 


$ 


4.50 




2.63 




3.00 




3.00 


? 


0.87 




1.35 




2.10 


$ 


6.00 


124.20 




0.75 



per 
lin. ft. 
(Cts.) 



per 
cu. yd. 
(Cts.) 



$ 25.50 



Total 



$ 42.95 



$173. i 



$181. 




In the foregoing no account has been taken of contractor's 
overhead charges, superintendence, storage, repairs, preparatory 
costs, insurance, charity, accidents, legal or medical expenses, etc. 

The low cost per cubic yard is due to the unusually wide 
spacing of the holes, which were loaded with a heavy charge of 
dynamite. 

CHURN DRILLS 

Churn drills or portable drilling machines are made in about 
fifteen sizes, some of the largest of which are also built with a 
traction attachment. The small portable and all the traction 
machines are usually equipped with a folding pole derrick, which 
takes up less space than a ladder derrick. 

The prices of machines are about as follows: 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 









TABLE 103 
















Maximum Total 




Cat. 


Type of 




Engine Drilling Weighl 




No. 


Boiler 


Size 


H. P. Derrick 


Depth 


Lbs. 


Price 


15 


Vertical 


5x 5 


5 


Hinged pole 


250 


5,500 


$ 687.00 


17 


Vertical 


5x 5 


5 


Hinged pole 


250 


6,000 


736.00 


18 


T 


6x 5 


6V ? 


Hinged pole 


300 


7,000 


847.00 


19 


T 


6x 6 


IV? 


Hinged pole 


400 


8,500 


1,011.00 


T19 


T 


7x 6 


9 


Hinged pole 


400 


11,500 


1,265.00 


20 


T 


7x 6 


9 


Hinged pole 


500 


9,500 


1,116.00 


T20 


T 


7x 7 


11 


Hinged pole 


500 


13,000 


1,377.00 


21 


T 


7x 7 


11 


Hinged pole 


600 


10,500 


1,200.00 


T21 


T 


8x 7 


13 


Hinged pole 


600 


14,000 


1,490.00 


22 


T 


8x 7 


13 


Hinged pole 


800 


11,500 


1,250.00 


T22 


T 


8x 7 


13 


Hinged pole 


800 


14,500 


1,570.00 


23 


T 


8x 8 


15 


Single pole 


1,000 


14,000 


1,440.00 


T23 


T 


8x 8 


15 


Folding pole 


1,000 


17,000 


1,790.00 


24 


T 


9x 8 


18 


Spliced pole 


1,400 


16,000 


1,568.00 


T24 


T 


9x 8 


18 


Hinged pole 


1,400 


19,000 


1,948.00 


25 


T 


9x 9 


20 


Spliced pole 


1,600 


18,000 


1,750.00 


26 


*T 


lOx 9 


23 


Spliced pole 


2,200 


20,000 


1,980.00 


27 


*rji 


10x10 


26 


Spliced pole 


2,600 


22,000 


2,090.00 


28 


*T 


11x10 


30 


Spliced pole 


3,000 


24,000 


2,200.00 



* Mounted on separate trucks. 

The letter T in front of the catalogue number indicates that 
the machine has traction attachment. With the Nos. 26, 27 and 
28 machines an "oil country" boiler is better and costs about 
$100 extra. The prices above include a complete outfit of tools. 
Rope is also furnished with all machines smaller than No. 23. 

Mr. W. G. Weber, in the Wisconsin Engineer, describes the 
use of churn drills in exploring low-grade copper ore bodies in 
Arizona. A drilling crew usually consisted of one driller and 
one helper or tool dresser, working in twelve-hour shifts. The 
costs of operation were as follows: 



COST OF DRILLING. 

Cost 
Labor: of 

2 drillers at $6 per day $0.48 

2 helpers at $4.80 per day 38 

1 sampler at $4 per day 16 

1 foreman at $6 per day (2 machined) 12 

Roads: 

Labor at $2 per day $0.50 

Foreman at $4 per day 05 

Powder, caps and fuse 03 

Tools, etc 01 

Coal, coke, oils, etc 

Water 

Teaming 

Assaying, office and incidentals, etc > 

Interest at 5% and depreciation (life 4 yrs.) on 
$6,000 outfit 

Total cost per foot of hole , 



per Ft. 
Hole 



$1.14 



0.59 
.27 
.10 
.10 
.16 

.20 



DRILLS 251 

The monthly average of the cost per foot of hole drilled 
varies with one company from $2 to $3. In another instance, 
where holes are drilled further apart and the drilling is poorer 
the cost per foot has run as high as $5. When drilling is the 
only means of development being used on a property, the cost 
of camp maintenance and incidentals considerably swells the 
cost account. 

Mr. H. P. Gillette gives the cost of drilling blasting holes 
on the Pennsylvania railroad work. The drills used were the 
ordinary portable churn drills having engines of from 4 to 8 
h. p. driving a walking beam which raised and lowered a rope, 
to which was fastened the churn bit and rods. A 5% -inch bit was 
used in this work. Each drill averaged three 20-foot holes, or 
60 feet, in shale per 10-hour shift. In limestone, however, and 
in hard sandstone, not more than 10 feet of hole were drilled 
per shift. Had the bits been reduced to 3 inches, and the drill 
rods suitably weighted, much better progress would have been 
made in hard rock. 

Advantages of Churn Drills 

Certain advantages of this type of drill over the regular 
rock drill are as follows: 

(1) A drill will not so readily stick in the hole because of the 
powerful direct pull of the rope that operates the drill rods; (2) 
there is no limit to the depth of the hole and the deeper it is (up 
to any limits possible in blasting) the better the drill works, 
due to the increased weight of the rods; (3) this type of drill 
consumes less fuel than the ordinary steam drill; (4) the weight 
of bits to be carried back and forth from blacksmith shop is 
much less than for the ordinary machine drills; (5) the driller 
will drill through the earth overlying the rock, so that no 
stripping is necessary; (6) the hole at bottom is much larger 
than with the ordinary drill, thus allowing the bulk of the 
powder charge to be concentrated at the bottom of the hole, 
where it should be. For the same reason a lower grade of 
explosive can be used. 

Holes drilled with bits to give 3 inches diameter at the 
bottom of the hole, with depth of 24 feet, in solid brown sand- 
stone in Eastern Ohio. In 14 days of 10 hours each the driller 
put down 692 feet, or practically 50 feet per day. 

Drill runner $3.00 

Drill helper and fireman 2.00 

Pumping water 60 

6 bu. (480 lbs.) coal at 10 cts 60 

Total for 50 ft. of hole $6.20 

This gives a cost of 12% cents per foot of hole, not including 
interest and depreciation, and bit sharpening. The best day's 
work in the brown sandstone, using all the weights, was 53 
feet, but in blue sandstone, which was softer, 60 feet were 
drilled per day, using light weights. 

In the same brown sandstone cut an 8-day test was made 
with a 3% -inch Rand drill for comparison. The holes were 20 



252 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

feet deep, 1% inches in diameter at the bottom (as against 3 
inches with the well driller), and 28 holes were drilled in the 
8 days, making 70 feet the average day's work. A 10 h. p. boiler 
furnished steam. The daily cost of operating the Rand drill was: 

Drill runner $3.00 

Drill helper 1.50 

Fireman 2.00 

Water 75 

10 bu. (800 lbs.) coal at 10 cts 1.00 

Total for 70 ft. of hole $8.25 

This was equivalent to 11.8 cents per foot of hole, not 
including interest and depreciation, and bit sharpening, or slightly 
less than with the churn drill. 

Mr. William R. Wade, in the Mining World, gives some costs 
of churn and core drilling in exploring for turquoise mines 
in the Burro Mountains, New Mexico. The machines used cost 
$4,300, fully equipped and on the work. About 30 feet of 4-inch 
hole were cut in &y 2 hours at a cost of $1.00 per foot, including 
interest, repairs, superintendence and incidentals. Six barrels 
of water and % cord of juniper (equal to pine, cedar or similar 
soft wood in fuel value) were used per day. Mr. Wade states 
that with a crew of three men the actual drilling, cost about 
50 cents per foot, including labor, interest on the drill, supplies 
and $1.00 per day for repairs, but not including office expenses, 
superintendence, assaying, etc. 

DRILL REPAIRS 

In the South African gold mines the cost of drill repairs is 
about $300 per drill per year, or 50c per shift for two-shift 
work, and the size of the average drill is about 3% inches. 

Mr. Thomas Dennison is authority for the statement that the 
average monthly cost of keeping a drill in repair when working 
in the Michigan copper mines is as follows : 

Supplies $ 1.31 

Machinist labor 8.45 

Blacksmith labor $ 1.60 

Total per month $11.36 

Number of drills in shop at one time is about 15 per cent 
of the total number. 

Mr. A. R. Chambers has used 25 Sullivan U. D. drills for 11 
months' work in hard red hematite. The holes varied from 6 to 8 
feet in depth, and a drilling record of 104 feet was made in one 
ten-hour shift. The drills were mounted on columns with arms, 
and the cost of repairs was: 

Materials $5.30 

Labor 2.00 

Total $7.30 

per month per drill, or about 30 cents per ten-hour day per drill. 



DRILLS 253 

Mr. Josiah Bond kept record of drill repairs for three years 
and they show a cost of $102, $101.50 and $93.75 per year per 
drill, respectively, for the three years. It is his opinion that a 
drill used night and day for one year is sufficiently worn at 
the end of that time to scrap and that its life for single shift 
work is three years. 

Mr. Charles H. Swigert is authority for the following data 
on tunnel work in very hard basaltic rock. In 9y 2 months the 
total of 65,400 feet of hole was drilled, being an average of 29 
lin. ft. of hole per drill. The drills were of 3" size. Cost of 
repairs for four drills was as follows: 

Per Lin. Ft. Per Cu. Yd. 
Repairs of Hole Excavated 

Labor 0.60 cents 2.80 cents 

Material 1.40 cents 6.80 cents 

Total 2.00 cents 9.60 cents 

The total drill repairs amounted to 58c per eight-hour shift. 
In the 9y 2 months 2,262 shifts were worked. 

Mr. Hauer states that on one Ingersoll-Sergeant drill of 3%" 
size, class F, the repairs, not including repairs to hose, amounted 
to $5 per month for a period of four to five months. 

I am indebted to Mr. John Rice, vice-president of the General 
Crushed Stone Co. of South Bethlehem, Pa., for the following 
information as to drill repairs: 

2 |§ I > %% ^ & 

"s 1*3 &% §? t*ri K d ffi - sg 
o IS d £ d gSS sjsS -SIS |s 

£5 Z Z < § g K 

Quartzite — 1904. 
9 F 9 101,379 1,525 6.65 7.03 6.12 *0.61 

Quartzite — 1905. 
8 F 9 118,597 1,383.5 8.57 9.25 7.55 fO.64 

Limestone — 1903. 
7 F9 93,118 922 10.1 10.7 9.37 *0.31 

Limestone — 1904. 
7 F9 114,430 1,130 10.13 11.47 9.32 fO.56 

7 F9 107,837 913 11.8 12.69 10.0 f0.57 

Exceeding Hard Trap — 1905. 
5 F9 36,973 1,411 2.62 3.05 2.58 tl-7 
4 A 32 2.57 2.24 

* Drill parts only. t Drill parts, steel and hose. 

Note: The Ingersoll-Sergeant drill F 9 has a cylinder 3% ins. 
in diameter and a 7-in. stroke. The Ingersoll-Sergeant drill 
A 32 has a cylinder 2% ins. in diameter and a 5-in. stroke. 



254 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Mr. Bond (quoted above) observes that a well-made heavy 
bar or column should outlast four drills, and arms are generally 
strong enough to finish three drills. He considers that repairs 
and depreciation on a stoping drill are about 50c per shift. 

The cost of repairs to two Ingersoll drills 3V S inches in size 
at the Melones mine was $91.00 for over 2,600 feet of tunnel. 

The following drill repair costs are given in "Rock Drilling," 
by Dana and Saunders: 

The cost for putting in shape for work nine drills on the 
D., L. & W. cutoff was $1,100. Repairs on fourteen drills for 
the first 13 months after the commencement of the work 
amounted to $695.62, or an average of $3.80 per drill per month, 
or 38 cents per drill per shift. 

At Thornton, 111., the repairs on fourteen drills during nine 
months in 1909 cost $3,058.47, or 93 cents per drill per day, single 
shift work. 







v --.. 






Fig. 87. Quincey Mining Company's Drill Shop at Hancock, 
Mich., Equipped with Four Standard Drill- 
Making and Sharpening Machines. 



DRILL SHARPENING MACHINES 



A drill making and sharpening machine, with a capacity for 
sharpening any sort of drill up to 20 feet in length and 800 to 
1,000 bits per eight-hour shift, requires one man to operate the 
machine and one man to heat the steel. With the machine is 
furnished one set of dies and dollies for sharpening cross or 
X bits from 1% to 3% inches gauge. Such a set usually lasts 
ten months, double shift work. Spares for X bits cost $75.00. 
Compressed air at 80-90 lbs. is used for the pistons, and a small 
motor or other drive for the drill rest. About $100 per year 
will cover repairs to the machine. The price, f. o. b. N. Y., is 
$1,350, the net weight about 5,000 lbs., and shipping weight 
6,000 lbs. 

One drill sharpening machine was operated by one man who 
attended his own forge and made necessary repairs. It ran on 



DRILLS 



255 



an average of 4 hours per day and sharpened approximately 
36,000 drills, averaging 50 drills per hour. The amount of fuel 
used was about one-half that required in hand work. To form 
and sharpen new drills required iy 2 minutes. The life of a bit 
sharpened by this machine is longer than when done by hand, 
the bits being better compacted, and drills can be sharpened 
at the same machine by the same dies. Before this machine was 
used two blacksmiths and two helpers were necessary, the ma- 
chine showing a, saving over hand labor in 6 months of $1,738.50 
and saving in coal for 1S3 days, $83. Total saving for 6 months, 
$1,821.50. (No record as to machine cost.) 

In the South African gold mines each drilling machine uses an 
average of twenty drill points per shift, which amounts to 
600 lbs. of drills removed to and from the job for each machine 




^ *~.--k i £Nv 




Fig. 89. Drilling "Down' 

Holes with the "Little 

imp" Drill. 



Fig. 88. Drilling "Up" Holes 

with the "Little Imp" 

Air Feed Drill. 



per shift. One blacksmith with a helper will keep 5 to 7 
drills supplied with sharp bits. In medium rock a bit must be 
sharpened for each 2 ft. of hole, in hard rock, for each iy s ft., 
and in soft rock for each 4 ft. The direct cost of sharpening 
bits by hand is about as follows: 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Blacksmith 
Helper 
Charcoal . . 



,$3.00 
, 2.00 



Total 140 bits at 4 cents = $5.60 

Mr. T. H. Proske 
says: 

"The power drill- 
sharpener has re- 
moved many of the 
shortcomings attend- 
ant upon the hand 
sharpening process, 
with the result that 
where these machines 
are used it is possible 
to accomplish from 25 
to 100 per cent more 
drilling than under 
the old methods." I 
take this to mean 25 
to 100 per cent more 
drilling per trip to the 
shop on the part of 
the drill tender, which 
statement is well 
within the facts. Es- 
pecially is this true 
when the machine 
sharpening is com- 
bined with the selec- 
tion of special drill 
steels. 




Fig. 89 A. 



HAND HAMMER DRILLS 

Hand Hammer Drills are light, powerful, small tools which are 
adapted to light work in mines and quarries. 

Imperial Hand Hammer Drill No. MV2, complete $60.00 

1 drill, 12-inch 1.15 

1 drill, 24-inch 1.55 

1 drill, 36-inch 2.00 

1 drill, 48-inch 2.50 

1 dolly 2.50 

25 ft. of %-inch, 7 -ply air hose complete 7.20 

Total $76.90 

Performance of Small Hand Hammer Drill 

The writer examined with some care the operation of a small 
hand hammer drill in the field operating in granitic schist in a 
New Hampshire quarry. The accompanying photographs, Figs. 
89A and 89B, show the drill in operation with the dust coming out 



DRILLS 



257 



of the hole and being carried away by the wind; and the operator 
in the act of releasing drill steel from the chuck. This operation 
of changing steels required an average of 11% seconds on the 
part of a highly skilled operator. The field notes of this test 
were as follows: 

; Time . 



Hours 
, 1 



Minutes Seconds 



3 

25 
37 

54% 

20 
31% 

20 % 

13% 
221/2 



Start of first steel 

Finish of first steel 

Start of second steel 

Finish of second steel 

Start of third steel 

Finish of third steel 

Start of fourth steel 

Finish of fourth steel 

Start of fifth steel 

Finish of fifth steel 

Total depth of hole, 55% in. 
Average depth per steel, 11 in. 

The steel used was %-in. hexagonal hollow rolled steel. 
First bit, diameter, 1% in. 
Last bit, diameter, 1% in. 
After the hole was 
finished, dust filled 
the hole to about a 
depth of 8 in. until 
blown out, which time 
for blowing out is not 
included in the above 
time study. The 
elapsed time for the 
entire operation was 
6 "min. 19% sec, or 
6.32 min. The total 
time to change steels 
was 44% sec, or .75 
min., making 5.57 min. 
for drilling time, or 
practically 10 in. per 
minute. This, of 
course, did not include 
the time of getting 
ready for a new hole 
or blowing out the old 
hole, both of which 
operations could eas- 
ily be accomplished 
in 30 seconds by an 
average operator. This 
example is given to 
show the adaptability 
of these small hand 
machines for rapid 
and economical work on comparatively shallow holes. In addi- 
tion to the air pipe is shown a pipe running to the pressure gauge, 
which registered 102 lbs. when the drill was not working and 85 




Fig. 89 B. 



258 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

lbs. with drill running. The former pressure represented the 
pressure at the compressor. In this drill some of the exhaust 
goes down through the bit and blows the rock cuttings up out 
of the hole, producing a heavy cloud in a strong wind. 
SUBMARINE DRILLS 

There are two general methods of submarine drilling: (1) 
"Platform Method," so-called from a platform or staging sup- 
ported on "spuds." This method is applicable where currents 
are excessively disturbing influences. (2) The "Barge Method" 
employs a floating scow or barge carrying the drills and other 
equipment, anchored in place by cables or chains. The height 
of the framing, length of feed, etc., and resulting price of equip- 
ment, depend upon depth of drilling. 

A number of plants for subaqueous drilling are described in 
"Rock Drilling," by Dana and Saunders, from which the following 
data are abstracted: 

The Platform Method. Cylindrical telescopic tubes with a 
conical taper, fitted with an ejector attachment, rest on the rock, 
with upper end above the surface of the water. Drilling, washing 
and charging are performed through these tubes. The use of the 
water jet is usually very economical. The boilers, shops, pumps, 
diving apparatus, etc., are usually carried by barge or scow 
moored to the platform and by anchors. 

In the operations on Black Tom Reef, New York harbor, which 
commenced May 2, 1881, S44 actual working days were occupied in 
drilling 1,736 holes, a total of 17,658 lineal feet (av. depth 10.17') 
and removing 5,136 cu. yds. 

The cost of plant, including alterations and additions, was as 
follows: 

Barge No. 4, hull and equipment $ 6,640.00 

Drill Float, No. 1 4,095.70 

Drill Float No. 2 4,987.40 

Machinery, etc 3,815.51 

Total $19,538.61 

The foregoing cost of plant and the following cost of operation 
are excessive, due to the experimental work prior to the introduc- 
tion of the improved methods of operation. 
The operating expenses were as follows: 

Cost Cost 

per Lin. Ft. per Cu. Yd. 
Total Cost Drilled Removed 

Labor $9,203.88 $0,521 $1,792 

Explosives 9,461.00 0.535 1.844 

Actual repairs to plant 1,575.57 0.089 0.307 

Repairs to drills 93.31 0.005 0.018 

Repairs to ejector pipes 267.54 0.015 0.052 

Steam and water hose 491.18 0.028 0.096 

Connecting wire, 7714 lbs 52.08 0.003 0.010 

Rubber tape for connections, 

7 rolls 12.25 0.001 0.002 

Water 500.55 0.029 0.096 

Coal, 200.2 tons 823.03 0.047 0.160 

Total $22,480.39 $1,273 $4,377 



DRILLS • 259 

Area drilled over 32,100 sq. ft. 

Dynamite used , 20,461 lbs. 

Exploders used 1,844 

Number of drilling machines 3 

Steels used (octagon 1 1/12") 18 

Total loss of steel by abrasion and dressing 

(59.5') 394.5 lbs. 

Average depth of hole to each cu. yd. rock re- 
moved '. 3.44 1in.ft. 

Barge Method. The drill boat used by the Great Lakes Dredge 
Dock Co. at West Neebish Channel, St. Mary's River, in 1909. 
was of timber, 126 ft. long by 30 ft. beam, covered by a house 
in which were boilers, shops and men's quarters. The equipment 
.included the following: 

1 Scotch marine (3 fire) boiler, 14' long x 13' diameter. 
1 Bach blacksmith's forge, anvil, block with stack, bench, vise, 
pipe clamp. 
17 Span drill bits. 
1 Hydraulic cylinder, 12"xl5' 6", with 3%" piston and traction 
chain for moving drills. 

1 Small feed pump. 

2 Force pumps. 

1 dynamo (and switchboard) driven by one cylinder belted en- 
gine; dynamo 110 volts and 42 amperes, D. C, 5 h. p., 
1,600 r. t>. m. 

1 Small vertical washout boiler. 

5 Drill machines, 6%" on track of 2' 6" I beams. 

2 Steam driven capstans. 
4 Spud engines, 6"x6%". 

The cost of the plant was approximately $35,000.00. 

The drill boat "Earthquake" used by Dunbar and Sullivan on 
Section No. 3 of the Livingstone channel, Detroit River channel 
improvement, had a steel hull 106 ft. long, 30 ft. wide and 
5 ft. 9 in. deep. The deck was of 2-in. planking, and the house, 
89x19x13 ft. high, also of wood. The framework of the hull was 
composed of standard angles and brackets, and divided into 
four watertight compartments by transverse bulkheads. 

The equipment includes the following : 

4 Drills and equipment. 
4 Spud anchors. 
4 Spud anchor engines. 
2 Steam capstans. 
17 Bits. 
1 Hydraulic cylinder, 11 ft. long x 12 in. diameter for shifting 

drills. 
1 Boiler, 12%x7% ft. 
1 Feed water heat. 
1 Injector. 

1 Small engine for boiler feed. 
1 Small pump for washout. 
1 Pump, 10x7x10 in., for hydraulic lift. 
1 Each anvil, forge, bench, vise and pipe clamp, small blower 

and blower estimate. 
1 Dynamo and small engine for lights. 
1 Tank, 7x21x3 ft., for heating feed water for hydraulic lift in 

winter. 
1 Cutter and 1 powder boat. 
The cost of the plant was approximately $45,000. 



260 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

On the Hay Lake and Neebish Channels improvement of St. 
Mary's River, Mich., Section No. 4, the following plant was used: 

3 Drill boats, approximate value $ 34,000 

2 Dredges, approximate value 45,000 

4 Dump scows, approximate value 30,000 

1 Floating derrick, approximate value 6,000 

2 Tugs, approximate value 10,000 

Total '. ..$125,000 

The drill boats have wooden hulls, 98x25x6 ft., 90x30x6 ft. and 
65x16x5 ^ ft, the two largest having 3 drills each and the 
smaller 2 drills. 

The following tabulation of the cost of subaqueous drilling is 
also abstracted from "Rock Drilling": 



CT-jrt^ooo-a-j O5oso!cncn^>^*.co i-" Actual drilling 
bbs'Mffl-CHM «o «o ct bi co bo bi "*. bi bs labor per ft. of 

co *. ooococoocnotoco to hole (cents) 




bi ffi m m mm mmmm mmmmmmmmm m 

o o> a> a> cDtt) »ttira(t> J?(?!?ro<Dn)tDiT)(D a> *SI ...P* 

p p p p p p pppp ppppppppp p Drill 

3 3 3 3 33 33 3^3 333333333 3 



en -J • to ^ Ol O rf CO 00 OS o o en to £f to >^ oo i-" en o 

© © "2 0°"0>i) OjMK>Mi i- CT> *° i O O O © OS 



Depth of Hole 
(ft. and in.) 



£ 



toto. . *.£. eoww *.*.»£ >* Starting bit 

ss^: : *" : r&£;£ &8° jr (inches) 



to to- toS^stototototo- tototo to No. of men td 

~2 to drill t* 



jsj o 23 a gw s^wg 






-K 



?2 W ? W^tdgg«p: m 5S^^ 



- o w 



ra&psr, 



dft ffi n ^ =s.s- =s g.«ng w 



3 



Q 



O U ffiQ ffiffiOQ GdUdGGbbU U >> 

S £ ' £ P O £ --p^ppppppppp g ^ 

O" O* C 3 do* hnhrirSa* 333333333 3 £. 

a> a> a> p crq <t> oo^* ppppppppp s° b* 

3- 3- 3 S3- ftQ 3- 2 

p oq orq a 

a 33 3 



261 



262 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

MISCELLANEOUS DRILLS 

CHANNELERS. 

These machines are used generally where the output of quar- 
ries consists of dimension stone, but sometimes, as on canal 
work, it is more economical to channel rocks to a required face 
than to drill and blast beyond the "pay" limit. Another definite 
advantage in the use of channelers is noted in the building of 
the Chicago Drainage Canal, where the walls were required to 
be left smooth and solid. The depth to which a channeler can 
cut depends upon the character of the rock. A cut as great as 
17 ft. has been accomplished, but very rarely. The general aver- 
age is from 7 to 10 ft. With a 9 ft. cut in shale, a machine 
under my direction, in February, 1908, cut from 80 to 250 sq. ft. 
per day of three shifts with a total of 3,139 sq. ft. for the 
month. The width of a channel cut will vary with the conditions 
from iy 2 in. to 5 in., more or less. The cost per square foot 
channeled was 13.5 cents labor and about 4 cents for coal. These 
costs are exclusive of plant, superintendence and overhead 
charges. 

In the fixed-back channeler the movement of the steels is 
limited to two vertical planes and the cut is vertical with square 
ends. The swing-back track channeler is intended for angular 
cutting in quarries where the floor is to be enlarged. And it is 
desirable to follow it without removing overlying rock. The 
Broncho channeler has a purpose intermediate between the heavy 
track channeler and the light quarry bar and drill. The under- 
cutting track channeler is designed to meet conditions in rock 
in which there are no free horizontal beds, and the cleavage of 
the stone is nearly vertical. 



3® w 

® aj eo«ooo 



Ml I 



«^« 






*« 



** 1 1 1 1 i 



ass? 



* mi i llllisess 



3 P. 

5ES 



ill 

S a 

o en . 

i a® 



N . o- 






sSt2 

go® 

:- : : :2SP||3*3FS3*33 IS oS-§ 

| W §®o 

ho oS 

<=> fl ,„ to 



fe ® o u o o o o 



£ « g.5 wi 



° : 8 s 



-£ *c •« 



»®.s 



CO 



••_, .S?a>.2 
a^ ®,cc 

ffl 






264 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Standard track equipment furnished with channelers provides 
for a total length of forty-two feet in three sections. Eighty- 
pound rail is used. A tool chest with a very complete equip- 
ment, boiler tools, etc., is supplied. 

Steels are furnished according to the stone to be channeled, 
as follows: They cost about $2.50 per foot per gang or $5 per 
foot per set of 2 gangs. 

Steels for Marble and Limestone When Used with Crosshead. 

Fifty pieces of steel constitute two sets (10 gangs, 5 pieces to 
each gang), to channel to a depth of 7 ft. in marble and lime- 
stone. Size of steel, % in. by 1% in. 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 1 ft. 6 in. long 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 3 ft. 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 4 ft. 6 in. " 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 6 ft. 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 7 ft. 6 in. 

The Blacksmith's Gauge for Steels for Marble and Limestone 
commences at 1% in. and reduces 1-16 in. on each length from 
the 3-foot lengths up. The starters and the 3-foot lengths have 
the same gauge, iy s in. 

All gangs of the same length have the same gauge. 

Steels for Sandstone When Used with Crosshead. 

Thirty pieces constitute two sets (10 gangs, 3 pieces to each 
gang), to channel to a depth of 7 ft. in sandstone. Size of steel, 
% in. by 2% in. 

2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 1 ft. 6 in. long 

2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 3 ft. 

2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 4 ft. 6 in. " 

2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 6 ft. 

2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 7 ft. 6 in. 

The Gauge for the Sandstone Bits commences at 3 in. and 
reduces % in. on each length from the 3-foot lengths up. The 
starters and the 3-foot lengths have the same gauge, 3 in. 

All gangs of the same length have the same gauge. 

Steels for Ddarble and Limestone When Used with Boiler Guide. 

Fifty pieces of steel constitute two sets (10 gangs, 5 pieces 
to each gang), to channel to a depth of 7 ft. in marble or lime- 
stone. 

Each gang uses 3 steels 1 in. by 1% in. and 2 steels 1 in. by 
1% in. 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 2 ft. 6 in. long 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 4 ft. 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 5 ft. 6 in. " 

2 Gang's — 10 pieces, each 7 ft. 

2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 8 ft. 6 in. 

Note: It will be noticed that these steels are longer for a 
given depth of cut than when a crosshead is used, but this extra 
length is used by Roller Guide. 



DRILLS 265 

The Blacksmith's Gauge for Steels for Marble and Limestone 
commences at iy 2 in. and reduces 1-16 in. on each length from 
the 4-foot lengths up. The starters and the 4-foot lengths have 
the same gauge, iy 2 in. 

GADDER. 

The Gadder is used to drill a number of parallel holes in a 
plane, at any angle from horizontal to vertical, or, in connection 
with the channeler, in drilling the horizontal undercutting holes. 
In "plug and feather" work it is used to break the large blocks 
cut free by the channelers. 

The equipment includes the following: One truck with corner 
pins, 1 standard back screw, 1 long back screw and extra 
short back screw for frame, 1 set of oilers, 1 set of wrenches, 1 
tie rod 8 ft. long. Price of gadder frame $465, f. o. b. factory; 
weight 2,550 lbs. Price of drill (extra) 36 in. feed, $165. Ap- 
proximate shipping weight of frame and drill complete, 3,150 lbs. 



QUARRY BARS. 





PQ 


p 




3 

XIX 


O &£ 

5 -SQ m 


to^-u 




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O 

o 






K 9 Kl 


too ^ 




£53 


to 

a 

<p 






Weight 
Drill 
Weig 

Shippin 
With 
or W 


s: +j to 
nil 3 '5 

ft*** 


Size 


Ft. In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Inches 


Lbs. Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Light 








2 






3-inch 


10 


8 


4 


2% 
*2V 2 
*2% 

2V 2 


480 565 


945 


Standard 








2% 






4% -inch 


12 


10 





3 

31/4 
3% 


960 1,125 


1,625 






















3% 







0) o 
Oh 



$150.00 



Complete Quarry Bar includes carriage, weight and wrenches, 
but no drill. 

* When a 2% -inch drill is used on the 3-inch Light Quarry Bar, 
or a 2% -inch drill is used on the 4% -inch Standard Quarry Bar, 
a special saddle is necessary. 

ELECTRIC AIR CHANNELER. 

This machine is operated on the same principle as the electric 
air drill heretofore described. 

The character of current recommended is the same as for the 
electric air drill. 



266 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Equipment. 

One complete "Electric-Air" Channeler outfit includes the fol- 
lowing: 

One "Electric-Air" Swing Back, Swivel Head Track Channeler 
mounted on a rigid cast iron truck with single flanged truck 
wheels. 

One pulsator rigidly mounted on the truck; one motor, either 
220 volt direct, or 220 volt, 3-phase, 50 or 60 cycle, alternating 
current; and one speed-changing controller. 




Fig. 90. Track Channelers in Operation in the Quarries at 
Bedford, Indiana. 



In addition to the above the following accessories are pro- 
vided: 30 feet of flexible protected cable with connections; one 
drag pole; three 12-foot sections of track and one 6-foot sec- 
tion; one set of lifting bales; one spare chuck clamp; one main 
fuse box; a full set of wrenches; a full set of tools; and selected 
extra parts covering both the mechanical and electrical parts of 
the equipment. Channeler steels are furnished only on order, at 
extra cost. 

Price, complete, $4,250 net, f. o. b. factory. 



When requesting quotations on rock drilling machinery, the 
following information should be furnished the manufacturer: 

In Quarrying-. 

1. Give the location of work, whether on surface or under- 
ground. 

2. Describe the nature of the rock, whether sandstone, slate, 
limestone, granite, marble, etc. State whether the material is 
hard, medium or soft. 

3. Is the quarry output in dimension stone or simply broken 
rock? 

4. If the material is shelly, state whether it is tight or loose. 

5. What is to be the extreme depth of holes? Are there many 
or few of these deep holes? 



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Fig. 



91. The "Broncho" Channeler on a Side Hill at the 
Waverley Marble Quarries, Tuckahoe, N. Y. 



6. What is the average depth of the holes to be drilled? 
(This is important.) 

7. What is to be the average diameter of the holes at the 
bottom? If undecided, state whether dynamite or black powder 
is to be used. 

8. What is the greatest distance to which steam will have to 
be piped or will ever be used? 

9. A rough sketch of the quarry is very useful and also a 
small sample of the material to be quarried. If the latter is sent, 
it should be properly labeled with the name and address of the 
sender and prepaid; a 3-inch or 5-inch cube is a good size. 



268 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

In Railway Cut or Excavation. 

10. Give the full dimensions of the cut and in addition answer 
such questions in above list as may apply to the case. 

In Sewer or Trenching- Work. 

11. Give answers to questions Nos. 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 above. 

12. Give the width and depth of the trench, stating the depth 
of the rock which is to be removed, and depth of earth of any) 
over the rock. 

In Metal Mining-. 

13. Give full information as to the nature and quality of the 
ore. 

14. Describe the general system of mining. 




Fig. 92. Front View of the "Electric- 
Air" Channeler, Showing It Ad- 
justed for Making a 
Transfer Cut. 



15. Give the dimensions of the shafts, drifts, stopes and winzes 
which are to be driven. 

16. If a compressed air equipment is desired, answer the ques- 
tions under the heading of "Compressed Air." 

In Tunneling-. 

17. What is the nature of the material which is to be passed 
through? 

18. Dimensions of tunnel? 

19. What is to be the total length? 

20. Are heading and bench to be driven together, or will a 
heading be driven first and the bench removed afterward? 

21. Is the tunnel to be driven from one end only, or from both? 

22. Are intermediate shafts to be sunk? If so, give their depth 
and cross-section, and describe the material to be penetrated. 



DRILLS 



23. If compressed air is to be used, distributed by pipes leading 
from a central station, these stations should be located where 
coal and water are most readily accessible. In such cases answer 
the questions under the heading "Compressed Air." 

In Shaft Work. 

24. What are to be the dimensions of the shaft? 

25. Give the depth proposed and nature of the rock or ore 
penetrated. If compressed air is to be used, answer the ques- 
tions under that head below. 

In Submarine Drill Work. 

26. Give the greatest depth 



of water over the rock to be 




No. 93. No. 11 "Imperial" Wood 
Boring Machine. 

27. Give the depth of rock which is to be blasted and the 
depth of the holes to be drilled. If possible, state a maximum 
and minimum depth required. 

28. Give the rise and fall of the tide, if any. 

29. Give the velocity of the current, if any. 

30. State whether the drilling is to be done from a scow, pon- 
toon, platform or whatever support is used. 

31. State whether the rock is covered with mud, clay, gravel 
or sand, and if so, to what depth. 

Where Compressed Air Is to Be Used. 

32. State the altitude above sea level at which the compressor 
is to be located. 



270 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



33. Give a general idea of the location and arrangement of the 
plant. 

34. State how near the plant is to fuel and water, and the 
kind and cost of the fuel. 

35. State how far the compressing plant is from the work to 
be done. 

36. If other machinery than drills is to be run by air, give 
the cylinder dimensions, the speed, the pressure necessary, the 
running time, the location, and other information likely to be of 
service. 

37. State whether the compressor is to be run by steam, 
electricity or water power. 




Fig 94. Drilling Frame Bolt Holes in a Locomotive Frame. 



38. Give the steam pressure which is to be used. 

39. State whether the compressor is to run condensing or non- 
condensing. If condensing, state quality, temperature and quan- 
tity of water available. 

40. If a boiler is already available, state its rated horse-power. 

41. State how long the work is to last, and whether the most 
economical or a cheaper plant is contemplated. 

42. If electric power is to be used, state character, voltage and 
frequency of current available. 

43. If water power is to be used, state head and quantity 
available. 

44. If compressor must be sectionalized, state limit of weight 
permissible. 



PNEUMATIC PISTON DRILLS. 

Pneumatic piston drills are used for drilling metals, boring 
wood, tapping, reaming, flue rolling, etc. The No. 1 and No. 11 
machines listed below cost about $72.00 and the other sizes about 
$75.00. 



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S&3° SI" %& (Ins.) H 

toi-. cotton* Size Twist Drill Will 2 
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mm to mm Reaming (Ins.) 



mm M to M Tapping (Ins.) 
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&;&&£;&&£;£ Hose Connection (Ins.) 



272 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

SAND PUMPS. 

"Down" holes in rock forming a mud which will not splash 
out must be cleaned at intervals — usually at every change of 
steels. For this purpose the sand pump is used. It is a sec- 
tion of wrought iron boiler tube having a valve at its lower 
end which opens to admit the slush, but closes when the tube 
is lifted. At the upper end of the tube a chain should be 
attached, made up of several links of rod by which the pump is 
forced to the bottom of the hole. A ring at the last link pre- 
vents the chain from dropping in the hole. The two-foot length 
is used for cleaning holes without moving the drills; greater 
lengths are intended for deep holes. Standard sizes and prices 
are tabulated below. 



TABLE 107— SAND PUMP WITH BAIL 



Outside Diam. 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


No. 4 


No. 5 


in ins 


. . l^-inch 


l^o-inch 


lH-inch 


1 }f -inch 


2 % -inch 


Standard 












Sizes Ln. 


Price 


Price 


Price 


Price 


Price 


In stock 2 ft. 


...$1.00 


$1.00 


$1.25 


$1.50 


$2.50 


In stock 4 ft. 


. .. 1.50 


1-50 


1.75 


2.00 


3.00 


To order 6 ft. 


. . . 2.00 


2.00 


2.25 


2.5.0 


3.50 


For each addi- 










tional foot 


of 










length add . 


... .25 


.25 


.25 


.30 


.30 



Note: Above prices are for pump complete with valve and bail, 
but do not include a chain or rod. 

Net price for stone drills at Boston is as follows: Stone drills, 
1 and 1%-in. octagon steel, 2 to 6-ft. lengths, 12 cts. per lb. 

The net prices at Chicago for hand drills for stone, marble 
and granite are as follows: Ball drills, 7 ft. long, 8 lbs. weight, 
$2.85 each. 

TABLE 108— MISCELLANEOUS DRILLS 

Each 

%-in.x 8-in $0.30 

%-in.xl0-in 35 

%-in.xl2-in 40 

%-in.xl4-in 45 

%-in.xl6-in 60 

%-in.xl6-in 70 

l-in.xl6-in 75 

Net price for drills is as follows: Stone drills, 1 and 1%-in. 
octagon steel, 2 to 6 ft. lengths, 12 cts. per lb. 

Blacksmith drills operated by hand power, for drilling holes up 
to iy 2 ins., weigh from 90 to 150 lbs., and cost from $12.00 to 
$25.00. 



'er Doz. 


$3.00 


3.60 


4.00 


4.50 


6.00 


7.20 


7.50 




Fig. 95. 



274 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

ELECTRIC GENERATORS 

An electric light plant with generator driven by a gas engine 
of special design has the following specifications: 
Direct connected sets: 

TABLE 109 

"R .5 "'g S>s k~ 

a So eg c& p^ 

C n -rt oj ^ 

. ^n H 2 £ J °~ S3 

-3 °0 <H g £ji ^ «w 

m o g Su °o r3 o 

ffl (*i £ £ O U £ EHflfc 

8 350 1 2,200 5% K. W. 80 950 3,925 $ 855 

10 350 1 2,600 6V 2 K. W. 100 1,000 4,375 945 

12 335 1 3,000 7% K. W. 125 1,300 5,350 1,080 

18 325 2 4,000 12 K. W. 180 1,950 7,050 1,485 

25 325 2 5,000 18" K. W. 250 2,100 8,425 1,800 

35 300 2 7,000 27 K. W. 350 2,800 11,500 2,430 

The shipping weight is about 500 lbs. more than the total net 

weight. Regular equipment consists of rheostat, muffler, spark 

coil, ignition wire, wrenches, and gas regulator with gas engines. 

The following are excerpts from records of tests made in 

actual service: 

TABLE 110 — I 

Test Made at Test Made at Test Made at 

Albany, N. Y., Pittsburgh, New York 

12 H. P. Di- Pa., 25 H. P., City, 10 H. P. 
rect Connected Belted to 22 Direct Con- 
to 7% K. W. K. W. Gener- nected to 6^ 
Generator. ator. K. W. Gen- 
erator. 

Fuel Manufactured Natural gas Gasoline 

gas 

Value of fuel 600 B. T. U. 1,100 B. T. U. 

per cu. ft. per cu. ft. 78° gravity 

Cost of fuel $1.00 per thou- 27% cents per 

sand ft. thousand ft. 14c per gal. 

Duration of test.. 5 hours 5 hours 2 hours 

Amperes 65 128 50 

Volts 120 111 119 

Fuel consumed per 

hour 260 cu. ft. 303 cu. ft. 11.25 pints 

Cost of fuel con- 
sumed per hour. 26 cents 8 3/10 cents 19.7 cents 
Cost of fuel per 

K. W. H 3% cents $0.0057 $0,033 

Cost per hour per 

60 watt lamp... $0,002 $0.00034 $0,002 
Efficiency of gen- 
erator 80% 85% 78% 

H. P. developed by 

engine 13 26 10.2 

Temperature cool- 
ing water dis- 
charge 162° F. 175° F. 170° F. 

Temperature of 

room 86° F. 85° F. 88° F. 

Temperature of 
generator at 

end of test 132° F. 110° F. 105° F. 

Where economy of space is not necessary, belted sets may be 
installed at a saving in first cost. 



ELECTRIC GENERATORS 275 











II 














BELTED PLANTS. 








— Engi 


ne j 




-Generator , 

Capacity in 














56 Watt 




Size of 




H.P. 


R.P.M 


. Price. 


K.W. 


Lamps. 


R.P.M. 


Pulley. 


Price. 


iy a 


400 


$ 70.00 


7s 


15 


1,200 


6"x 3%" 


$ 88.00 


2% 


400 


90.00 


1% 


25 


1,600 


6"x 3y 2 " 


88.00 


5 


375 


160.00 


3 


54 


1,600 


7"x 4" 


108.00 


6 


375 


216.00 


3y 2 


63 


1,600 


7"x 4" 


116.00 


8 


350 


400.00 


5% 


80 


1,100 


9"x 5" 


174.00 


10 


350 


475.00 


6% 


100 


1,350 


9"x 5" 


174.00 


12 


335 


550.00 


7% 


125 


700 


12"x 6" 


235.00 


18 


325 


800.00 


12 


180 


1,150 


10"x 5%" 


239.00 


25 


325 


900.00 


17 


250 


900 


16"x 8" 


333.00 


35 


300 


1,300.00 


275 


350 


680 


20"xl2" 


488.50 



All engines are guaranteed to carry a 10 per cent overload. 



276 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



ELECTRIC MOTORS 



Electric motors used by contractors in general construction 
work range in size from a fraction of a H. P. to about 150 H. P. 
Direct current motors may be furnished shunt, series or com- 
pound wound. Shunt wound motors maintain a perfectly con- 
stant speed regardless of load. They are used when constant 
speed 4s required under changed loading conditions and are par- 
ticularly suitable for driving line shafting or groups of ma- 
chines operated by one motor. Series wound motors vary in 
speed in proportion to the load carried. They exert a very 
strong start torque and will race if allowed to run free. They are 
particularly suitable for operating cranes, hoists, etc., where 
frequent reversals are necessary and where the speed of the 
motor is constantly under the control of an operator. 

Compound wound motors combine the advantages of the shunt 
and of the series wound motors. They will vary in speed under 
changed loading conditions more than a shunt wound motor, but 
they will not race nor slow down under a heavy load to such an 
extent as a series wound motor. They are adapted to driving- 
pumps, etc., where fairly steady speed and starting torque are 
required. 

The single phase alternating-current motor has been quite well 
developed during the last few years, but it has as yet come into 
rather limited use. The polyphase motor has come into very 
general use, its relative simplicity being a strong feature. These 
induction motors may be either of two general types, the 
squirrel cage type and the slip ring, or wound motor type. The 
squirrel cage type is the more simple and has no moving con- 
tacts, and hence no wearing parts except the bearings. Relative 
freedom from sparking is assured and the motors can be used 
with some safety in locations surrounded by inflammable or 
explosive material. For constant speed service with fairly in- 
frequent starting or with frequent startings on circuits where 
close voltage regulation is not essential the squirrel cage is the 
preferable type. The slip ring type, however, by the use of ad- 
justable starting resistance in series with the secondary, will 
start a given load with less current, and is therefore preferable 
where frequent starting with heavy load is necessary and where 
close voltage regulation is essential. The slip ring motor is 
also useful for some kinds of varying speed service, notably 
hoists and cranes, where its service is comparable to that of a 
series wound d. c. motor. 

Motors for variable speed use are designed for intermittent 
service of a maximum of 30 minutes duration and this reduces 
the cost. Motors when well protected have a long life. The 
brush is the quickest wearing part and one will last from 1 to 
4 years, depending on the care given and the kind of service. 
When a motor is overloaded the brush sparks and, therefore, 



ELECTRIC MOTORS 277 

wears out very rapidly. A brush will last longer on alternating 
current than on direct. The following prices will show in a 
measure the relative cost of variously wound motors: 

TABLE 111 

5 H. P Alternating current Squirrel cage $108.00 

5 H. P Direct current Shunt wound 145.00 

5 H. P Alternating current Slip ring 195.00 

5 H. P Direct current Series wound 170.00 

7 1 / £ ! H. P Alternating current Squirrel cage 177.00 

7y 2 H. P Direct current Shunt wound 190.00 

7% H. P Alternating current Slip ring 240.00 

7% H. P Direct current t. Series wound 210.00 

10 H. P Alternating current Squirrel cage 202.00 

10 H. P Direct current Shunt wound 215.00 

10 H. P Alternating current Slip ring 260.00 

10 H. P Direct current Series wound 230.00 



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280 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Prices are for shunt wound open type motors, and include 
sliding base, standard pulley and Cutler Hammer, automatic re- 
lease. 

For compound wound motors add 3 per cent to net price. 

For semi-closed motors with gridiron doors add 5 per cent to 
net price. 

If sliding base or pulley are not wanted deduct 2 per cent from 
net price for base and 1 per cent from net price for pulley. 

Frames G-6, AAF, AF, BF and CF are bi-polar machines; the 
remainder are multi-polar. 

When operated at 110 or 220 volts, speeds will be approximately 
4 per cent less. 

Speeds may vary 5 per cent above or below those listed. 



TABLE 113— SINGLE PHASE SELF-STARTING MOTORS FOR 




110 OR 


220 VOLTS, 60 CYCLES 




y 2 H.P. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


$ 56.70 


% H.P. 


1.200 R.P.M. 


? 6S.40 


% H.P. 


2.800 R.P.M. 


64.10 


?4 H.P. 


1,200 R.P.M. 


72.60 


1 HP. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


68.45 


1 H.P. 


1,200 R.P.M. 


71.90 


1% H.P. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


72.60 


1% H.P. 


1,200 R.P.M. 


87.20 


2 H.P. 


1.800 R.P.M. 


77.00 


2 H.P. 


1.200 R.P.M. 


102.50 


2y 2 HP. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


85.05 


3 H.P. 


1,200 R.P.M. 


119.50 


3 H.P. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


94.05 


4 H.P. 


1,200 R.P.M. 


162.20 


3% H.P. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


98.30 


5 H.P. 


1,200 R.P.M. 


177.70 


4 H.P. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


106.90 


7V 2 H.P. 


1,200 R.P.M. 


200.00 


5 H.P. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


115.20 


10 H.P. 


1,200 R.P.M. 


256.00 


IVz HP. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


177.50 








10 H.P. 


1.800 R.P.M. 


200.00 








15 H.P. 


1,800 R.P.M. 


256.00 









Starting boxes are furnished with 7%, 10 and 15 H. P. motors 
only. 

Prices include sub-base and belt tightener attachment. 




... I 



ISl 




HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



ELEVATING GRADERS 



These machines are generally drawn by twelve horses (eight 
in front and four hitched to a push cart behind) or more, or by 
a traction engine. The machine consists primarily of a plow 
which casts a furrow on a transversely moving belt that elevates 
the earth, and dumps it into wagons or at one side. See Figs. 96 
and 97. An elevating grader of the best type with a combined 
wood and steel frame weighing 10,000 lbs., sells for $1,050 f. o. b. 
Indiana. The advantage of the combined wood and steel frame 
lies in the fact that, a machine of this type being subject to 
great strains, if a steel channel, angle, or tee is badly bent it is 
generally necessary to send to the factory for a new part; if a 
wooden beam is broken a new one can be made and fitted on 
the job. This machine will excavate and dump on the bank 
1,000 yards per ten-hour day, or load 500 to 600 yards in wagons, 
wherever stone or roots are not of sufficient size to impede prog- 
ress in plowing, and where the ground is free from frost, and is 




•-■a 



Kfc</<_r£.ithe Lra u (.r. 



firm enough to support the machine and the teams. A 16 H. P. 
traction engine or 14 horses are necessary to operate one of the 
typical machines of this class. 

An all steel elevating grader of the reversible type with a 32- 
foot elevator complete, which the manufacturers claim will load 
one y 2 cubic yard wagon a minute or 900 cubic yards per day, 
costs $2,000. The elevating belt is propelled by a T H. P. steam 
or gasoline engine on top of the machine, total weight with gas 
engine 14,000 lbs., with steam engine 17,000 lbs. A heavy trac- 
tion engine for pulling and for supplying steam for the belt 
engine is necessary. 

The following is the cost of stripping a gravel pit, covered 
with sandy loam, with a number of pockets of varying depths up 
to 10". The contract called for the stripping of a space 3,000 
feet long and 250 feet wide, and the placing of the material in 
storage piles in the rear. 



ELEVATING GRADERS 283 

The outfit consisted of 1 elevating grader, 6 1*4 yard dump 
wagons, 4 No. 2 wheelers, and 2 plows. Wheelers were used to 
excavate the pockets. More wagons should have been provided 
as the grader was delayed waiting for them. 

19,970 cubic yards were stripped during the month of Septem- 
ber, 1909. 

Grader — 

2% Teams on push, 24 days, @ $5.00 $ 300.00 

8 Teams on machine, 24 days, @ $5.00 960.00 

Wagons^ — 

5V 2 Teams, 24 days, @ $5.00 660.00 

Wheelers — 

3 Teams on wheelers, 11 days, @$5.00 165.00 

1 Team on plow, 11 days, @$5.00 55.00 

1 Team on scraper, 11 days, @ $5.00 55.00 

Labor — 

1 Foreman 85.00 

1 Mucker, 24 days, @ $2.00 48.00 

1 Corral man, 28 days, @ $2.00 56.00 

2 Grader drivers, 24 days, @ $2.25 108.00 

Total cost at 12% cents per yard ' $2,492.00 

Mr. Daniel J. Hauer gives the cost per cu. yd. of earth excava- 
tion with elevating graders on several railroad jobs. The fol- 
lowing rates of wages were paid for a 10 hour day: 

Foreman $ 2.50 

Operators on grader 1.50 

Laborers and team men , 1.50 

Engineer • 2.75 

Water boy , 75 

Superintendent 3.00 

Timekeeper 2.50 

12 Horse teams and 2 drivers 22.60 

2 Horse teams and 1 driver 4.60 

3 Horse teams and 1 driver 6.25 

Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Aver- 

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. age. 

Loading ...$0,130 $0,067 $0,085 $0,108 $0,061 $0,098 $0,153 $0,100 

Hauling ... .111 .078 .117 .149 .077 .094 .260 .127 

Dumping .. .041 .011 .019 .019 .018 .049 .050 .029 

Water boy.. .001 .002 .002 .003 .002 .003 .002 .002 

Foreman ... .012 .007 .015 .010 .006 .009 .015 .010 

Total $0,295 $0,165 $0,238 $0,289 $0,164 $0,253 $0,480 $0,268 

Lead, ft 400 1,000 600 700 500 500 1,700 800 

Cu. yds. 
per day.. 206 380 300 284 417 260 167 288 

Mr. Gillette places the average output of elevating graders 
.loading into dump wagons at 500 cu. yds. per day, and estimates 
the interest and depreciation as 20 per cent of the first cost 
distributed over 60 working days per year. The author has 
found that the life of a grader is from 5 years to as much as 12 
years when the grader is well cared for. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

ENGINES 



We illustrate two types of portable engines, Figs. No. 98 and 99. 




Fig. 98. 10x10-inch Cylinder Simple Portable Engine. 




Fig. 99. Ajax Center Crank Engine on Skids. 



ENGINES 



TABLE 114— STEAM ENGINES — I 



Prices and sizes of simple center crank engines, without boilers, 
are: 



Price. 


H. P. 


Bore. 


Str 


$116 


4 


4%, 


6 


127 


5 


5 


6 


142 


6 


5% 


8 


153 


8 


6% 


8 


173 


10 


7 


10 


184 


12 


7% 


10 


211 


15 


8% 


11 


■229 


18 


9 


11 


280 


20 


9% 


12 


293 


25 


10 


12 


369 


30 


10 


15 


403 


35 


11 


15 


451 


40 


12 


15 



215 
200 
200 
190 
180 
175 
170 
150 
150 
130 
130 
125 



Weight. 
750 lbs. 
825 lbs. 
1,270 lbs. 
1,300 lbs. 
1,950 lbs. 
2,025 lbs. 
2,375 lbs. 
2,450 lbs. 
3,230 lbs. 
3,600 lbs. 
4,300 lbs. 
4,950 lbs. 
5,350 lbs. 



H? 


% 




in 


it 


H 


i ■ - 


( 


1L il 


• v - i 


w 


" 



Fig. 100. 



The prices of the same engines mounted on locomotive boilers, 
which, in turn, are mounted either on wheels or sills, are as 
follows : 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



On Wheels , 


, 


n Sills ^ ^-Cylinder-^ 










♦J 






« . 




4) 


s? 


i a) 


a 
o 


o 
'u 
ft 


ft 


ho en 


ft 


ft 


bum 

'3-° 


o 
M 


o 
02 


3 * 

■le- 
ft 




6gE 


340 


4 


3,700 


$ 304 


4 


2,580 


4'/2 


6 


225 


8 


12 


370 


5 


4,050 


32^ 


5 


3,030 


5 


6 


215 


S 


12 


425 


6 


4,400 


362 


6 


3,380 


5% 


8 


205 


28 


14 


450 


8 


4,900 


389 


8 


3,700 


6% 


8 


205 


8 


14 


500 


10 


6,050 


430 


10 


4,740 


7 


10 


180 


9 


14 


565 


12 


7,350 


486 


12 


5,950 


7% 


10 


180 


9 


16 


635 


15 


8,400 


550 


15 


6,950 


8% 


11 


175 


10 


18 


670 


18 


9,000 


585 


18 


7,500 


9 


11 


170 


10 


20 


770 


20 


10,800 


683 


20 


9,100 


9% 


12 


150 


16 


20 


840 


25 


11,900 


729 


25 


10,200 


10 


12 


150 


18 


20 


1,020 


30 


13,600 


880 


30 


11,800 


10 


15 


130 


18 


22 


1,990 


35 


14,100 


946 


35 


12,300 


11 


15 


130 


18 


22 


1,240 


40 


14,800 


1,081 


40 


12,900 


VI 


15 


125 


24 


24 


1,580 


50 


16,400 


1,393 


50 


14,400 


13 


16 


120 


30 


30 



Prices include all fittings. 

Ill— COMPOUND PORTABLE ENGINES 



ength of Bore and 
Stroke (Inches). 


Rated H. P. 


Steam 
Pressure. 


Price. 


5%x 8%xl0 
6%x 9 xlO 
7 xlO xlO 
7%xll xlO 
9^x13 xll 


9 
12 
15 
20 
25 


130 lbs. 
130 lbs. 
130 Ibii. 
130 lbs. 
130 lbs. 


$ 750 

845 

940 

1,035 

1,130 



For straw-burning attachment, including jacket on boiler, add 
$47.00 to prices above. v 

PORTABLE ENGINE EXTRAS. 

Brake for portable engine, net % 9.50 

Driver's seat and footboard for portable engine, net, cash. . 2.75 
Portable engine tongue with doubletrees and neckyoke, net, 

cash 11.25 



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287 



288 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The stationary steam engine shown in Figure 101 is of the 
box-bed type, made very heavy; balanced fly-wheel and pulley, 
D slide valve; complete with all fittings except steam connec- 
tions, exhaust pipe, and governor belt. 



Horse-power 

No. of revolutions .... 
Cylinders, diameter and 

stroke, inches S^xlO 

Diam. of flywheel, ins. . 
Leng. of bed plate, ins.1,000 
Width of bed plate, ins, " 
Diam. of pulley, ins. . . 

Face of pulley, ins 

Weight, complete, lbs. 2,700 

Price $312.00 $338.00 $505.00 $670.00 $716.00 



15 


25 


40 


55 


60 


175 


150 


130 


125 


125 


4x10 


10x12 


121,4x15 


14x18 


14x20 


6G 


81 


96 


107 


108 


000 


1,500 


2,000 


2,500 


3,500 


80 


87 


100 


122 


134 


34 


48 


54 


60 


60 


9 


12 


1.4 


16 


16 


700 


4,700 


7,000 


9,000 


10,000 







Fig. 101. Stationary Engine. 



ESTIMATING THE HORSE POWER OF CONTRACTORS' 
ENGINES. 

The size of an engine is usually expressed in \erms of the 
diameter of the cylinder bore by the length of the piston stroke. 
In a 6x8 engine, the cylinder has a bore of 6" and the piston has 
a stroke of 8". This stroke is, of course, just twice the length 
of the "throw" of the crank arm. Bear in mind, therefore, that 



ENGINES 289 

the "size of cylinder" as given in catalogue is the bore of the 
cylinder by the stroke of the piston, and not by the full length 
of the cylinder. 

If a contractor's engine is designed to have a piston speed of 
300 ft. per minute, and is using steam with a boiler pressure of 
100 lbs., it is an easy matter to deduce a very simple rule for 
estimating the horse-power of the engine. The following rule 
is precisely correct when the product of the piston speed by the 
mechanical efficiency is equal to 1050; and this is ordinarily the 
case with contractors' engines having cylinders of 8" or more in 
diameter. 

RULE: To ascertain the horsepower, square the bore of the 
cylinder and divide by four. 

Thus, if the engine is 8x8, we have a cylinder bore of 8. 
Hence, squaring 8 we have G4, and dividing by 4 we get 16, which 
is the horsepower. This is the actual delivered, or brake, horse- 
power. For small engines, whose piston speeds are usually less, 
it is safe to divide the square of the bore by five instead of by 
four. A 6x6 engine would, therefore, have 7 horsepower. 

If the engine has two cylinders (duplex) of course the horse- 
power is twice that of a single cylinder. 

Gasoline Engines are usually furnished with the machinery 
they are designed to operate, and for that reason when machinery 
which may be operated by gasoline is described, the price of the 
engine is included in the total cost. However, at times, it may 
be desirable to equip a piece of machinery now driven by steam 
or other power, with a gasoline engine. 

The price of 4-cycle marine engines of the very best type is 
as follows: 







TABLE 


115 








No. Rev. 






:. p. 


No. Cylinders. 


per Min. 


Weight, Lbs. 


Price. 


12 


2 


500 


240 


$ 450 


18 


3 


500 


800 


600 


24 


4 


500 


980 


925 


40 


6 


550 


1,350 


1,425 


20 


2 


450 


1,050 


825 


30 


3 


450 


1,400 


1,275 


40 


4 


450 


1,850 


1.375 


60 


6 


500 


2,600 


2,200 


50 


6 


700 


1,000 


1,875 


80 


6 


650 


1,900 


2,450 



This price includes all equipment. 

A gas, gasoline, distillate or alcohol driven engine, of horizon- 
tal, water-cooled type, Fig. 102, has in a single casting combined 
a cylinder and cylinder head, which does away with joints in 
the water jacket. Both induction and exhaust valves are me- 



290 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



chanically operated and separately caged. The igniter is of the 
make and break type and is attached to the end of the cylinder 
as a single plug. The governor is of the flyball type running 
in ball bearings. Each engine has two fly wheels with split 
hubs, lugs on the arms provide for attaching pulley to either 
side. When equipped for gas it is provided with an improved 
type of cock which is graduated to obtain and instantly regulate 
the mixture. When equipped for gasoline, distillate or alcohol, 
a pump delivers the liquid fuel to the vaporizer. The ratings, 
dimensions and prices are as follows: 



H. P 4 

Rev. perm. 350 

Pulley . . . 12x6 
Approx. fl. 

space .. . 24x36 



325 
15x6 



275 
18x6 



15 
250 
24x8 



20 25 30 
220 200 190 
26x8 28x8 28x10 



8x56 32x66 38x83 44x95 48xli 



space ... iiAoo <:o.x.oo DiAoo ooxoo iiA33 lOAJua auAiiu 

Price $185.00 $260.00 $320.00 $525.00 $675.00 $750.00 $850.00 



■Mr Ilri'.I 


Up j 


y 


WStBtoamHa-^^^^ttk 





Fig. 102. 



The engines are furnished with the following equipment: Oil 
cups, wrenches, exhaust pot or muffler, can of cylinder oil, bat- 
teries and gas regulator. Twenty gallon gasoline storage tank, 
cooling tanks, magnetos or dynamos, friction clutch pulleys and 
other accessories are not considered a regular part of the equip- 
ment as requirements in each installation are apt to be special. 

A magneto costs $10.00. A clutch costs $20.00. 

A small but powerful gasoline engine, known as the Farm 
Pump Engine, may be attached in a few minutes, and used to 
operate small pumps, saw rigs, grind-stones, etc. This engine 
is of the vertical type, air-cooled; its weight with battery box, 
ignition coil, and batteries, is 280 lbs., crated, 330 lbs. It con- 



ENGINES 



291 



sumes about 2 qts. of gasoline in 10 hours. The price f. o. b. 
cars, factory, is $70.00. (See Figs. 103 and 104.) 

This engine, mounted on a wooden base, with a side-suction 
diaphragm pump costs as follows: 3 in. pump, without hose, 




Fig. 103. The Diaphragm Pu 



$110.00, capacity, 2400 gals, per hour; 4 in. pump, without hose, 
$130.00, capacity 3800 gals, per hour. With a bottom suction 
diaphragm pump, without pipe, this engine costs as follows: 




The Grindstone. 



3 in. pump, $108.00; 4 in. pump, $125.00. The engine without 
pump or hose, but with frame and all connections, costs $90.00. 



292 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



The same machine equipped with a double acting force pump 
costs: 5 in. pump, $105.00; 3 in. pump, $100.00; engine with frame 
and attachments, $85.00. 

The same outfit with a tank pump, costs $105.00. 

The shipping weight of any of the above outfits is about 500 
lbs. 




Fig. 105. The Pressure System. 

A very simple gasoline engine is shown in Figure 106. It is 
of the open-jacket water cooling system, gas-tank in iron base, 
governor of the inertia type, make and break ignition, and the 
equipment includes muffler, coil, wrenches, oil can, etc. 




Fig. 106. 



8 and 12 H. P. "Bull Dog" Sawing Outfit, Complete 
• with Friction Clutch and Saw Blade. 



H. P. 


Speed. 


Weight. 


Pulley. 


Price. 


1% 


400 


275 


6x4 ins. ' 


$ 70.00 


2% 


400 


475 


8x4 ins. 


110.00 


5 


375 


800 


12x6 ins. 


200.00 


6 


375 


1,050 


14x6 ins. 


215.00 


8 


375 


1,800 


18x6 ins. 


295.00 


2 


360 


2,100 


20x6 ins. 


425.00 



The price of the above engines, mounted on a truck, is $56.00 
extra. Engines up to 6 H. P. are mounted on a hand truck, and 
the 8 and 12 H. P. on a steel truck. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Vertical gasoline-driven, water-cooled engines of a certain 
make are furnished in the following models and outfits: 

Model T — Outfit A. — Equipped with automatic throttling gov- 
ernor, iron foundation base, and driving pulley. Governor is of 
the vertical fiyball type which may be set to operate at any 
desired speed by means of a thumb nut. This engine is suitable 
for driving saw-rigs, small machinery, and in small machine 
shops, electric lighting, etc. 

Model T — Outfit B. — Same as outfit A, except that the base is 
extra, and the driving pulley is different. Suitable when mounted 
on skids or trucks for portable rigs, harvesters, binders, mixers, 
well-drills, etc. Model T — Outfit C. — Same as B but without the 
governor. Suitable for steady pumping, etc. 




Fig. 108, 



Outfit 



Model R — Outfit D. — Equipped with iron base, extra fly wheel, 
with driving pulley, and automatic ball governor. Suitable for 
small machinery. 

Model R — Outfit E. — Same as outfit D, but without the base 
and the extra fly wheel with driving pulley, for which a cup 
pulley is substituted. Suitable for portable work in driving 
small pumps, saw-rigs, etc. 

Model R — Outfit F. — Same as outfit E, but without governor. 
Suitable for pumping, driving railway velocipedes, hand cars, etc. 

Extra fly wheel for Model T outfit costs $10.00. Foundation 
bases for T-B or T-C engines, $16.00; for R-E and R-F outfits, 
$10.00. Extra pulleys for R-D or R-E engines, $3.00. Magneto 
for T-A and R-D engines, $16.00. Portable hand trucks for these 
engines, fitted for 7 in. iron wheels, cost: 4 to 6 H. P., $12.00; 
8 to 12 H. P., $16.00. 







ENGINES 








295 






TABLE 116 














Price List. 
















Standard Pulleys. 










Diain 


Face. 




H. P. 


Price. 


Model. 


Inches- 




Weight. 


12 Outfit A 


$219.00 


T-A- 


10 


X 


10 


600 


12 Outfit B 


•196.00 


T-B 


10 


X 


6 


482 


12 Outfit C 


176.00 


T-C 


10 


X 


6 


460 


8 Outfit A 


186.00 


T-A 


10 


X 


10 


540 


8 Outfit B 


168.00 


T-B 


10 


X 


6 


437 


8 Outfit C 


152.00 


T-C 


10 


X 


6 


420 


6 Outfit D 


124.00 


R-D 


8 


X 


4 


368 


6 Outfit E 


110.00 


R-E 


8 


X 


4 


245 


6 Outfit F 


84.00 


R-F 


8 


X 


4 


228 


4 Outfit D 


104.00 


R-D 


8 


X 


4 


334 


4 Outfit E 


90.00 


R-E 


8 


X 


4 


215 


4 Outfit P 


76.00 


R-F 


8 


X 


4 


195 


3 Outfit F 


65.00 


R-F 


6 


X 


4 


140 



The equipment furnished includes spark coil, dry cells, switch, 
muffler and 5 gallon gasoline tank. 

Extra fly wheel for Model T outfit costs $10.00. Foundation 
bases for T-B or T-C engines $16.00; for R-E and R-F outfits, 




Fig. 109. 



$10.00. Extra pulleys for R-D or R-E engines, $3.00. Magneto 
for T-A and R-D engines, $16.00. Portable hand trucks for 
these engines, fitted with 7 in. iron wheels cost : 4 to 6 H. P., 
$12.00; 8 to 12 H. P., $16.00. 

Horizontal gasoline driven engines (see Fig. 109), having the 
open water jacket cooling system, are regularly fitted with the 
following equipment: Standard pulley, oil and grease cups, 
wrenches and pliers, muffler, batteries, coil, oil cans, etc. The 
cost of the engine mounted is as shown on following page. 



296 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 







TABLE 117 








Revolu- 


Size of Standard 






Rated 


tions 


Pulley 


Approximate 


Shipping 




H. P. 


per Min 


Diam. Face 


Floor Space 


Weight 


Price 


3 


400 


lOx 5 


28x42 


900 


$115.00 


5 


375 


14x C . 


34x51 


1,500 


182.00 


7 


350 


16x 8 


38x55 


1,900 


245.00 


9 


320 


18x 8 


44x70 


2,500 


305.00 


12 


300 


20x12 


43x71 


3,600 


400.00 


15 


280 


24x14 


48x82 


4,700 


470.00 


18 


280 


28x14 


' 48x82 


4,800 


525.00 



HOISTING ENGINES 

Steam driven engines are manufactured in an immense variety 
of styles. Below are given the average prices of the types most 
generally used. These prices and weights vary greatly, but they 




Single Cylinder, Single Friction Drum, Hoisting 
Engine. 

are accurate enough to be used for estimating. For the purpose 
of tabulating, hoisting engines have been arbitrarily divided into 
the following classes (See Table 118): 

SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINES 

1. Reversible link motion, single friction drum, ele- 



docks, stevedores, ships, 



Class, 
vator sheaves. Adapted to coal yards 
centrifugal pumps, pile driving, etc. 

Class. 2. Single friction drum. Adapted for same uses as 
Class 1 engine. 

Class 3. Double friction drum. Suitable for general hoisting 
purposes, moving pumps, for docks, coal yards, pile driving, etc. 



298 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

DOUBLE CYLINDER ENGINES 

Class 4. Link motion, single friction drum, elevator sheave. 
Adapted to general contracting use, and especially for operating 
material elevators, and, in larger sizes, for use on barges, docks, 
etc. 

Class 5. Single friction drum, suited to general hoisting, erect- 
ing, log skidding, etc. 

Class 6. Double friction drum, link motion engine especially 
adapted to small cableways, sewer and general contractors' work. 




Fig. 113. 



Double Cylinder, Four Friction Drum, Link Motion 
Engine. 



Class 7. Double friction drum engine. Adapted to hauling 
cars, pile driving, bridge building, operating derricks, and gen- 
eral hoisting purposes, circular saws, concrete mixers, centri- 
fugal pumps, etc. 

Class 8. Double friction drum, with boom swinger attached 
for derricks. 

Class 9. Independent swinging engines for derricks. Double 
winch, non-reversible. 

Class 10. 3 friction drum, with reversing gears and drums, 
for boom derricks with clam-shell or orange-peel buckets. 

Class 11. 4 friction drum, link motion engine, especially 
adapted to logging, quarrying, etc. 






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300 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



The prices of electrically operated hoist engines, including 
motors, vary with the current, voltage, etc., but for estimating 
purposes it is generally true that motor driven hoisting engines 
cost more than steam driven engines complete with boilers. 

A hoist engine used 10 years on pile driving with minor re- 
pairs was then used three years. The original cost was $750.00. 
The average cost of repairs after 10 years' use was $10.00 per 
working month. 

The cost in labor of unloading from cars and setting up a 
hoisting engine ready for work averages from $35 to $50. 




Fig. 114. Gasoline "V" Friction Hoist. 

Several types of hoisting engines are illustrated in Figs. Nos. 
110 to 115. 

GASOLINE HOIST 

A single drum 2% H. P. gasoline hoisting engine, having a 
capacity of 1000 lbs. on a single line. 

Engine, 2y 2 H. P., gasoline, electric ignition, complete with 
batteries, coil, muffler, etc. 

Drum, 514 ins. diameter, 25% ins. between flanges, "V" fric- 
tion, 24 in. diameter, rope speed 25 ft. per minute. 

Floor-space, 4 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Price, equipped with foot 
brakes, friction clutch, and shifting lever, $280.00. 



SMALL BELT DRIVEN HOIST 

A reversible friction hoist designed to be operated by a gaso- 
line engine or motor through a belt has the following specifica- 
tions: 



ENGINES 



301 




Fig. 115. Reversible Hoist. 



DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITY 

Weight, 1,200 lbs. 
Floor space, 3 ft. 8 in.x2 ft. 8 in. 
Drum: Diameter, 6 in.; between flanges, 19 ins. 
Capacity of drum, 2,000 lbs. on a single line. 
Elevator sheave, 24 ins. diameter; capacity, 400 lbs. lift. 
Hoisting speed, 150 ft. per minute. 
H. P. required, 5. 

Complete with winch head, drum, elevator, and pulley, but not 
belt nor engine. $220.00. 



302 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

EXCAVATORS 



LAND DREDGE OS GRAB BUCKET EXCAVATOR 

In building irrigation ditches in the Modisto and Turlock dis- 
tricts along the San Joaquin river in California in sand and 
hardpan a land dredge or grab bucket excavator was used for 
part of the work. The machinery is mounted on a skid plat- 
form 18x30 feet which rests on movable wooden rollers running 
on planks on the ground. The dredge moves along the axial 
line of the canal receding from the breast as it is excavated. It 
is moved ahead from 3 to 5 feet at a time by means of a steel 
cable anchored to a "dead man" and wound on a drum driven by 
the engine. The A-frame which supports the boom is 20 feet 
high. This boom inclines about 45° and may be swung 180° 
horizontally by a bull-wheel but has no vertical motion. The 
bucket is of the clam shell type, one cubic yard capacity, weigh- 
ing 2800 lbs. The operator stands on a platform on the A-frame 
and controls the machine by 3 levers and 2 foot brakes. A 25 
H. P. single cylinder gasoline engine furnishes the power and 




Fig. 116. Clamshell Dredge Cleaning Canals In Imperial Valley, 



drives a series of combination gear and friction brake drums 
controlling the motion of the excavating bucket. The machine 
cost $5,000. Wages of the crew of 5 men and a team during 
one month amounted to $305.00. The supplies, which included 
400 feet of %-inch hoisting cable costing $50.40, rollers costing 
$21.00, a large intermediate gear costing $14.00, depreciation of 
machine $40.00, and gasoline, oil, explosives, etc., amounting to 
$216.24. Fourteen thousand cubic yards were excavated at a cost 
of $0,035 per cubic yard. 

Traction driven machines (Fig. 116), equipped with 15 cu. ft. 
clam shell buckets, were used by the California Development 



EXCAVATORS 303 

Co. for cleaning canals too small to float dredges. These ma- 
chines have a 40 ft. steel boom carried on an all steel frame. 
The maximum width of cut is 14 ft. The power is supplied by 
a 15 H. P. Gasoline engine. The machine has two forward trac- 
tion speeds and one reverse. These machines cost $5,000 each, 
and the cost of handling material with them was about 13 cents 
per cu. yd. 

The Bridge Conveyor Excavator illustrated in Fig. 117 was 
used on Contract 6 of the New York S.tate Barge Canal. It is an 
adaptation to earth and rock excavation of a type of conveyor- 













' • \**£f& 


v^X ~y:\ ■ -j' ■" tic. ::* .^C^. 4 ). fJBff 


ilfeF^ 





Fig. 117. Bridge Conveyor Excavator on Section 6, New York State 
Barge Canal. 



excavator long employed at Great Lake ports for unloading ore 
vessels. The machine has proved fairly economical, and cost 
$105,000. 

The machine consisted of two towers, each 90 ft. high, resting 
on a steel framework supported on 32 car wheels. The towers 
carried a two-truss bridge having cantilever arms extending 
over the spoil banks on each side. One tower was rigidly at- 
tached to its car frame, while the other had two sets of bear- 
ings, one of which permitted a variation of the distance between 
the cars, and the other allowed the tower to swing on an arc of 
17° at right angles to the bridge axis. 

All the machinery was operated by electric power obtained 
from the Rochester Railway & Light Co. 



304 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The bucket was of the clam shell type, weighed 9 tons, and 
had a nominal capacity of 8 cu. yds. The average load was, how- 
ever, about 3 cu. yds. After the rock had been blasted, it was 
excavated and conveyed to the banks by the bucket. The total 
wages per 8-hour day were as follows: 

1 Operator at $6.00 $ 6.00 

1 Electrician at $4.00 4.00 

1 Oiler at $3.25 3.25 

2 to 5 Laborers at $1.50 and $1.60 $3.00 to 8.00 

1 Team at $4.00 4.00 

1 Watchman at $2.00 2.00 

Bookeeper, part time at 125.00 per month 

Timekeeper, part time at 80.00 per month 

Superintendent, part time at 250.00 per month 

During the 24 months of 1908 and 1909 the total output was 
510,406 cu. yds. of rock and 39,721 cu. yds. of earth. During this 
period the machine was laid up an aggregate of 2 months on 
account of fire and for repairs to the bucket. The cost was as 
follows: 

Total Cost Per Cu. Yd. 

Repairs $22,332.77 $0.0400 

Electric power 26,630.00 0.0484 

Drilling, rock 0.0212 

Blasting rock 0.0715 

Removal of spoil 0.3091 

Total for 550,127 cubic yards $0.4902 

This cost does not include interest or depreciation. 

SCRAPER EXCAVATOR 

A power operating grader was worked successfully in con- 
structing the Tacoma and Eastern Railway in Washington. The 
device consisted of a riveted sheet steel scraper of special con- 
struction operated by a double drum engine through a hauling 
rope and a pull back rope. The scraper consisted of two vertical 
side plates with the front ends cut square and the rear ends 
to a semi-circle. Connecting the semi-circular rear ends across 
the scraper was a half-cylinder of steel plate with top and bot- 
tom edges shod with cutting knives. To keep the front ends of 
the side plates rigid they were braced together by a cross-strut. 
They also had bail connections on top and bottom. In operation 
the scraper was pulled ahead and the bottom knife edge shaved 
off a strip of earth which piled against the hollow back plate and 
was dragged along to the dumping bank. By having two knives 
the scraper could be reversed, top for bottom, when one knife 
was dull, by simply shifting the bail. Dumping was accom- 
plished by simply pulling the scraper back from the load. These 
machines are made in two sizes: 5 ft. wide, 30 ins. high and 6 
ft. long, for 5 cu. ft. capacity, and 7 ft. wide, 36 ins. high and 
9 ft. long for 7 cu. ft. capacity. For the smaller size a 9x10 in. 
engine is required and for the larger size a 10x15 in. engine. 
The hauling line should be 1 in. steel cable and the pull back 
line % in. steel cable. Ordinarily it takes three minutes to haul 



EXCAVATORS 305 

800 to 1000 feet. The price of the scraper is $250.00 for the 
smaller size and $300.00 for the larger size. 

The Drag Scraper Excavator* has been used with great suc- 
cess on the New York Barge Canal. Where canals are being 
dug and a large waste bank must be built, or where a heavy 
fill is to be made in ground which is average and has no 
large boulder or tree stumps, this machine is very successful. 
The scraper bucket is suspended by cables from the end of a 
long boom. Booms 90 ft. or 100 ft. long, giving a reach of 100 
or 110 ft. from the center of the machine to the end of the boom, 
are practicable. The entire machine swings on a circular turn- 
table. The bucket is filled by pulling it directly toward the 
center of the machine by means of a cable so there is no strain 
on the boom except that due to its own weight and the weight 
of the bucket and its load. As a result the booms of this type 
of machine can safely be made lighter and consequently longer 
than is the case with the booms of dipper dredges of similar 
size and strength. A machine of the type illustrated (Fig. 118), 











1 


*®m^z^ 


^K, 


^wL^ 


^^ 


- 1 \ 

- 


!, -- r *r. z'r~ 











Fig. 118. Drag-Scraper Excavator Used on New York Barge Canal. 



used on the New York Barge Canal, has an 85 ft. boom, a reach 
of 96 feet and weighs 147 tons. A 2 yd. dipper is used which in 
operation is usually filled full and sometimes carried 4 yds at a 
load. The engine is of 15 H. P. capacity and the boiler 54 H. P. 
The machine is probably strong enough to operate a 3% yd. 
dipper. It excavated earth 90 ft. from the center of the machine 
on one side and deposited 100 ft. from the center on the other 
side. It can deposit material on banks from 20 to 35 ft. in 
height. A machine is usually moved forward by means of cables. 

♦Compiled from U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bui. 230. 



EXCAVATORS 307 

During May, 1910, the items of cost of operation were as fol- 
lows: 

Engineer, at $90 per month $ 90.00 

Engineer, at $95 per month 84.04 

Firemen, pumpmen, watchmen and laborers at $1.75 

per day 363.00 

Coal, at $3 per ton 147.00 

Repairs 15.82 

Total $699.86 

The first cost of this machine was $10,000. Table 119 gives the 
cost of operation of this machine on the New York Barge Canal: 

TABLE 119 

Item April May June July August 

Fitting up $426.80 

Excavation 319.74 $684.29 $747.7/ $ 850.69 $1,118.57 

Repairs 15.82 62.60 48.23 75.12 

Interest and depre- 
ciation, 21% 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 

Shifting on work * 77.02 

Total $921.54 $875.11 $985.37 $1,150.94 $1,368.69 

Average cost per yd. $0,177 $0,048 $0.0388 $0.0348 $0.0289 
Yards complete dur- 
ing month 5,205 18,365 25,333 33,055 47,363 

* Machine fell into canal. 

Electrically Operated Drag: line Machines. Average cost for 
the season, including all charges, 4.1 cts. per yard. Two large 
electrically operated drag line scrapers were used on the Calu- 
met Sag Channel near Chicago. These machines had 100 ft. 
steel booms and were equipped with 2V 2 cu. yd. scraper-buck- 
ets, and each weighed about 120 tons. The following de- 
scription is reprinted from Engineering and Contracting, Jan. 22, 
1913: 

The arrangement of the operating machinery is shown in the 
accompanying drawing (Fig. 119), The double drum hoist is 
operated directly by a gear on the shaft of a 112 H. P., 60-cycle, 
3-phase motor, making 690 r. p. m. A 52 H. P., 60-cycle, 3-phase 
motor, 855. r. p. m., operates the bevel swing gear as shown. The 
air brakes are operated through power furnished by a 25 cu. ft. 
motor-driven air compressor. The current is furnished by a 
public service company and is brought from Blue Island, several 
miles away, over a high tension line at 33,000 volts to a trans- 
former house on the work where the voltage is stepped down 
to 2,300 volts. It is again stepped down to 440 volts through 
a portable transformer which is attached to the dragline ma- 
chine by a cable and is pulled along on its trucks as the machine 
moves ahead. On the machine the current is stepped down to 
110 volts for the incandescent lamps and to 35 volts for the 
searchlight which is placed on the front of the house and just 
under the boom. 

The machine is operated by two men on board and two men 



308 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

outside for handling the track. While moving to position for 
commencing work one of the machines was moved 410 ft. in one 
day. The track sections upon which the machine runs are 15 ft. 
long and are built up solidly. They are built of a solid 3-in. 
plank bottom upon which are fastened the ties set about 8 ins. 
apart. On top of the ties are 8x16 in. timbers on edge under the 
90-lb. rails. The whole is bolted together and has eyebolts near 
the ends of the 8x16 in. timbers so that it can be handled by a 
four-way chain. 

The work upon which the machines are engaged consists of 
about 8,000 ft. of canal section from 31 to 37 ft. deep, 36 ft. wide 
on the bottom and with slopes of 2 on 1. The south berm will 
be about 90 ft. wide or will extend 150 ft .from the center line 
of the canal and the north berm will be 40 ft. narrower, accord- 
ing to the plans. About 8 to 12 ft. of the bottom work on Section 
5 will be rock and it is not yet decided by the contractor how this 
will be handled, though it is likely to be handled in skips by a 
derrick with a very long boom. The dragline machines are se-t 
on opposite banks. The one on the south will excavate half the 
canal section in two cuts. 

That the use of electricity will be economical is illustrated by 
macliines in California which actually used % of a K.W.H. per 
cubic yard of material handled. The cost of the current there 
was on a sliding scale ranging from % to 1 <jt. per kilowatt 
hour. On the New York Barge Canal electrical machines were 
used where the cost of current at about 2V 2 cts. per kilowatt hour 
was about 1 ct. ^per cubic yard. 

The reliability of the power is a most important argument in 
favor of the use of electricity. The uncertainty of securing fuel 
and water, especially in bad weather, is a source of trouble to 
the contractor. 

The cost of hauling coal for a steam machine of this size would 
likely amount to $40 per day, and the coal itself (about 10 tons) 
would cost about $30. These items are eliminated where electric- 
ity is used, and the cost of the current is substituted. 

A Dragline Scraper Excavator having novel features is used 
on one of the New York State Barge Canal contracts held by the 
Atlantic, Gulf & Pacific Co., New York City. This excavator 
is known as a Field Tower Scraper, being named from its in- 
ventor, the superintendent for the company at Comstock, N. Y. 
As shown by Fig. 120, the essentials of the excavator are a mov- 
able tower, a cableway and hauling lines and a special scraper 
bucket. The tower carries a double drum engine. From one drum 
a line passes up the tower and over a sheave located from one- 
fourth to one-third its height and thence down to the bucket. This 
is the hauling line. The second line passes up and over a tower 
head sheave and thence to a pulley block on the opposite side of 
the prism. This pulley block rides on a %-in. cable about 200 ft. 
long, stretched parallel to the prism between two deadmen, mov- 
ing along the cable as the tower moves. This second line is the. 
cableway on which the scraper bucket travels back and forth 



EXCAVATORS 309 

across the canal, being pulled toward the tower by the hauling 
line and sliding back by gravity. 

The Tower. The tower is a framed timber structure of height 
suitable to cover the width of the excavation for which it is 
intended (the standard tower being 75 ft. in height). This tower 



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Fig. 120. Sketches Showing Operation of Field Tower Excavator. 



rests on a trussed platform or car which carries the hoisting 
engine, coal and other supplies. The tower is rigidly secured 
to the truss and guyed by back stays to the projecting back end 
of the platform. The platform or car runs on four solid double 
flange cast steel wheels, 16 ins. in diameter and 4 ins. tread. 
The track consists of two 90-lb. rails each spiked to 6 x 8 in. x 4 
ft. ties spaced 2 ft. apart and bolted to two 2 x 12 in. x 30 ft. 
planks. The engine may be any good make 10 x 12 in. engine 
with double drums and two niggerheads. The hauling line is 
% in. and return cable is % in.; 18 in. sheaves are used. 

The tower is moved forward or back by a 1% in. manila line 
secured to a deadman suitably placed, passing through sheaves 
secured to the platform and around the niggerhead. The track 
is also moved ahead by the same means, the deadman being 
dispensed with and line passing around the end of a boom which 
is a part of the tower. The line around the niggerhead is op- 
erated by the fireman. 

The operator's cabin is placed up about one-third the height 
of the tower in full view of the work, and the engine is manipu- 
lated by suitable levers and brakes connecting the operating 
cabin with the engine. 




f/ycmtf. 



Fig. 121. Details of Tower for Field Tower Excavator. 



EXCAVATORS 311 

Scraper Bucket. The distinctive feature of the excavation 
is the scraper bucket which is shown by Fig-. 122. This bucket has 
a capacity of 48 cu. ft. level full, but in ordinary material it will 
"crown up" to 2 cu. yds. capacity. Particularly easy and certain 
control are claimed for this bucket. These advantages are 
brought about by the combination of two sheaves placed at the 
rear end of the scraper at right angles and vertically to it, the 
return line passing reversely over the upper and under the lower 
sheave, while the bottom of the scraper is fitted with two curved 
cradles or shoes, resulting, in connection with the pulling line, 
in such control of the cutting edge that the scraper can be sus- 
tained at any vertical angle at the will of the operator. 

Cost Data. The chief first cost of this plant is in the hoist- 
ing engine and cable, which are all standard commercial designs 
and usable for other purposes. The following is an estimate 
furnished by the Atlantic, Gulf & Pacific Co. of the cost cf a 
tower scraper plant, including everything: 

5,080 ft. B. M. lumber at $38 per M $ 193.04 

360 ft. B. M. white oak at $45 per M 16.20 

540 lbs. iron bolts and nuts at 6 cts 32.40 

120 ft. % in. wire rope backstays 13.20 

2 % in. turnbuckles .80 

1 headblock sheave and bearing 10.00 

1 hauling sheave and bearing 4.00 

1 S^xlO Lidgerwood double drum hoisting engine.. 1,089.00 
1 scraper bucket, complete with cutting edge, sheaves, 

etc 300.00 

Labor directing based on condition in northern New 

York, carpenters at $2.50 per 8-hour day 200.00 

Total $1,858.64 

The following is an estimate of the operating cost of the plant 
also furnished by the Atlantic, Gulf & Pacific Co.: 

Cost 
Item. per Month. 

Wire rope $160.00 

20 tons coal at $4 80.00 

Oil, waste and repairs 15.00 

Total $255.00 

To this is to be added the labor cost. Each shift requires the 
following force: 

1 foreman at 37% cts. per hour $ 3.00 

1 engineer at 37% cts. per hour 3.00 

1 fireman at 22 cts. per hour 1.76 

1 signal man at 25 cts. per hour 2.00 

5 laborers at 20 cts. per hour 8.00 

And an additional 

4 laborers at 20 cts. per hour 6.40 

Total $24.16 



312 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Assuming 26 working days and two shifts per day, the labor 
cost for one month is $1,256.32, which, added to $255 given above, 
makes a total cost for operation of $1,511.32. Assuming interest 
on plant at y 2 per cent per month we have an additional $9.30, 
making the grand total $1,520.62. Assuming an output of 700 cu. 
yds. per day we get a cost per cubic yard of 8.4 cts. This cost 
included, however, a proportion of the field office expenses. In 
regard to the life of the cables used, the Atlantic, Gulf & Pacific 
Co. writes: 




Fig. 122. Scraper Bucket for Field Tower Excavator. 

"While the life of the wire rope used depends almost entirely 
upon the character of material to be excavated; in clay and loam, 
the plant working two eight-hour shifts per day, 26 days each 
month, excavating approximately 700 cubic yards per day, will 
use 800 to 1,000 ft. of wire rope per month." 



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314 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



The Tower Excavator.* The principal parts of this appa- 
ratus are a hoisting engine; a tower 65 ft. high, guyed to cables 
extending to the ground on each side, where instead of being 




Fig. 123. Tower Drag-Scraper Excavator. 

stationary, they slide on other cables stretched parallel to the 
ditch and fastened to deadmen, thus giving stability to the tower, 
while allowing it to move parallel to the ditch; the scraper 




Fig. 124. Bucket Used with Tower 
Drag-Scraper Excavator. 

bucket in which the earth is moved; and cables for operating 
the bucket. The machine is built upon a platform and is moved 
on rollers by winding a cable fastened at one end to a deadman. 

* Abstracted from Engineering News. 



EXCAVATORS 315 

A more efficient provision- for moving the machine would doubt- 
less result in considerably reducing the cost of operation. The 
operation of the machine is illustrated in Pigs. 123 and 124. Its 
cost is about $1,500. With the strengthening of parts necessary 
to fit it for extra heavy work the cost would be about $2,000, of 
which $1,200 would represent the cost of a hoisting engine. 

In operating the excavator the bucket is loaded by pulling it 
toward the tower by winding up the cable, which, passing over 
the lower sheave on the tower, is attached to the front end of 
the bucket. The bucket is then dumped by winding over the 
drum the cable which passes over the sheave on top of the tower 
and which is attached to the back end of the bucket. The bucket 
is returned to the ditch by further tightening the upper cable 
and loosening the lower one, then it quickly slides back by 
gravity to the starting point. The earth is deposited between 
the ditch and the machine. 

The following is the cost for each eight hour shift in operating 
this machine: 

Engineer $ 3.00 

Fireman 2.00 

Foreman 3.00 

Signal man 2.00 

Cable shifter 1.60 

Horse and man, moving track 3.00 

4 Laborers, at $1.60 each 6.40 

lYz tons of cpal to the shift, at $3 per ton 4.50 

Total $25.50 

If to this is added $1.50 per shift for maintenance, depreciation, 
interest, and repairs at the rate of 50 per cent per annum on 
the original cost of the investment, the total cost per shift is $27. 

By arranging for the operator to work from a station in the 
tower, where the work would be in full view, the signal man 
would be eliminated' and by placing the machine on a track with 
an arrangement for moving the machine ahead on the work by 
means of gearing attached to the axles probably two or three 
more men could be dispensed with, thus further reducing the cost. 

The bucket used on this machine had a capacity of about 2 
yds., but in ordinary operation at least 3 yds. were carried at 
each load. While in operation about 1 bucketful was excavated 
and deposited in each forty seconds. This would make a rate 
of 4 cu. yds. a min., and the contractor was of the opinion that 
he could maintain an output of 1,000 yds. per eight-hour shift 
for an entire season's run on continuous work of a favorable 
character. The work actually done was not carried on continu- 
ously, and the best record made was 40,000 c\i. yds. per month. 
for two shifts for one machine. At a cost of $50 a day for two 
shifts this .would amount to about 3 cts. per yd. for the month's 
work. 

The machine has a reach of 210 ft. from the far side of the 
ditch to the near side of the waste bank. That is, all the dirt 
must be excavated and deposited in a space of 210 ft., making a 



316 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

waste bank about 20 ft. high if necessary. The bucket is re- 
markably well under control. 

This machine was in many ways crudely built, and its excellent 
record is due apparently to the exceedingly simple principle of its 
operation, and to the economy of power, motion and time in ex- 
cavating. The bucket moves on a straight line, across the ex- 
cavation and onto the waste bank, and when dumped slides with 
great rapidity down the tightened cable to the position for dig- 
ging. 

With a construction including modern devices for moving on 
the work and the improved bucket, it seems that this should be a 
very important addition to the types of excavating machinery. 
It is fitted for digging ditches 20 to 100 ft. wide and 2 to 30 ft. 
deep, though its greatest economy of operation is in constructing 
the larger sections. 



\}.\ EXPLOSIVES 



.Nature of Explosive Action. The value of explosives in con- 
struction work is derived from the volume of gas generated upon 
detonation or explosion, and the speed at which the generation 
takes place. The pressure of the generated gases is equal in all 
directions (contrary to the belief of many "practical men"), 
but a slow burning black powder will take many times as long 
to generate the gas as a detonant like nitroglycerine. Dyna- 
mite will shatter a rock without even a mud cap, because 
the gases are liberated with such extreme velocity that the effect 
is produced on the rook before the atmospheric air can overcome 
its own inertia and yield. 

Gunpowder. There are the following general classes of black 
powder manufactured: 

Nitre Powder, the highest grade, consists of 75 per cent salt- 
petre (KN0 3 ), 15 per cent charcoal, and 10 per cent sulphur. 
It usually comes in 25 lb. kegs, and costs about $2.10 per keg. 

Soda Powder contains sodium nitrate (Na N0 3 ), which de- 
teriorates in time by absorbing moisture from the air. It 
usually comes in 25 lb. kegs and costs about $1.25. The average 
weight of loose powder, slightly shaken, is 62% lbs. per cu. ft., 
or 1 lb. occupies 28 eu. ins. 

Judson Powder, which is a free running black powder, comes 
in 50 lb. kegs and costs about $7.25 and under. It is a soda 
powder and contains from 5 to 10 per cent of nitroglycerine. 

Nitroglycerine 5 % 

Sodium nitrate 64% 

Sulphur 16% 

Cannel coal 15 % 

Dynamite consists of any absorbent or porous material satu- 
rated or partly saturated with nitroglycerine. The absorbent 
is called the "dope." If 40 per cent of the weight of dynamite 
is nitroglycerine it is known as 40 per cent dynamite; if 75 per 
cent, it is known as 75 per cent dynamite. 

High explosives are usually packed in cases containing 25 and 
50 lbs. "Car load" means 20,000 pounds dynamite net weight, 
except where the railroad requires a larger minimum quantity, 
in which event that minimum quantity is considered a car load. 
Prices on 200 pounds or more usually include delivery to the 
nearest freight station. The prices of high explosives vary in 
the different sections of the country as much as $4.00 or $5.00 
per one hundred pounds. For instance, in greater New York and 
most points in Colorado and Florida they are high; in Maryland, 
Pennsylvania and the greater part of New Jersey they are low 
as a rule. The price in any section is liable to change without 
notice and their variation is due to many different causes, such 
as high or low freight rates, local ordinances regarding the 
method of delivery, etc., hence, the rates given below are aver- 
317 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



age and are mainly of use in determining the relative prices of 
different kinds and grades of explosives. 



Atlas, Hercules, 
Giant & Red 
Cross (latter 
not less than' 
20%) from 
15% to 60% 



Repanno, For- 
cite, Giant & 
Hercules- 
from 35% to 



Nitroglycerin 
grades only 



Nitroglycerin, (25% 
Semi - Gelatin J 27 % 
and Ammonia ] 30% 
grades only 1.33% 



jerin, /"35% 

latin, 40% 

and^ 45% 

n ia 50% 

Uo% 



Nitroglycerin, f35% 
Semi-Gelatin, 
Gelatin 
Ammo 
grades 

Gelatin grades j"| J ^ 



only 



180% 



Blasting Gelatin 
Carbonite Nos. 1 
Carbonite, Nos. 3 
Monobcl, Nos. 1, 2 



Judson R 
Judson F 
Judson FF 
Judson FFF 



R. P. 



5% 

10% 
15% 
20% 



Car- 
loads, 
20,000 

Lbs. 

10.00 

10.15 
10.40 



Cents per Lb.- 



23.50 
12.00 
11.20 
13.00 



9.50 
10.00 
10.40 



2,000 
Lbs. 

or 
Over 

11.75 
11.90 
12.15 



10.80 12.55 

10.95 12.70 

11.20 12.95 

31.45 13.20 



9.50 
11.25 
11.75 
12.15 



Than 
2,000 
Lbs. 

12.50 
12.65 
12.90 

13.30 
13.45 
13.70 
13.95 



11.60 13.35 14.10 

12.00 13.75 14.50 

12.50 14.25 15.00 

13.00 14.75 15.50 

14.00 15.75 16.50 

15.00 16.75 17.50 

15.50 17.25 18.00 

16.00 17.75 18.50 



23.25 24.00 

13.75 14.50 

12.95 13.70 

14.75 15.50 



10.00 
12.00 
12.50 
12.90 



Red Cross Explosives are especially valuable in cold weather 
because although they will freeze, they do not freeze readily and 
will thaw when ice melts. Identical in appearance and similar 
in action to other standard grades. 

Ammonia Dynamite has a strong heaving and rending effect, 
producing a minimum of fine material. Fumes not objectionable. 
Difficult to ignite by "side spitting" of fuse. Suitable for open 
or underground work. 

Semi-Gelatin is an excellent explosive for wet work. No ob- 
jectionable fumes. 

Gelatin Dynamite is dense, plastic, fumes not objectionable. 
Little affected by water. 

Blasting Gelatin is a very high power, quick-acting explosive 
with good water resisting qualities and a lack of objectionable 
fumes. For use in rock too hard for 80 per cent Gelatin Dynamite. 

A "permissible explosive" is one which has been approved by 
the United States Government as "permissible for use in gaseous 
or dusty coal mines." 

Monobel No. 2 and Carbonite No. 1, are recommended for 
anthracite coal, bituminous coking coal and other coal where a 
quick acting explosive is needed. 

Monobel No. 3 and Carbonite No. 4 are slower in action, and 
should be used where a maximum of large lump is desired. 



EXPLOSIVES 319 

Carbonite No. 2 is slower than No. 1 and quicker than No. 3. 

Monobel No. 1 is designed for use in quarries and ore mines. 
It does not require thawing, and is practically fumeless. 

Judson powder is intermediate between dynamite and blasting 
powder. It is especially valuable in soft and friable work. 
Judson R. R. P. has already been described. 

Judson F, FF and FFF are put up in cartridges like dynamite. 

The weight of dynamite per inch of stick is about as follows, 
and all of the grades weigh about the same per stick: 

Diam of Stick (Ins.) Wt. per In. of Length (Lbs.) 

1 0.042 

IVi 0.065 

1% 0.094 

1% 0.128 

2 0.168 

2% ...• 0.212 



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EXPLOSIVES STORE HOUSES 

Professor Courtenay de Kalb, in his "Manual of Explosives," 
says: 

^'Storage (of explosives) in caves, tunnels, earth or stone cov- 
ered vaults and in log structures should under no circumstances 
be tolerated. The chief objection in all these cases is that the 
structure will hold dampness, and any dampness in a magazine 
containing any explosive^into which nitrates enter as an essential 
or accessory ingredient is certain to affect its quality and render 
it more or less dangerous in subsequent use. This applies to gun- 
powder (common black powder) and to practically all dyna- 
mites . . ." 

Professor de Kalb recommends a building of tongued and 
grooved boards, blind nailed, with tar-paper covered roof, and if 
danger of fire is apprehended, steel shingled covered roof and 
walls. An ordinary tool box covered with tin or sheet iron 
and painted red with large, distinct "danger" signs on all sides 
is excellent. However, it is possible to obtain ready made 
magazines. 

In a recent catalogue of the Du Pont de Nemours Powder Com- 
pany a number of storage houses are described, and the follow- 
ing data are compiled. 

On October 1, 1911, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Cali- 
fornia, and Oklahoma had laws regulating distances at which 
specific quantities of explosives might be stored with reference 
to dwellings, public buildings, railroads, etc. Almost all cities 
and towns have laws regarding this and all who intend to store 
explosives 'should inform themselves on all state and local laws. 
Where no laws affecting storage of explosives are in force, we 
recommend that magazines be located in compliance with the 
American Table of Distances, to-wit: 

TABLE 121 

Pounds of Distances to Distances to Distances to Distances to 

Explosives. Inhabited Unprotect- Passenger Unprotect - 

Buildings ed Inhabit- Ry's. When ed Passen- 

When Mag- ed Build- Magazine ger Ry's. 

azine Is ings (Ft.). Is Barri- (Feet). 

Barricaded. caded (Ft.) 
(Feet.) 

100 180 360 110 220 

200 260 520 155 310 

300 320 640 190 380 

400 360 720 215 430 

500 400 800 240 480 

600 430 860 260 520 

700 460 920 275 550 

800 490 980 295 590 

900 510 1,020 305 610 

1,000 530 1,060 320 640 

1,500 600 1,200 360 720 

2,000 650 1,300 390 780 

3,000 710 1,420 425 850 

4,000 750 1,500 450 900 

5,000 780 1,560 470 940 

'321 



322 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Where municipal regulations do not prohibit storing- explosives 
within city limits, powder or dynamite in quantities of 100 
pounds or less may be kept in a small portable magazine. Al- 
ways mark on this magazine the words "Powder Magazine." 
Fuse may be kept in store and blasting caps or electric fuses, 
not exceeding 500 each. Always keep magazine locked. 

Sidewalk Magazine Without Wheels. A magazine built of 2-in. 
boards covered entirely, on the outside with No. 20 flat iron, 
having the lid secured by ordinary hinges and fitted with hasp, 
staple and padlock. (No magazine should be allowed to rest on 
the ground because powder absorbs moisture.) . 

COST 

For 50 lbs. powder, 22" wide x 27" long x 17" high $ 5 to $10 

For 100 lbs. powder, 27" wide x 27" long x 22" high 6 to 12 

For 50 lbs. dynamite, 19" wide x 28" long x 13" high. . 6 to 12 
For 100 lbs. dynamite, 19" wide x 28" long x 22" high.. 7 to 14 
For 200 lbs. dynamite. 25" wide x 36" long x 22" high. . 9 to 18 
For 300 lbs. dynamite, 25" wide x 50" long x 22" high, . 11 to 22 

Sidewalk Magazine with Wheels. Similar to that without 
wheels, but supplied with four 6-in. cast iron wheels on the 
outside at the bottom. 

COST 

(Has same dimensions as those without wheels) 

For 50 lbs. powder $ 6 to $12 

For 100 lbs. powder 7 to 14 

For 50 lbs. dynamite 7 to 14 

For 100 lbs. dynamite 8 to 16 

For 200 lbs. dynamite 10 to 20 

For 300 lbs. dynamite 12 to 24 

Iron Magazines for storing explosives are of two kinds; the 
portable sidewalk magazine on wheels, and the storage maga- 
zine. The former is furnished in five sizes from that with a 
capacity of eight kegs, size 24"x23"x25", weight 150 pounds, price 
$15 f. o. b. Ohio, to that with a capacity of thirty kegs, size 
30"x30"x50", weight 450 pounds, price $37.50. The latter kind 
comes in ten sizes, from the smallest, capacity 108 kegs, size 
3'x6'x6', weight 700 pounds, price $56.25, to the largest, capacity 
1,848 kegs, size Il'x8'x21', weight 4,400 pounds, price $337.50. 

General Specifications for Sand Filled Bynamite Magazine are 
as follows: 

Foundations: If a post foundation is used, posts spaced 

5 ft. c. to c. and charred or tarred. 

If brick foundation is used, 9-inch wall stepped 

to 12 or 15 inch- footing course, all laid 

with lime or cement mortar. 

If stone foundation is used, wall may be laid 

dry. 
If concrete foundation is used, wall need not 
be more than 8 inches thick. 
Floor: Joists: 2 in.x6 in., spaced 12 in. c. to c. 

Floor: %-in. matched boards, blind nailed, or 
1-in. board with nails countersunk. 



EXPLOSIVES STORE HOUSES 



Sills and Plates: 2x6 in. 

Studding: 2xb in. 

Siding: %-in. tongue and groove, or shiplap. 

Lining: Sheath inside of building from sills to plate 

with %-in. tongue and groove blind nailed, 
or shiplap with nails countersunk. 

Bullet Proofing: As inside sheathing is put on fill space 
between the sill, plate, studding, outside 
and inside sheathing with coarse sand, well 
tamped. Do not use gravel or stone. 

Roof: Rafters: 2x4 in., spaced 24 in. c. td c. 

Sheathing, 1-in. plank. 

Roofing: No. 24 galv. corrugated iron. 

Cornice: (Under eaves) No. 26 galv. fiat iron. To 

make roof bullet-proof from above, nail 
plank on rafters and fill with sand. 

Iron Covering: Sides and ends to be covered with No. 24 or 

No. 26 black or galv. flat or corrugated iron. 

Door: 3-in. hardwood, covered on outside by 

%x62x40 in. steel plate. All hinges to be 
secured by bolts passing through to inside. 

Ventilation: 3-in. or 4-in. globe ventilator in roof. "Ven- 

tilator holes to be cut in foundation. 

COST. 

For storing 1,000 lbs., size 6x6 ft $40 to $ 60 

For storing 2,000 lbs., size 6x7 ft 50 to 80 

For storing 3,000 lbs., size 7x7 ft 60 to 90 

For storing 4,000 lbs., size 7x8 ft 70 to 100 

P or storing 5,000 lbs., size 8x8 ft 80 to 120 

Distance from ground to floor, 3 feet. From floor to eaves, 
6 feet. 

Brick Magazine. These have 8 in. walls, have floors of and are 
lined with "%-in. plank, and have roof covered with corrugated 
galvanized iron. 

COST 

For storing 1,000 lbs., size 7x 6 ft $ 60 to $ 80 

For storing 2,000 lbs., size 7x 7 f t 70 to 100 

For storing 3,000 lbs., size 7x 8 ft 80 to 110 

For storing 4,000 lbs., size 7x 9 ft -90 to 130 

For storing 5,000 lbs., size 7x10 ft 100 to 140 



324 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

FIRE EQUIPMENT 

CHEMICAL ENGINES. 

This engine, Fig. 125, has proved to be a most valuable piece 
of fire fighting apparatus for use in warehouses, factories, lum- 
ber yards, private residences, etc. 

The construction consists of a forty gallon steel cylinder,. 




r-ig 125. Ci 



Engine. 



tinned inside and out, set up on two suitable wheels 42 inches 
in diameter, either of the sarvan or all steel wide tire pattern, 
the cylinder being properly balanced between the two wheels 
so that when the engine is set upright on its bottom the wheels 
clear the floor or ground; suitable handles are provided by which 
the engine is easily run from place to place and when required 
for village fire department use a Suitable drag rope is furnished. 
The equipment consists of 50 ft. % in. chemical hose with 




Tabor American 
Spanner. . Spanner. 



Fig. 126. Standard Underwriter Equipment. 



FIRE EQUIPMENT 325 

couplings and shut-off nozzle. Dimensions, height 52 inches, 
diameter 16 inches, width over hubs of wheels 35 inches, track 
29 inches. 

Finished in aluminum, bronze or any color Japan. 

Charge consists of 17 lbs. bi-carbonate of soda and 10 lbs. sul- 
phuric acid. 

The price of this engine, tinned inside and out is $175.00 net, 
lead lined, $210.00 net. 

STANDARD UNDERWRITER EQUIPMENT. 

(As illustrated in Fig. 126.) Price Net 

Steel crowbar $ 1.50 each 

Fire hooks, 6 ins. long 1.25 each 

Fire hooks, 12 ins. long 1.75 each 

Fire hooks, 16 ins. long 3.50 each 

Fire axe with pick back, heavy 21.00 doz. 

Fire axe with pick back, light 16.80 doz. 

Fire axe holder, polished brass 90 set 

Tabor hose spanner 2.10 doz. 

American hose spanner 2.10 doz. 

Galvanized iron pails, 12 qts 3.00 doz. 

Galvanized iron pails, 12 qts., round bottom 4.35 doz. 




Fig. 127. Hose Nozzle and Expansion Ring Couplings. 



TABLE 121- 


-HOSE NOZZLE 


AND EXPANSION RING 




COUPLINGS. 






Hose Nozzles, 


Plain. 




Size (Ins.) 


Length 




Price per Doz. 


% net 


6 




$ 2.S0 


1 


8 




3.60 


1% 


' 10% 




7.20 


2 


11 




11.40 


2% 


12 




1S.24 




Hose Nozzles, Screw Tip. 




Size Coup. (Ins.) 


Length 




Price per Doz. 


% 


8 




$ 4.00 




12 




5.00 


1 


8 




5.00 




12 




6.00 


1% 


12 




12.50 




20 




1S.0O 


2 


12 




19.00 




20 




25.00 


2% 


15 




26.25 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



EXPANSION RING HOSE COUPLINGS. 



1% in $0.95 net. 

Medium iy 2 in 1.60 net. 

2 in 1.05 net. 



Medium 2 in $2.00 net 

2y 2 in 1.35 net 

Medium 2y 2 in 2.60 net 



EXTRA HEAVY EXPANSION RING COUPLINGS. 

Price 

Underwriter Approved Type per set net $2.10 

Fire Department Service per set net 2.10 

Navy Bronzed Pattern per set net 3.10 

Mill Type 1.85 

FIRE EXTINGUISHER. 

Made in three gallon size (Fig-. 128). Guaranteed tested 350 
lbs. pressure. 

Price, Net 

3-Gallon, polish copper $9.00 

3-Gallon, red Japanned 9.30 

3-Gallon, nickel plated 9.60 




Fig. 128. 



Fig. 129. 



TUBE FIRE EXTINGUISHER, DRY POWDER. 

The Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher, illustrated (Fig. 129), con- 
sists of a tube 22 inches long and 2% inches in diameter, filled 
with a dry chemical compound, the chemicals being deadly to fire 
but absolutely harmless to anything else. Price, $1.05. 



FIRE EQUIPMENT 




130. Linen Fire Hose. 



LINEN FIRE HOSE. 

Hose to Withstand a Pressure of 300 Lbs. (Price per Ft.) 

1-in. 1%-in. 2-in. 2%-in. 3-in. 



$0.09 



$0.13 



$0.15 



$0.17 



$0.24 



Hose to Withstand a Pressure of 400 Lbs. (Price per Ft.) 
1-in. 1%-in. 2-in. 2% -in. 3-in. 

$0.12 $0.15 $0.18 



$0.21 



$0.30 





Fig. 131. Swinging Hose Rack. Fig. 132. Swinging Hose Reel. 

HOSE RACK. 
(Figs. 131 and 132.) Price 

Brass, size 7-8-9 $9,00 

Iron, aluminum finish, 7-8-9 2.75 

Malleable iron with wall plates, aluminum, gold bronze and 
Japanned, any color, size 7-8-9 4.70 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



FORGES 



Small rivet forges, with pans 18" to 24' 
12" in diameter, weigh from 110 to 130 It 
to $20.00. (Fig. 133.) 



and blower fans about 
3. and cost, from $13.00 




Fig. 133. 



Larger forges, suitable for horse shoeing and small repair 
work, cost, complete, with water tank, as follows: 



Size of Firepan Weight 

Kind of Blower (Ins.) (Lbs.) Price 

Hand blower 28x40 265 $ 27.00 

Electric, with motor 28x40 285 $60.00 to 75.00 

Hand and electric .28x40 300 90.00 to 105.00 

Without tank, less $4.00. 

A first-class blacksmith forge for a permanent blacksmith 
shop, costs, complete, $125.00. 



FORKS 



Stone or Ballast Porks. Net prices for extra grades stone or 
ballast forks in quantities, at Chicago, are as follows: 

Length "Width Weight 

Tines Fork per Doz Price 

No. Tines (Ins.) (Ins.) (Lbs.) per Doz. 

8 13% 11% 76 $12.00 

10 13% 14% 88 15.00 

12 14% 13% 96 17.40 

The above prices are for forks with natural finish, wide strap 
ferrules and heavy caps, with wood "D" ash handles. 



FORMS 



Used for the assembling of column and girder forms. (Fig. 134.) 

ADJUSTABLE STEEL FORM CLAMPS. 

Grip Wt. 100 Pieces 

Clamp No. (Ins.) (Lbs.) Price 

22 22 592 $29.70 

30 30 680 S2.85 

36 36 647 36.00 

42 42 933 41.40 




Fig. 134. 



330 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

FURNACES AND KETTLES 



A gasoline lead or leadite furnace (Fig. 135), having a melting 
pot capacity of 325 lbs. of lead or 50 lbs. of leadite, weighs, 
crated, 170 lbs., and costs $50.00. 




Fig. 136. Asphalt and Tar Kettles. 

Asphalt and tar kettles (Fig. 136) of very heavy steel plate, 
reinforced with angle irons, for burning wood or coal, cost as 
follows: 

Kettle, 38 ins. diameter, 21 ins. deep $21.00 

Mantle, 40 ins. diameter, 36 ins. deep 18.75 

Mantle, with door and grate for burning coal 37.50 



FURNACES AND KETTLES 




m 

Fig. 137. Portable Asphalt and Tar 
Melting Furnace. 

Asphalt or tar melting furnaces (Fig. 137) cost as follows: 

Price 

Capacity (Gals.) Not Mounted Mounted 

50 $42.50 $ 63.75 

100 63.75 85.00 

150 85.00 114.75 

200 148.75 

250 191.25 




Fig. 138. Lead Melting Furnace. 
Lead melting furnace (Fig. 138). 



Price, including pot, bar, grate and ladle: 

On Wheels On Legs 

18-inch $21.00 , $16.25 

24-inch 24.50 19.5:1 

30-inch 31.50 24.40 

Asphalt and tar kettle of 100 gallons capacity, mounted on 
wheels, complete, $135.00. (Fig. 139.) 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



' 






Fig. 139. Asphalt and Tar 
Kettle. 



Fig. 141. Tar Furnace. 



Standard fire wagon, mounted on wheels, length of body 5 
feet 1% inches, width 2 feet 6% inches, depth 1 foot; complete, 
$95.00. (Fig. 140.) 




Fig. 140. Standard Fire Wagon. 



GLASS 



Skylight Glass. The prices range as follows: 

Thickness (Ins.) Price per Sq. Ft. 

% $0.07 

A 10 

^4 15 

Wired skylight glass, ^-in. thick, is $0.25 per sq. ft. 

Vault Liglits. Contractors furnishing their own moulds can 
obtain glass at from 4 to 5 cents per pound. Bull's eyes, 3 in. 
in diameter, are 3 cents each, and square lights, 3%x3%, are 5 to 
6 cents each. 

Plate Glass. On plate glass there is a discount of 89% from 
list. In the accompanying table the net price of polished plate 
glass is figured at this discount. These prices apply to the glass 
only, an extra charge being made for boxing or cutting to special 
sixes. 

Window Glass. The discount from jobbers' list is 90% and 5%. 
This quotation is not strictly adhered to. The net prices per box 
of 50 sq. ft., at the discount named, are as follows: 



AMERICAN WINDOW GLASS. 

Size of Glass (Ins.) A B. 

6x 8 to 10x15 $2.27 $2.16 

12x14 

12x13 to 14x20 2.37 2.27 

18x22 

20x20 to 20x30 2!70 2.50 

15x36 to 24x36 2.80 2.55 

26x28 to 24x36 2.95 2.65 

26x34 

28x32 to 30x40 3.27 2.85 

30x30 
32x38 

34x36 to 30x50 3.80 3.25 

30x52 to 30x54 4.05 3.55 



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GRADING MACHINES 



(See also Elevating Graders.) 

Machines which move earth by sliding or rolling over the 
ground and by either pushing the earth before them or into them 
by a combination of the two actions, thereby conveying the earth 
to the place of deposit, are known variously as scrapers, road 
machines, graders, spreaders, levelers, etc., and are of many 



RAILROAD GRADER. 

A v machine mounted on standard gauge trucks, which spreads 
and grades the earth in railroad embankment work and is oper- 
ated by compressed air taken from the train line, needs only one 
man to operate the machine itself. The theoretical capacity of 
the spreader is 179 20-yd. cars, or 3,580 cu. yds. in 13 minutes. 
It will make 17 yds. of heavy stone fill in one hour. The oper- 
ating power required is a 17x24 locomotive, but a 20x23 is better. 
The machine weighs 6,500 lbs. and costs $3,000. Allowing $25.00 
per day for the engine and crew and $3.00 for the machine crew, 
the cost of operation is $28.00 per day, or 16 cents per cubic 
yard for stone filling. 

The commonly used scrapers are of three kinds: wheel, drag 
and buck or Fresno. In all three, as in the case of all scrapers 
and levelers, except where the soil is very sandy and loose, the 
earth must first be loosened by plows or picks. In the three 
kinds of scrapers the cutting edge of the machine digs into the 
soil, thereby loading itself, and the drag scraper slides over the 
ground carrying its load, the wheel scraper rolls along carrying 
its load and the Fresno scraper both drags, and carries and 
pushes a load in front of it. 

Drag scrapers are efficient for a short distance only, from 50 
to 100 feet, while Fresno scrapers can be used economically up « 
to about 275 feet, when wheel scrapers should be substituted. 
The drag scraper is pulled by two horses and the driver dumps 
the scraper as well as drives. An extra man is usually needed 
for loading. In the case of the Fresno scraper, which is usually 
puiled by three or four horses, the driver is able to both load 
and dump the machine and to spread the earth to the proper 
depth while dumping it. The wheel scraper, however, needs a 
loader and an extra snatch team at the pit. 

, — — - 
WHEEL SCRAPERS. 

The sizes of wheelers most frequently used are Nos. 2, 2% and 
3, of which the ideal size for average work is No. 2%. The 
capacity of scrapers, as rated in the catalogues, can never be 
attained in actual work, the actual being about one-half. 
335 



336 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Listed Capacity 
List Cu. Ft. Price Weight, Lbs. 

No. 1 9 25.50 330 to 400 

No. 2 12 37.50 500 to 600 

No. 3 16 $42.75 650 to 750 

Add $6.00 to No. 2 and No. 3 for automatic tail gate, and add 
10% for patent hubs and spring draft. 

Repairs. Six new wheel scrapers: first cost, $45.00 to $50.00. 
Repairs for 6 months averaged $2.50 per scraper per month; 
life, 4 years. Second-hand wheel scrapers, original cost $45.00 to 
$50.00. Repairs, blacksmith at $3.50 per day over a period of 
8 months, averaged $3.50 per scraper per month; life, 4 years. 
These scrapers were two or three years old when these data 
were collected. 

DRAG SCRAPERS. 

Drag scrapers likewise hold about half the listed contents. 

TABLE 123. 

o • ~ . «• ° o'b 

«a £ % s s fe-s-g 

i« p 3 life n 1 

A fc o 73 fc 

Drag Scrapers. 

6 No. 1 American Scrap- 
ers, with runners 56x40x27 630 540 35 7 $3.60 

6 No. 2 American Scrap- 
ers, with runners 56x36x26 567 480 30 5 3.30 

6 No. 3 American Scrap- 
ers, with runners 54x34x24 535 450 25 3 3.10 

6 No. 1 Imp. Cham. Scrap- 
ers, with runners 56x40x31 715 618 40 7 3.75 

6 No. 2 Imp. Cham. Scrap- 
ers, with runners 56x37x30 630 540 35 5 3.45 

6 No. 3 Imp. Cham. Scrap- 
ers, with runners 55x35x30 535 450 33 3 3.25 

6 No. 1 Slusser Scrapers, 
* with runners 54x27x41 635 540 35 7 3.60 

6 No. 2 Slusser Scrapers, 

with runners 54x27x38 570 480 33 5 3.30 

6 No. 3 Slusser Scrapers. .53x26x35 537 450 27 3 3.10 

American and Improved Champion Scrapers are of steel with 

round back. ' 

Slusser Scrapers are of steel with square back 

Four drag scrapers, originally costing $7.00, had a life of three 

years in good loam and others lasted but one year and a half in 

sand. In an average taken over four months of work, repairs to 

scrapers amounted to 20 cents per month each. 

FRESNO SCRAPERS. 

This type of scraper is ideal for building railroad embank- 
ments from side ditches and for wasting earth taken from cuts 
when the earth is free from large stones and roots. It has been 
the author's experience that if the scraper is pulled at right 
angles to the line of the plow furrows the loading will be com- 



GRADING MACHINES 337 

pleted in a much shorter time than when the scraper is pulled 
parallel with the furrows. 

No. 1, 5-foot cutting edge, capacity 18 cu. ft, 

weight 300 lbs $14.00 to $18.00 

No. 2, 4-foot cutting edge, capacity 14 cu. ft., 

weight 275 lbs 13.50 to 17.50 

No. 3, 3% -foot cutting edge, capacity 12 cu. ft., 

weight 250 lbs 13.25 to 17.00 

The listed capacity of the Fresno Scraper has been found by 
the author to be about twice the actual place measure capacity. 

TONGUE SCRAPERS. 

This machine is composed of a wooden platform drawn at an 
angle of about 60° with the surface of the ground and the horses 
are hooked to the pole. It is a very valuable machine for filling 
ditches, leveling roads or other uneven places. The author has 
found it an extremely economical machine for spreading top- 
soil which had been previously stacked in piles. It has a steel 
cutting edge 48 inches wide, which can be easily replaced. The 
weight is 120 lbs. and the price $6.15. 

THE DOAN SCRAPER. 

This machine is very useful for cleaning out and back filling 
ditches or leveling uneven surfaces. Manufacturers claim that 
it will back fill as much earth as 50 men with shovels. Price, 
$4.50. 

Keystone Drag Scraper — Price, $12.00. 

Happy Thought Road Scraper — Price, $15.00. 

Beach AH Steel Scraper for dragging dirt roads can be drawn 
at any angle. Price, $15.00. 

GRADERS AND ROAD MACHINES. 

The difference between graders and scrapers is that the scrap- 
ers pick up a load, transport it a certain distance and unload it 
at one place, while the road machine is used mainly for cutting 
off high places and filling up the adjacent low places while the 
machine is in motion. Another function of the grader is that 
of moving earth into winrowSi or of spreading it from winrows 
in thin layers. 

The following machines are drawn by two horses and operated 
by the driver alone: 

20th Century Grader (Fig. 143) is a machine on two small steel 
wheels, with a 6-foot blade, which may be raised or lowered, tilted 
or set at any angle by the driver, who occupies a seat directly be- 
hind the wheels. This machine is very valuable for light road 
grading, crushed stone spreading and for any work that does not 
require the very heavy standard road machine. It weighs 
about 600 lbs. and costs $150.00 delivered anywhere in the United 
States. 

The Iiittle Yankee Grader (Fig. 146) is a machine weighing 
about 900 lbs., on four small wheels, with a blade 5% feet wide. 
It is used for light grading and leveling and for spreading crushed 



338 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

stone. Price, $135.00, complete with diggers and fenders; $125.00 
without the diggers and fenders. 

The Shuart Grader (Fig. 148) is a three-wheel machine, of a 
type similar to the Little Yankee Grader. It weighs 525 lbs. and 
costs $47.50. 

Indiana Reversible Road Drag (Fig. 150). Price $15.00. Blade 
7 ft. long. 

Panama Road Drag- (Fig. 151). Price $23.00, with lever for 
changing vertical angle of blade. 

Humane Tongueless (Fig. 152). Price, $35.00, with lever for 
changing vertical angle of blade. 

Panama Junior Reversible Leveler (Fig. 153). Price, $40.00. 
Adjustable for pitch and angle. 

Panama Senior Reversible Leveler (Fig. 154). Price, $125.00. 
Adjustable for pitch and angle. 

The following machines need one or more men besides the 
driver for operation: 

The Steel Reversible Road Machine is made in two sizes. The 
standard size has a blade of direct draft and can be set at any 
angle and can be shifted 30 inches outside of the wheels. Price, 
$175.00. The small size weighs 1,400 lbs. and has a 6xl5-inch 
blade. Price, $125.00. 

The Buckeye Reversible Road Machine is made of steel, weighs 
2,000 lbs. and costs $260.00. 

The Reversible Steel Road Machine weighs 2,400 lbs., costs 
$175.00 and is drawn by two horses under ordinary conditions. 
The small size weighs, 1,400 lbs. and costs $125.00. 

The American Champion Reversible Road Machine, designed 
for hard, rough work, weighs 2,000 lbs. and costs $210.00. 

The Little Winner Reversible Road Grader is drawn by two 
horses and needs one operator besides the driver. It has a blade 
six feet long, weighs 1,500 lbs. and costs $125.00. 

A Gravel Spreader was used in the construction of the Colo- 
rado River Levee. This spreader was built on an ordinary flat 
car and is of extremely simple construction. A small, well- 
braced tower is built in the center and on each side 8x17 in. pine 
stringers are firmly bolted to the side sills and to stringers laid 
across the top of the car body. Ten 1^4 in. eyebolts run up 
through these stringers and from these are suspended two 
isosceles triangular wings, one on each side of the car. These 
wings are raised and lowered by means of ropes and blocks at 
the point of the wings and at the top of the tower and are 
raised by braking the car and hauling on the line by a loco- 
motive. On the outside the wings are faced with iron and have 
a reach of 15 feet. The 45-yard side-dump cars were unloaded 
when standing still, so that the top of the dumps on either side 
were from 3 to 4 feet above the tracks. In spreading this ma- 
terial the machine is put through the entire length at a speed 
from 7 to 10 miles per hour. Several trips with the wings at 
different heights are sometimes necessary. The cost of spread- 
ing material per yard is about 1/10 cent, the cost of construct- 
ing machine about $300.00, and its operation requires the service 
Of a locomotive and of four men to handle the wings. 



GRADING MACHINES 




Fig. 144, Fresno Scraper. 



340 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 




Fig. 145. 





GRADING MACHINES 




Fig 148. Shuart Grader. 



^— ^5i5 




Fig. 151. Panama Road Drag. 



342 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 




Fig. 152. Humane Tongueless Scraper. 




Fig. 153. Panama Junior Reversible Leveler. 




Fig. 154. Panama Senior Reversible Leveler. 



GRADING MACHINES 



343 






■mM* 



Fig. 155. McCann Spreader and Grader. 




Fig. 157. Doan Scraper. 



344 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

JORDAN SPREADER. 

On the Hudson Division of the New York Central & Hudson 
River R. R., where considerable double tracking work was in 
progress, the Walsh-Kahl Construction Company were using a 
dump car train and Jordan spreaders (Fig. 158) to widen out 
shoulders sufficiently to lay a construction track so as to clear 




Fig. 158. Jordan Spreader in Use on Four Tracking. 

the present main line tracks. With a good locomotive and crew 
a train load of 150 to 200 cu. yds. of ordinary material can be 
leveled so as to clear passing trains in 8 minutes and can be 
leveled down to 2 ft. below top of rail in from 10 to 15 minutes. 
The cost per day of a spreader may be estimated as follows, 
assuming all items liberally to insure their covering the cost in 
any case: 

Depreciation on $5,000 machine at 15 years life, 250 days 

per year $1.33 

Interest at 5 per cent 1.00 

Repairs at $50 per year 20 

Labor, 1 operator 2.50 

Oil, waste, etc 10 

Total $5.13 

This does not include cost of locomotive and crew. 

This will indicate what may be the cost of using a spreader. 
If the machine is taken care of it should be sold at the end of 15 
years for a reasonable price, but no account is taken of the 
scrap value in this estimate. 

The machine can easily handle all material which can be sup- 
plied by trains which might be anywhere from 1,000 to 20,000 
yards per day. 



GRADING MACHINES 



COST OF LEVELING GROUND WITH AN ELECTRIC DRAG 
SCRAPER. 

By James C. Bennett.* 

The gold-dredging industry of California has given rise to a 
method of leveling ground that offers possibility of a con- 
siderably more general application than has been developed to 
date. The method, by the electric drag scraper, was originated 
in the Oroville field, where one of the dredging companies was 
required by the municipality to restore to an approximately level 
surface the ground that it had dredged within the city limits. 
Although some such leveling had been done by means of horses 
and scrapers, prior to the development of the electric drag 
scraper, it had been on small tracts only, and the cost had been 
almost prohibitive when the acreage involved amounted to more 
than one or .two, or possibily three, acres. 

A few months ago, the writer was called upon to arrange for 
grading a piece of ground. The work involved leveling down 
some piles of gravel to a grade suitable for building lots, making 
a roadway 60 ft. wide by 600 ft. long, half the width being a 
cut and the remainder a fill, and filling a large water hole to a 
grade above the level of standing water. Practically all previous 
work had been done by owners on force account, and, since the 
only object to be gained was to level the ground to any con- 
venient grade, no attempt had been made to determine the yard- 
age involved, hence no unit cost was available. The nearest 
approach was based on the cost per acre, which ranged from 
$175 to $200 per acre. In this, however, it was impossible to 
secure any suggestion even as to the approximate yardage 
represented. 

In preparation for the proposed work, an attempt was made to 
determine the approximate yardage involved by a rough measure- 
ment, but without success. Some idea may be gained of the diffi- 
culties of making measurements on ground of this character 
from the statement that, for purposes of railroad construction in 
this field, it was found necessary to make cross-sections at 10-ft. 
intervals. An estimate based on previous acreage costs would 
be unreliable in this instance, owing to the necessity of working 
to grade. The writer and the contractors made a joint estimate 
of the time required to do the work. As the approximate daily 
expense was known within fairly narrow limits, this afforded the 
most equitable basis of cost. 

Seventy-five working days was agreed upon as sufficient time 
to complete the work. This was to include lost time on account 
of repairs, setting deadmen, moving lines and blocks, and moving 
machine from one position to another. During, and upon com- 
pletion of the work, the following data were obtained : 



Abstracted from Engineering News. 



346 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Daily Expenses 

1 Winchman $5.00 

2 Helpers @ $2.50 | 5.00 

' 1 Horse (for moving lines, etc.) 1.00 

133.33 kw-hr. @ 2 & cents 3.00 

Making a total daily cost of $14.00 

Time Required 

No. days actually scraping 62 

No. days moving lines and winch and making 

repairs 10 

Making total days worked 73 

No. working days in which no work was done 10 

Making elapsed working time days 82 

Costs 

72 days @ $14.00 $1,008.00 

Repairs, materials only 35.00 

4-horse team, man and scraper, surfacing 

street grade, 1 day 10.00 

600 ft. second hand, 1%-in. hauling line 54.00 

600 ft. second hand, %-in. back line 30.00 

Depreciation at 10 per cent 120.00 

Making a total cost of $1,257.00 

In the foregoing figures, as will be noticed, a charge is made 
against the job for the full cost of the ropes. In doing this, the 
job is being charged with a little more than is really legitimate, 
as the same ropes are good for probably two to three thousand 
yards additional. Also, the depreciation charge is probably lib- 
eral, as there is very little severe wear and tear on anything but 
the scraper. 

A close tally was kept of the number of trips made, or loads 
hauled, and, from time to time, the loads were measured. An 
average of 1% cu. yd. per trip is believed to be very nearly 
correct. The total amount of material moved, based on the 
number of trips made, was 15,300 cu. yds. The actual cost per 
cubic yard was thus 8.2 cents. 

For the 62 days of actual scraping, the average running time 
was seven hours per day. 

Average length of haul 175 ft. 

Average day's duty 247 cu. yds. 

Largest day's duty 425 cu. yds. 

Average hourly duty 35.2 cu. yds. 

The equipment consisted of a winch, motor, transformers, drag 
scraper, hauling and back lines, and snatch blocks. The winch 
was of the type commonly used on gold dredges, having been 
taken from a dismantled dredge. It was driven by a 50-h. p. 
motor, through one belt and two gear reductions, giving a rope 
speed — both lines — of about 130 ft. per minute. There was but 
one drum on the winch, having a central flange to separate the 
ropes. The hauling speed proved a very satisfactory one, but the 
return rope should have been speeded up to at least 150 ft., and 
possibly would have worked satisfactorily at 175 ft. per minute. 



GRADING MACHINES 347 

In fitting up the winch for the scraping work, the original cast- 
iron frame was discarded in favor of a much lighter timber 
frame, in which skids were made a part of the machine. For 
transmitting power from the transformers to the motor, an 
armored three-conductor cable was used. This permitted the 
winch to be moved about the field with its own power, and made 
unnecessary any moving of transformers. During the execution 
of the work, the winch was moved twice, that is, had three posi- 
tions, including the original. 

The transformers were not disturbed after being originally 
connected, as the nature of the ground permitted the selection of 
a location within reach of the several positions of the winch. 
The power company made no extra charge for running the neces- 
sary pole line — some five or six hundred feet — and connecting 
the transformers and motor. 

The scraper was made of 2-in. planks, the cross-section being 
of the shape shown by the accompanying sketch (Fig. 159). The 




Fig. 159. Section Through Bucket Used on Electric Drag Scraper. 

inside measurements were 18x18 in. and it was 12 ft. wide. A 
little experimenting was necessary at the beginning of the work 
to determine the correct angle at which the bail irons should 
be set. It was found necessary to make one or two changes of 
this angle during the progress of the work, owing to different 
conditions of ground and material. The planks were well 
strapped together with bar steel, and the ends were of steel 
plate. One, and some of the time two, pieces of rail were 
fastened to the top of the scraper for added weight. Both 
hauling and back lines were second-hand mine hoist ropes, in 
very good condition, but discarded for mine use in compliance 
with state mining laws. With the exception of one or two small 
portions of the work, the hauling line ran over only one snatch 
block, while the back line ran over three blocks a large^ portion 
of the time. A fairly liberal use was made of deadmen, it being 
more economical than to move the winch. 



348 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

HANDLES 



Shovel Handles. Net prices at Chicago for white ash "D" 
shovel, spade and scoop handles are as follows: 

Per Doz. 

Shovel, bent and riveted $2.55 

Spade, bent and riveted 2.46 

Scoop, bent and riveted 2.55 

Ditching spade, bent and riveted 3.00 

Shovel or spade, straight, riveted 2.46 

Shovel, straight, Maynard pattern 2.46 

The net prices for long shovel, spade and scoop handles are as 
follows : 

Per Doz. 

4% -ft., shovel, bent $2.40 

4% -ft., spade, bent 2.10 

4% -ft., scoop, bent 2.40 

4^ -ft., shovel, straight, Maynard pattern 2.10 

Malleable "D" with wood head and malleable fork and socket 
can be bought for $1.00 per dozen. Malleable "D's" with iron 
head cost $1.25 per dozen. 

Tool Handles. Net prices at Chicago for tool handles in full 
crate quantities are as follows: Per Doz. 

Nail hammer, adze eye, 14-in $0.45 

Riveting hammer, 12-in 40 

Riveting hammer, 14-in 40 

Blacksmith, 18-in 50 

Blacksmith, 20-in 60 

Hatchet, regular, 14-in 45 

Hatchet, broad, 18-in 60 

The above are for second growth hickory with wax finish, 
clear and white, and free from all imperfections. They are 
packed 5 dozen to the case. The net prices for hickory axe 
handles, both single bitted and double bitted, 36 in. long, are 
$2.45 per dozen for extra grade and $1.25 for No. 1 grade. Rail- 
road pick handles, 36 in. long, can be bought at $2.88 per dozen 
for extra grade second growth hickory, at $2 for second growth 
ash, and at $1.50 for second growth hickory, plain finish. The 
net prices for sledge, tool and maul handles are as follows: 

Price per Dozen 
Length, Ins. Extra Grade No. 1 Grade 

24 $1.00 $0.70 

28 1.25 .80 

30 1.40 .95 

36 1,70 1.15 

Grub hoe handles, 36 in. long, of second growth hickory, with 
wax finish, can be bought for $2.90 per dozen. Adze handles can 
be bought for $2.52 per dozen. 

Cross-Cut Saw Handles. Supplementary for one man saw, $1.00 
per dozen. 

One man $1.85 per doz. 

End handles 6 to 25 cents per pair 






HARROWS 



A light gardener's tooth harrow, with runners on the upper 
side, costs: 

With 25 teeth $6.00 

With 30 teeth 6.50 

A common square harrow of simple but strong construction 
costs : 

With 15 teeth, for one horse $6.00 

With 19 teeth, for one horse, heavy 6.25 

With 23 teeth, for two horses • 7.00 

A hinge harrow with runners on the reverse side, made in two 
sections hinged together, has 40 teeth and costs $9.50. 

A steel disc smoothing harrow, with a frame 6 ft. 8 in. by 6 ft., 
has 4 sets of rollers and 58 discs, 8 in. in diameter. Price, $17.00. 

A flexible disc or cutaway harrow of steel, regulated from the 
driver's seat, costs as follows: 

Two horse, with twelve 12 to 16-inch discs, 6 feet wide. ... $20.00 
Whiffle trees and neck yoke 1.50 

A tooth harrow, original cost $25.00, averaged for repairs for 
3 months, $1.30 per month. Cultivators, which cost $12.00 to 
$15.00 when new, averaged $1.05 per month for repairs during 
3 months. 



HEATERS 

A heater consists of a steel framework (Fig. 160) the sides of 
which are built up of perforated shelves arranged so that the 




Fig. 160. A Portable Gravel and Sand Heater. 

gravel or stone drops from one shelf to another and is heated by 
a fire built beneath. It will dry gravel or stone up to 2 in. in 
size, but cannot be used for drying sand. 

Capacity "Weight 

No. Cost Tons per Hour Lbs. Delivered 

1 $250 6 1,600 At once 

2 225 5 1,240 10 days 

3 200 4 1,035 10 days 

4 175 3 775 10 days 

A portable heater for warming stone for bituminous surfacing 
of highways (Fig. 161), which may be had arranged with a self- 
contained batch mixer and binder melting tank, consists of a 
revolving steel cylinder with concentric walls, engine and an oil 
heater with compressor for vaporizing the fuel, all mounted on 
heavy steel trucks. This machine has a capacity of 150 cu. yds. 
per day, heating stone to 250° F. It can be heated by coal, but 
this is not recommended. It consumes 1 gallon of oil or 10 lbs. 
of coal per hour. Weight with engine, 22,600 lbs.; price, $3,000; 
weight, without engine, 20,000 lbs.; price, $2,500. Equipped with 
mixer and heating tank for bitumen, $1,000 extra. 
350 



HEATERS 



351 



This machine may also be obtained in the large, semi-portable 
type for $2,850, without engine or mixer. 

A combination sand, stone and water heater is herewith illus- 
trated (Fig. 161A). It was used to heat the materials used 
in constructing concrete culverts on the New York Central & 
Hudson River R. R. It consists of a semi-cylindrical sheet of 
steel 10 ft. long and 2 ft. high. One end of the arch is closed 




Fig. 161. 

and a short smokestack is erected on top. On the other end a 
water tank having a capacity of 97 gallons and with a radia- 
tion of 12 square feet is constructed. A wood fire is built under 
the work and the sand and gravel to be heated are heaped on 
the top and sides. It weighs 1,200 lbs. and can be built for 
about $50.00. 




ELEVATION 



COMBINED WATER, SAND 

AND STONE HEATER FOR 

OONCRETE WORK IN 

WINTER 



i "i 


=-■ " " z ~^ ^^^ 


n 


o| 


.L^^Jj 


; 



Fig. 161A. 



PLAN 

Combined Water, Sand and Stone Heater for Concrete 
Work in Winter. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



HODS 



Mortar and Brick Hods. *The net prices for wooden mortar 
and brick hods in quantities at Chicago are as follows: Mortar 
hods, carrying 150 lbs., 80 to 90 cents each, or $8 to $9 per dozen; 
wooden brick hods, carrying 90 lbs.: 60 to 70 cents each, or $6 to 
$7 per dozen. The hods have tin lined shoulder blocks and 
rough hickory handles. Steel mortar and brick hods can be 
bought at the following net prices at Chicago: Brick hods, 
23x7x10 in., weighing, with handle, about 8 lbs., $1 each, or $10 
per dozen; mortar hods, 24x11 %xl2 in., weighing, with handle, 
about 11 lbs., $1.20 each, or $12 per dozen. 



HOES 



The net prices at Chicago for garden or field hoes, forged from 
the best hoe steel, with 4% -ft. selected white ash handles and 
7%-in. blade, are $4.35 per doz. for hoes with solid socket and 
$3.90 per doz. for hoes with solid shank. Grub hoes, adze eye, 
can be bought at the following net prices: 



No. 


"Weight, Lbs. 


Size, Ins. 


Price, Each 


Price 
per Doz. 


1 
2 
3 


3% 

3 

4% 


3%xl0% 
4 xll^ 
4%xliy 2 


$0,295 
.31 
.315 


$2.95 
3.10 
3.15 



GARDEN 1 OB FIELD HOES. 

Contractors' special caisson grub hoes, heavy pattern, 5 lbs. 
weight, 4 1 / 4xll%-in., can be bought at the net price of 60 cts. 
each, or $6 per doz.; an extra heavy pattern for hard pan, 8 lbs. 
in weight and 3x12 ins. in size, can be bought at the net price 
of $1.50 each, or $15 per doz. 

Mortar Hoes. The following are net prices at Chicago for 
mortar hoes forged from best hoe steel, with 6 ft. selected white 
ash handles and solid shanks. 

Mortar hoes, weighing 45 lbs. per dozen, 55 cts. each or $5.75 
per dozen; mortar mixing hoes with two holes, 60 cts. each or 
$6.25 per dozen. 

Stone Hooks. Hop or stone hooks in quantities can be bought 
at Chicago at the following net prices: 4-tined, diamond backed, 
extra heavy hook, 5 ft. handle, at $9 per dozen; 4-tined diamond 
backed, light hook, iy 2 ft. handles, at $5.80 to $6.80 per dozen. 



HOISTS 



Material elevators constructed so that one platform is moving 
up at the same time that the other is moving down are built of 
wood reinforced with iron. The price includes all the necessary 
sheaves and %-in. 6x19 crucible steel rope. 

Length of 

Guides 

(Ft.) 



110 
120 
135 
150 



, — Weight 


in Lbs. — * 


, Price , 


With 


Without 


With 


Without 


Guides 


Guides 


Guides 


Guides 


2,200 


1,200 


$140.00 


$100.00 


2,400 


1,200 


150.00 


105.00 


2,600 


1,200 


160.00 


107.00 


2,700 


1,200 


170.00 


110.00 


2,800 


1,200 


175.00 


115.00 


3,000 


1,200 


180.00 


120.00 







" m \s /*-• 


) Jt\W 




// i / 


Py . H 


N 



Fig. 162. 



The sizes, prices, etc., below are those of a bucket, 
sheaves, etc., but do not include the engine. 



Capacity, Cu. Ft. 


Weight, Lbs. 


10 


500 


20 


750 


30 


1,000 


40 


1,250 



Price 

$ 70.00 

75.00 

100.00 

125.00 



The following prices are those of a hoist which was used to 
deliver concrete in a %-cu. yd. bucket 175 ft. above the mixer. 
The round trip was made in 35 seconds, 160 cu. yds. were actually 
raised in 10 hours, using a hoisting engine having a speed of 
300 ft. per minute. 

353 



354 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Bucket, 300 ft. of rope and friction clamps $150.00 

Tower to 197 ft. high complete 450.00 

Steam winch, new 650.00 

The following prices are those of a hoist complete, including 
gasoline engine, winch and all fittings. 

Capacity, Lbs. Engine H. P. Speed Price 

1.1SS l % {"•&»,!»■} J 3 2 1:SS 

2,000 5 I per minute J 335.00 

A contractor's or builder's portable material elevator furnished 
with an overhead horse made of strong pine supporting the 
upper sheaves, and strongly braced and having two cages with 
ash platforms 4x6 ft. in size, costs complete with the necessary 
%-in. rope for the four wire guides and ^-in. hoisting rope as 
follows : 

50-ft. Guides $100.00 

75-f t. Guides 140.00 

80-f t. Guides 145.00 

90-ft. Guides: 150.00 

100-ft. Guides 155.00 

* 120-f t. Guides 175.00 

A builder's hand power, double acting hand elevator with a 
capacity to a height of four stories of 20,000 to 30,000 brick in 
ten hours. Space required, 3 ft. 6 ins. x 6 ft. 3 ins. Each cage 
carries 2 hods. Price complete with overhead horse and sheave, 
winch, 2 cages, lower sheaves, rope for hoisting and guides, 10 
brick hods and 5 mortar hods, $180.00. 

The labor cost of unloading and building an elevator tower 50 
or 60 ft. high, and placing in condition ready for work, is about 
$50 or $60, with an extra charge of about $1 for each additional 
foot in height. 



AUTOMATIC CONCRETE ROLLER HOIST. 

This concrete elevator is carried under the mixer at the bottom 
and dumped into a hopper at the top, these movements being 
positive and automatic. The bucket is controlled by steel guide 
angles bolted to top and bottom ends of vertical wooden guides, 
whose direction controls the position of the bucket when being 
filled or dumped. The tower is constructed of wood throughout. 
Complete equipment includes bucket, wire rope sheave in bucket 
bail, and set of 5 angle guides. 

Capacity Weight Wire Rope H. P. at 

Cu. Ft. Lbs. Required 60 Ft. per Min. Price 

12 445 y 2 -in. 9 $60.30 

18 530 %-in. 12 63.00 

27 665 %-in. 18 81.00 

36 975 %-in. 24 90.00 



COMBINATION HOIST. 

This is a platform elevator with a detachable automatic con- 
crete bucket. With the bucket removed the frame is large enough 
to carry wheelbarrows or carts. Complete equipment includes 
elevator frame and bucket assembled with wire rope sheave in 
bail of frame. Wooden guides control the dumping of the bucket. 



Capacity 
Cu. Ft. 


Weight 
Lbs. 


Wire Rope 
Required 


H. P. at 

60 Ft. per Min. 


Price 


12 
18 
27 
36 


640 

750 

1,000 

1,150 


1/2 -in. 
%-in. 

%-in. 
%-in. 


9 
12 
18 
24 


$64.80 
67.50 
85.50 
99.00 



Hoisting frame only, $34.50, weight 435 lbs. 



RECEIVING HOPPERS. 



These hoppers are economic when the lead from the elevator 
to the dump is great, as the elevator is not delayed thereby. 
They are easily set in place. 

Dimensions and prices of hoppers with gate: 



Capacity, 










Cu. Ft. 




Weight, Lbs 


Gate Opening 


Price 


24 




425 


12x8 in. 


$58.50 


30 




465 


12x8 in. 


63.00 


40 




635 


12x8 in. 


72.00 


54 




725 


12x8 in. 


85.50 


Hopper 


gate 


only $11.70; 


weight 55 lbs. 





STANDARD SHEAVE SETS. 

For use particularly in connection with the foregoing concrete 
hoists. 

DIMENSIONS— OVERHEAD SHEAVE SET. 



Diam. of 

Sheave 
(Ins.) 


Diam. 

of Shaft 

(Ins.) 


Weight 
per Set 
(Lbs.) 


Size Wire - 
Cable 


Price 


12 
14 


1ft 

1ft 


50 
65 


%-in. 
%-in. 


$8.10 
9.90 




DIMENSIONS — BOTTOM 


SHEAVE SET. 




Diam. of 

Sheave 
(Ins.) 


Diam. 

of Shaft 

(Ins.) 


Weight 
per Set 
(Lbs.) 


Size Wire 
Cable 


Price 


12 
14 


1 


36 

42 


%-in. 
%-in. 


$3.60 
4.50 



CONCRETE CHUTES. 

The concrete is usually elevated by hoist to a hopper placed at 
the proper height to give sufficient fall or head to the line, the 
chute leading off from this hopper by the special "Hopper End 



356 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 




1/ XS,^r|724 

Fig. 163. 

Item Wt. per pc. 

No. Item Length (Lbs.) Price 

1703 Closed Chute 3' 30 $1.80 

1705 Closed Chute 5' 45 2.70 

1710 Closed Chute 10' 83 4.95 

1805 Open Chute 5' 50 2.70 

1810 Open Chute 10' 97 4.95 

1721 Flexible Chute 12' 6" 125 9.90 

1722 Extra Flexible Joints .. 1'9" 17 1.44 

1723 Hopper End Section 2' 6" 40 2.70 

1724 Turning Section 1' 5" 22 2.00 

1725 Swivel Section 2' 33 4.50 

1726 Remixer 2' 6" 67 6.75 

1750 Chute Hooks 1 .15 

Spouting made of No. 14 blue annealed steel plate. Allow 6 
ins. for each joint. 



HOISTS 357 

Section" attached to the hopper gate. The joints are made by- 
inserting the end of one chute into the end of another with three 
chains on one chute and three corresponding hooks on the other. 
The diameters of the chutes are: Open, 7% ins.; closed, 8% ims. 
The bail of the chute is hung over "Chute Hooks" tied to the 
ends of small ropes running through blocks fastened to a cable at 
distances corresponding to the length of chute to be used. This 
makes easy the adjusting of the slope of the chute, and relieves 
the joint of all strain. The "Turning Section" and "Swivel Sec- 
tion" are used for sharp turns or feeding dependent lines. The 
concrete is spread by the "Flexible Chute Section" the upper 
end of which is attached to a "Swivel Section." If found desir- 
able, the concrete is dropped from the end of the line through 
the "Remixer," where the throwing of the concrete against the 
side of the box sets up a rotary movement in, and ensuing re- 
mixing of the mass. This box may also be used as a head 
chute to receive the concrete direct from the mixer when the 
work is below grade. 

The inclination of the chute at the hopper should be about 45°. 
The subsequent grade is determined by the consistency of the 
mixture, the head available and the necessities of the work. The 
minimum grade should be about 25°, average 35°, and maximum 
50°. With the closed chute a better head can be maintained. 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

HOISTING TOWERS 



A wooden tower was used for placing the concrete in a grand 
stand built at the University of Chicago. The grand stand 
was 484 ft. long by 114 ft. wide, and it was necessary to move the 
tower four times in order to place all the concrete. The tower 
was 72 ft. high and 8x8 ft. in section (See Fig. 164). A % 






Sectional Elevation aa 


















6'BSIIi afO'L 


V 1 

5 




-s 




s 
























uotg 
'tats >. 


■d'Of 


osts ■' 








.-fl'«« 








1 

i 




=== 






tf — 


1 — ' r ' 

J 










£ 



































Sectional Elevation b-B 



Fig. 164. Movable Wooden Tower for Concrete Chuting System. 



HOISTING TOWERS 359 

cu. yd. mixer was set on the bottom framework of the tower so 
that it would discharge into a bucket, which in turn elevated 
the concrete to a hopper on the side of the tower, 60 ft. above. 
The chutes were of the open-trough type, 10x12 ins. in size, of 
galvanized iron, and were suspended from cables run from the 
tower over the grand stand. The tower was placed on 6-in. wooden 
rollers placed on a plank runway, power for moving being sup- 
plied by a cable from the hoisting engine. Six men were re- 
quired to place rollers, runway and cables while moving. A 
move of 50 ft. occupied about 4 hours. The cost of the tower, 
including labor and material for erection and labor for dis- 
mantling was about $600. 

COMPARISON BETWEEN TOWERS OF STEEL AND WOOD. 

The cost of a wooden tower is about $600. If we figure that 
it will be good for only one job, that job must be large enough to 
warrant the expenditure of $600 to avoid using the ordinary 
wheelbarrow method. The difference in cost of placing concrete 
by the two methods is usually about 75 cts. per cu. yard of 
concrete so that if we have a job containing more than 800 cu. 
yds., or say 1,000 cu. yds., the chuting system will be the more 
economical. If the tower is built carefully and so that it may 
again be erected on other work it will pay to build one for 
smaller jobs. It will cost about $200, however, to erect such a 
tower on any job, so that on a job containing less than 200 cu. 
yds. it would not be practicable to use a tower, especially a 
tower of such size. 

There will be no difference in the cost of concreting as between 
wooden and steel towers, as their operation is practically the 
same. The difference in first cost is the main consideration and 
for towers 75 ft. high this is about $400. The wooden tower can 
not, however, be expected to maintain its rigidity for more than 
a half dozen jobs and there is no doubt that if a permanent 
tower is desired, a steel tower will be more economical than a 
wooden tower after five or six jobs have been built. This is very 
well illustrated by comparing the cost of setting up. Assuming 
that the cost of the erection of the wooden tower is $200 and 
the cost of erecting the steel tower is $100, we have added $800 
to the original cost of the wooden tower by the time it has been 
erected for its fifth job. The money invested in it then is $600+ 
$800 or $1,400. By the .time the steel tower is erected for its 
fifth job the money invested in it is $1,000 + $400 or $1,400, an 
equal amount to that invested in a wooden tower. The wooden 
tower may still be in fair condition but it is reasonable to believe 
that the steel tower will remain in good condition for a much 
longer time and it will cost only about half as much to erect. 
We may assume, therefore, that a portable wooden tower is 
economical for jobs above 1,000 cu. yds. and until it has been 
erected five times, and that a portable steel tower would be more 
economical if its use is contemplated for more than five jobs. 



360 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



The first towers used for hoisting concrete were naturally of 
wood and were located entirely within an area to which chutes 
could be run in all directions. Later, auxiliary towers were used 
in connection with very high main towers to carry concrete to a 
considerable distance, this distance always being controlled by the 



f 






: \ -""" m 


F'- 


r"^"" 


■ ;-f;. \jL#|| 


*? :r >C 




>^\ ^ 1 


y y 


A 


V — '""""'"'"' •$ 


i ' 

A 




Sr I-.it hi i^* k -- — aH 1.Mj 



Fig. 165. View of Concreting Tower. 



angle of the chute (about 23° to 30°), and the height of the main 
tower. The steel tower was primarily substituted for the wood 
tower to provide a permanent "knock down" structure which could 
be used over and over. Its rigidity as compared with the wooden 
tower has finally led to the portable feature. This feature makes 



HOISTING TOWERS 361 

the steel tower more economical than wooden towers as auxiliary 
towers and also makes the steel tower more economical than a 
fixed wooden main tower under the conditions illustrated in Fig. 
165, which pictures the construction of a thirty-stall concrete 
roundhouse for the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, 
and is described in Engineering and Contracting, August 2, 1912. 
Here, it was at first planned to build three wood towers for the 
construction of this roundhouse, which is 405 ft. in diameter. 
These were estimated to cost at least $2,200, as against $1,000 
for a single steel tower, which could be moved from place to 
place. 

Other towers built for this purpose will no doubt be improved, 
as the experience with this one has shown to be advisable. A 
swivel post should be placed at the top to fasten the guys, so 
that the tower may be turned around more easily, and probably 
some sort of truck placed underneath would facilitate the shifting 
of the tower. 

Figure 165 shows the' construction of the tower which is 72 
ft. high. The steel work is carried on wooden skids which lie 
across two railway rails forming a truck. On the bottoms of the 
skids, where they rest on the rails, are steel plate shoes which 
are fitted with clamp butts for anchoring the tower to the rails. 
The tower is also guyed, the guys running through blocks at the 
deadmen. 

Referring to Fig. 165, it will be seen that attached to the 
tower is a main spcut 60 ft. long consisting of a U-shaped trough 
10 ins. across at the top and 10 ins. deep, made of galvanized 
sheet iron. This trough is open, except at its lower end, where it 
discharges into the 30-ft. swivel pipe leading to the forms. The 
concrete can be spouted 95 ft. with this arrangement of 110 ft. 
with an extension pipe, which is kept at hand. This trough is 
supported by a light steel truss, which is shown in the photo- 
graph. A special feature is the support of this spout and truss 
by a 40-ft. boom which is rigged from the top of the tower and 
held in place by a steel cable running to a winch placed at the 
foot of the tower. The construction of the trough on top of the 
truss is such that the wearing parts may be easily removed and 
replaced without disturbing the truss itself. 



A PORTABLE PLANT FOB, MIXING AND CONVEYING CON- 
CRETE FOR FOUNDATION WORK; LABOR COSTS 
OF 36,000 CU. YDS. OF WORK.* 

The accompanying photograph (Fig. 166) illustrates a portable 
concrete mixing and conveying plant which was used by the Great 
Lakes Dredge & Docks Co. on foundation work for a blast fur- 
nace plant near Chicago. The concrete plant is built on a plat- 
form 20 ft. square which is mounted on rollers. On the platform 



* Data taken from a table appended to paper by Victor Win- 
dett, presented to Western Society of Engineers on June 7, 1911, 
published in Engineering and Contracting July 5, 1911. 



362 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

a 75 h. p. horizontal boiler is mounted which furnishes steam for 
the operation of the Ransome mixer and Lidgerwood hoist. The 
1-yd. mixer is placed near the rear of the platform and a hopper 
bin is erected above it, which has a capacity of 10 cu. yds. of 
stone and 5 cu. yds. of sand. The bins were filled from cars on 
a parallel track, by means of a locomotive crane and clamshell 




Fig. 166. View of Portable Mixer and Conveyor Used for Massive 
Foundation Work. 



bucket. Storage is provided for 500 bags of cement on the 
platform at one side of the mixer. The material from the storage 
bins is dumped into a 1-yd. batch hopper. From the mixer the 
concrete is delivered to a Ransome tower bucket which is raised 
75 ft. and delivered into the chute. The chute consists of a 12- 
in. galvanized pipe, supported by two 80-ft. booms. From the 
ends of the booms lines run to equidistant points on the chute 
thus supporting it uniformly and keeping it in a straight line. 
The booms are swung horizontally over the work by hand. The 
lower 60 ft. of pipe is made in movable lengths of 8 ft. The 
plant itself is pulled along on its rollers by attaching a line 
to a deadman and taking it in on the hoist. 

The concrete work consisted of foundations for power house 
and blast furnace buildings. The work was started in 1910 and 
continued through the winter and spring of 1911. 

The work on the blast furnace building was massive concrete 



HOISTING TOWERS 363 

work, the blast furnace foundations consisting of concrete slabs 
50x70 ft. square, and having a firebrick core averaging 23 ft. 
in diameter. There were 10,809 cu. yds. of concrete placed at a 
complete labor cost as given below: 

Sq. ft. forms per cu. yd 7.57 

Sq. ft. footing surface (no forms) 8.54 

Total days work 110 

Actual concreting time, days 88 

Labor days of 9 hours 5,020 

Concrete placed per day of concreting days (yds.) 123 

Concrete placed per day of total time (yds.) 98.5 

Labor cost per cu. yd. per day per man $ 0.46 

Total cost ner cu. yd $ 1.43 




Fig. 167. 

The work on the hot blast stove and boiler foundations was 
massive work, including 10,064 cu. yds. of concrete placed during 
the summer at the following cost: 



Sq. ft. form surface, per cu. yd 9.74 

Sq. ft. surtace without forms, per cu. yd 16.1 

Total days work 79 

Total days concreting 57 

Total labor days of 9 hours 3,977 

Concrete per day of total time (yds.) 128 

Concrete placed per day of concreting time (yds.) 172 

Cost per cu. yd. per man, per day $ 0.40 

Total labor cost per yd $ 1.24 



This work was done in the winter. The power house founda- 
tions consisting of light piers, floors and some massive piers, 
including in all some 3,733 cu. yds., were placed as follows: 



364 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Sq. ft. form surface per cu. yd 12.8 

Sq. ft. surface without forms, per cu. yd 14.4 

Total days work 75 

Total days concreting 36 

Total labor days of 9 hours 2,310 

Yds. concrete per day of total time 49.6 

Yds. concrete per day of concreting time 103.5 

Cost per cu. yd. per man per day $ 0.62 

Total cost per cu. yd $ 2.02 

The casting machine building foundations were built in the 
spring. These consisted of light piers and walls amounting in all 
to 1,225 cu. yds. This concrete contained no reinforcement. 

Sq. ft. form surface per yd 14.2 

Sq. ft. surface without forms 

Total days work 17 

Total days concreting 14 

Total labor days of 9 hours 922 

Yds. concrete per day of total time 72 

Yds. concrete per day of concreting time 87.5 

Cost per cu. yd. per man per day $0.75 

Total cost per cu. yd $2.32 

The work on the wharf consisted of 3,344 cu. yds. of concrete 
in massive work. Two rows of piles were capped with concrete 
forming a base for the walls supporting the rails of the unload- 
ing crane. This work was done in the winter and early spring. 
The data on the work are as follows: 

Sq. ft. form surface per cu. yd 6.1 

Sq. ft. surface without forms, per cu yd 

Total days worked 24 

Total days concreting 20 

Total labor days 1,290 

Yds. of concrete per clay of total time 139 

Yds. of concrete per day of concreting time 167.5 

Cost per yd. per day per man $ 0.39 

Total cost per yd $ 1.21 

The construction of the piers for the steel trestle consisted 
of moderately heavy work amounting in all to 6,971 cu. yds. of 
concrete. The work was done in the winter and the chuting 
system was not used. Instead the concrete was delivered in 
hand pushed Koppel cars of 1 cu. yd. capacity. 

Sq. ft. form surface per cu. yd 8.69 

Sq. ft. surface without forms, per cu. yd - 14.7 

Total days worked 70 

Total days concreting 62 

Total labor days 3,900 

Yds. concrete per day of total time 100 

Yds. of concrete per day of concreting time 113 

Cost per yd. per day per man $ 0.56 

Total cost per cu. yd $ 1.74 

The general averages and totals taken from the above data 
furnish the following : 

Total yds. concrete placed 36,146 

Sq. ft. forms per cu. yd 9.0 

Sq. ft. concrete surface without forms (per yd.) 13.0 



HOISTING TOWERS 365 

Total days worked 375 

Total days concreting ._,... 277 

Total labor days of 9 hours 17,419 

Yds. concrete placed per day of total time 96.5 

Yds. concrete placed per day of concreting time 130 

Cost per yd. per man per day $ 0.482 

Total average cost per cu. yd $ 1.49 

Included in the above labor costs is the placing of 500,000 
lbs. of steel reinforcement, or about 14 lbs. per cu. yd. of concrete, 
and the labor for erecting and dismantling the plant for handling 
the concrete. The rate of wages paid averages $0,344 per man 
per hour including the entire force employed. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

HORSES AND MULES 



The price of horses and mules varies very greatly with the 
locality, season of the year and also from year to year. Gen- 
erally speaking, a good horse or mule costs from $200 to $350. 
A mule weighing 1,100 lbs. will do as much work as a horse 
weighing 1,400 lbs., and is less liable to sickness, can stand 
harder treatment, and eats slightly less than a horse. Twenty- 
eight mules bought in Kentucky and Missouri in 1910 were of 
an average weight of 1,100 lbs., average age 6 years and cost on 
an average of $255, including expenses of transporting to New 
York. As a rule a mare mule is more desirable than one of the 
other sex. A freight car load of horses or mules contains 22, 
an express car load 28. It takes about three weeks to acclimate a 
green animal. The annual depreciation of a horse used on con- 
struction work is about 15 per cent. In figuring the cost of 
feeding horses on construction work it should be appreciated that 
the horses will eat hay the whole year round, while they will 
require grain only during the period when they are actually work- 
ing. Hay necessary for one horse for one day is 14 lbs. of hay 
grown by irrigation or 22 lbs. of cultivated timothy arid red top 
or 30 lbs. of native hay. One horse or mule eats as much as three 
burros or jacks. 

The average daily feed of each horse or mule used by the H. C. 
Frick Coke Company during a period of six years was 26 ears of 
corn (70 lbs. per bu.), 6 qts. of oats and 16% lbs. of hay. A 
water supply sufficiently large to give 14 gallons of water to each 
horse should be allowed for. 

In the southern portion of the United States horses on large 
jobs may work almost every day, but in the north it is ordi- 
narily possible to obtain 180 days' work each year. 

In a Brooklyn St. Ry. cost of feeding 2,000 horses was $20.00 
per month each and the depreciation per horse was considered 
to be 25% per annum. Besides about 4 gallons of water per day 
each animal consumed the following amounts of food: 



Feed Consumed. Total (lbs.). 

Oats 14,281,172 

Hay 9,991,330 

Straw 1,893,633 

Bran 775,396 

Meal 95,041 

Salt 122,267 

Corn 29,219 



Pounds 


Cost 




per Horse. 


per Horse. 


Per Day. 


7,690 


$108.50 


$0.2975 


5,385 


48.75 


.1334 


1,020 


7.72 


.0198 


418 


4.26 


.0116 


51 


.85 


.0023 


66 


.46 


.0012 


16 


.25 


.0007 



$170.79 



$0.4665 



According to some records in Manhattan, Bronx and Brooklyn, 
the cost with the average number of horses kept for th\s period 



HORSES AND MULES 367 

were as shown below, the costs and averages being figured on the 
basis of 365 days per year: 

Totals and 

Manhattan. Brooklyn. Averages. 

Average number of horses kept. .. .1,174 681 1,855 

Stable rental $ 41.44 $ 19.94 $ 33.50 

Stable labor 237.00 268.00 248.00 

Feeding and bedding 171.00 171.00 171.00 

Shoeing 18.36 17.75 18.12 

Veterinary 5.63 . 9.08 6.89 



1473.43 $475.77 

Mr. Richard T. Fox of Chicago, in a report to the Street 
Cleaning Department of Boston, gives the following figures: 

Total number of horses owned by the department 128 

Maintained directly by the department 95 

Boarded by the Sanitary Department 33 

Net cost per horse per year for rent, repairs, shoeing, 

veterinary services, medicine and feed $517.83 

Mr. Fox found that S. S. Pierce & Co., wholesale grocers of 
Boston paid $27.65 per horse per month for maintenance and 
shoeing, veterinary services and boarding in a public stable. 

For shoeing, the Street Cleaning Department's bill amounted 
to $33.43 per year per horse. He found that Pierce & Co. paid a 
little less than $12.00 per year for veterinary services and 
.medicine. 

In constructing the water purification works at Springfield, 
Mass., the teaming and horse work was done mainly by teams 
owned by the company or hired and kept by it. The greatest 
number of horses owned was 43 and the greatest number hired 
and kept was 10. Hired horses cost $1.00 per day per horse for 
rent. A stable 100 ft. long by 30 ft. wide was constructed, and 
the equipment consisted of 20 bottom dump wagons, 6 wheel 
scrapers, caravans, express wagons, etc. The roads were in bad 
shape" and had very heavy grades. All the horses were young 
and cost on an average $230 each, cost of shoeing and keeping 
these horses, including all expenses, was as follows: 

COST OF TEAMING WORK— 72,474 HORSE-HOURS. 

Buildings. Per Horse-hour. 

Cost of materials used in building stable $0,006 

Cost of labor on same 0033 

Cost of proportion of material used in blacksmith shop. . . .0001 
Cost of labor on same 0010 

Total cost of buildings $0.0104 

Depreciation and Repairs: 

Cost of depreciation on horses, including freight $0,041 

Cost of depreciation on harnesses and repairs on same 01 

Cost of depreciation on wagons and repair parts for same. .01 
Cost of labor on wagon repairs 0036 



Total cost of depreciation and repairs » $.( 



368 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Cost of insurance $0,006 

Cost of rent paid for hired horses 02 

Cost of teamsters and barn men 1137 

Cost of labor shoeing $0.0055 

Cost of materials shoeing 002 .0057 

Cost of fodder of all kinds 0845 



Grand total cost of keeping horses per horse-hour 
actually used $0.3067 

Cost of single teams per hour $0.39 

Cost of double teams per hour 605 

The entire cost of the stable and a fair proportion of the cost 
of the blacksmith shop is charged against this one season's 
work. Had the horses been kept for the two seasons, the figure 
would be reduced one-half. 

The depreciation on the horses represents the value of five 
horses lost and shrinkage in value of the remainder after one 
season's work. This figure would also probably show some im- 
provement if extended through two or more seasons. 

The wagons received rather severe usage under the steam 
shovel, and repair bills were correspondingly large. 

A 4-horse team averaged 16^ miles per day over fine macadam 
roads as follows: 

Case I. Case II. 

Loads per day 14 7 

Length of lead, ft 3,000 6,200 

Level, ft 2,400 2,400- 

5% Grade, ft 600 3,800 

Gross load, tons 3.65 3.15 

Ton 0.65 0.65 

Net load, tons 3.00 2.50 

Tractive force on level, lbs 255.5 220.5 

Tractive force on 5% grade, lbs 646.0 578.0 

Duty per day, foot pounds 16,000,000 21,000,000 

Mr. H. P. Gillette has maintained teams at the following per 
month per team: 



31 



Ton of hay, @ $10.00 $ 5.00 

Bu. of oats, @ 35 cents 10.50 

Straw for bedding 1.00 

Shoeing and medicine 2.00 

$18.50 

Twenty-five horses working for a period of 12 months on road 
construction in San Francisco, cost per horse per day as follows: 

28 Lbs. wheat hay .@ $15.50 per ton $0,215 

12 Lbs. rolled barley @ 24.10 per ton 0.150 

1V 2 Lbs. oats ~@ 27.40 per ton 0.020 

% Lb. bran @ 2.20 per ton 0.003 

1% Lbs. straw bedding @ 13.80 per ton 0.009 

$0,397 
Wages of stableman ($775 for 12 mos.) and hauling forage 

($281 for 12 mos.) 0.113 



HORSES AND MULES 369 

Material packed on animals should be divided into two equal 
portions and slung on each side of the back. A fair load for a 
horse is 300 pounds, for a mule 200 to 300 pounds, for a burro 100 
to 150 pounds, for a South American llama 50 to 75 pounds. How- 
ever, the proper load for a pack animal varies with the size of 
the animal and the condition and grade of the road to be traveled. 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

HOSE 



Rubber water hose, regular construction. 

, Price per Foot , 

% Inch Diameter. 1 Inch Diameter. 

2 Ply $0.10 $0.12% 

3 Ply 12% .20 

4 Ply 15 .25 

6 Ply 22% .37% 

Diameters run from % inch to 8 inches. 
Rubber steam hose, regular construction. 

, Price per Foot s 

% Inch Diameter. 1 Inch Diameter. 

3 Ply $0.23 $0.35 

4 Ply ' 28 .43 

5 Ply 35 .53 

6 Ply 42 .64 

7 Ply 49 .75 

8 Ply 56 .85 

' Diameters run from % inch to 3 inches. 

The following table shows the proper ply hose for pressures of 
from 30 to 100 pounds: 





Heat Gen- 














erated. 












30 Lbs. 


= 274° %" 


3-ply 


1" 4-ply 


1%" 


4-ply 


1%" 5-ply 


50 Lbs. 


= 298° %" 


4-ply 


" 5-ply 


1%" 


5-ply 


1%" 6-ply 


60 Lbs. 


= 307° %" 


5-ply 


" 5-ply 


m," 


6-ply 


1%" 6-ply 


80 Lbs. 


= 324° %_" 


5-ply 


" 6-ply 


i%" 


7-ply 


1%" S-ply 


90 Lbs. 


= 331° %" 


6-ply 


" 6-ply 


i%" 


S-ply 


1%" 9-ply 


100 Lbs. 


= 38S° %" 


6-ply 


I" 7-ply 


i%" 


8-ply 


l%"10-ply 



Seamless cotton rubber lined hose. 

Internal diam. 1" 1*4" 1%" 2" 2%" 2%" 3" 3%" 4" 
Price $0.17 $0.22 $0.25 $0.30 $0.33 $0.35 $0.50 $0.75 $1.00 

These prices do not include couplings. Unlined linen hose costs 
about half of the above. 

Coverings for rubber hose designed to protect it from excessive 
wear may be woven cotton, wire wound, marlin woven or marlin 
wound. The disadvantages of various covers are as follows: In 
wire wound hose the wire is liable to cut the hose when the 
latter is stretched, woven cotton and marline absorb moisture and 
rot, marlin wound covering is liable to become loose as soon as 
one strand is cut. These coverings add about 15 per cent to the 
price of plain hose. 

Metal tube hose consists of a metal armor with asbestos pack- 
ing and a rubber coating. It is adapted for use with steam, gas, 
oil, or any fluid which has a tendency to cause rubber to de- 
teriorate rapidly. 

Size, diameter %" %" 1" 1%" 1%" 

Price per foot $0.90 $0.95 $1.20 $1.50 $1.80 



HOSE 371 

A flexible metallic hose designed especially for hot water is a 
peculiarly prepared rubber cover with non-rustable metallic 
armor. 

Size, diameter IY2" 2" 2%" 2V 2 " 

Price, per foot $0.70 $1.10 $1.25 $1.40 

A flexible metallic hose designed to withstand the action of oil 
and air and fitted for rough service is covered with braided 
wire. 

Size, diameter V 4 " V 2 " %" 1" 1%" 1%" 

Price, single cover $0.18 $0.25 $0.30 $0.44 $0.69 $0.79 

Price, double cover 22 .30 .37 .53 .79 .96 

An expecially strong flexible hose is armored inside and out, 
adapted for hard service with drills, etc. 

Size, diameter ... %" %" 1" 1%" 1%" 1%" 2" 2%" 3" 
Price, per foot. . . $0.45 $0.55 $0.70 $0.S0 $0.97 $1.25 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 

Suction hose reinforced spirally with flat wire is made with 
smooth bore for use on large dredges and centrifugal, pumps and 
rough bore for use on diaphragm and small steam pumps. 

Internal diameter %" 1" 1%" 2" 3" 5" 

Price per foot, rough bore.$0.28 $0.36 $0.60 $0.92 $1.60 $3.00 

Price per ft, smooth bore. .32 .40 .68 1.05 1.80 3.40 

Internal diameter ..... 6" 8" 10" 12" 15" 20" 21" 
Price per foot, 

rough bore $3.80 $6.00 $8.00 $ 8.80 

Price per foot, 

smoothbore $4.20 $6.35 $9.00 $10.80 $16.00 $27.00 $30.00 



372 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

HYDRAULIC MINING GIANTS 



The nozzles first used in hydraulic mining ranged from plain 
pipe or hose to simple nozzles. The first improvement in dis- 
charge pipes was a flexible horizontal iron joint formed by two 
elbows, one working over the other, with a coupling joint be- 
tween them. These elbows were called "Goose Necks." These 
joints were very defective, the water pressure causing them to 
move hard and "buck." The evolution of the hydraulic nozzle 
was from the "Goose Neck" to the "Globe Monitor"; then, suc- 
cessively, the "Hydraulic Chief," "Dictator," and "Little Giant." 
The "Hydraulic Giant" is a modification of the Little Giant, and 
is shown in Fig. 168. 




Fig. 168. Hydraulic Mining Giant. 

Under high pressure the "deflector," which is fitted to the butt 
of the discharge and carries the nozzle, should be used. By 
means of the "deflector" the Giant can be turned with the 
greatest ease. In the table of sizes, weights, etc., of Giants, the 
column headed "Approximate Amounts of Gravel Washed in 24 
Hours" is based on the assumption that the water carries about 
2.86 per cent of solid material. This percentage varies widely and 
depends upon a number of conditions, but mainly upon the nature 
of the soil, direction of washing, and slope of the sluices. Under 
extremely favorable conditions it is possible to carry as large a 
percentage as 20 or 25, but in many cases the proportion of earth 
to water is as 1 to 200 or more. 



Size Number. 



Diam. of Pipe 
Inlets (Ins.). H 

> 



Diam. of Butts 
with Nozzle 
Attachment. 
(Inches.) 

Effective Head 
in Feet. 



• % to co *. ca *? <; 



,* "*. j-co r 






,0100)1 



s 



aotoca cn^H. 



>N oO»Mi-i( 



2 3 2 

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o y 



oooiloooo2,oooojooo 



g^goE" 



g N P Jj *T]N 

■ 3^^3 i 






M Weight of 

<=• Heaviest Part. 

° (Pounds.) 



Shipping- Wt. 
(Pounds.) 



Double- 
Jointed. 

Bail- 
Bearing-. 



o x 

(D -' 



373 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



JACKS 



TABLE 125— HYDRAULIC JACKS. 



Plain Jacks: 

Tons lift 4 

Run out, inches 12 

Height, inches 24 

Price, dollars 48 

Weight, pounds 50 

Broad Base Jacks: 

Tons lift 4 

Run out, inches 12 

Height, inches 25 

Price, dollars 50 

Diam. of base, inches. 9% 

Weight, pounds 65 

Screw Jacks: 

Number 1 

Diam. of screw, inches IVi 
Height when down, in. 8 

Net rise, inches 4 

Whole height, in 12 

Est. lift cap., in 5 

Weight, pounds 9% 

Price $2.00 



7 


10 


20 






18 


24 


18 






32 


39 


33 






58 


88 


116 






75 


110 


155 






7 


10 


20 


30 


50 


18 


18 


18 


18 


12 


31 


31 


32% 


33 


28 


60 


70 


110 


150 


190 


10 


12 


13 


13i/4 


15 


97 


130 


206 


260 


320 


4 


8 


13 


17 




1% 


1% 


2 


2% 




12 


16 


20 


24 




7 


10 


13 


18 




19 


26 


33 


4? 




8 


12 


15 


20 




22 


33 


45 


82 




$3.00 


$4.00 


$6.40 


$10.40 





LABOR AND WAGES 



UNION WAGES IN NEW YORK CITY 

The following table shows the prevailing rate of wages for 
various classes of union labor in New York City. When not 
otherwise stated the rate given is per day: 

April 6, April 5. 
1910. 1911. 

Asbestos workers $ 4.50 $ 4.50 

Asbestos workers' helpers 2.80 

Architectural iron workers 4.80 4.80 

Bluestone cutters 4.50 4.50 

Bluestone cutters' helpers 2.80 3.00 

Blasting foremen 4.00 4.00 

Bricklayers and masons, per hour 70 .70 

Blacksmiths, average 4.06 4.00 

Boiler makers, Brooklyn , 3.25 

Boiler makers, Queens, per hour 32 

Boiler makers, Richmond 3.20 

Building material handlers, per 1,000 40 .40 

Caisson and foundation workers 3.50 3.50 

Carpenters and joiners, Brooklyn 4.50 4.50 

Carpenters and joiners, Queens 4.00 4.00 

Carpenters and joiners, Manhattan 5.00 5.00 

Carpenters and joiners, Bronx 4.50 4.50 

Carpenters and joiners, Richmond 4.00 4.00 

Cement masons, all boroughs 5.00 5.00 

Cement and asphalt laborers 2.80 3 00 

Cement workers 2.80 2.80 

Chandelier makers 3.00 

Coppersmiths 4.50 

Derrickmen and riggers 3.75 3.75 

Double drum hoister runners 4.00 4.00 

Drop forgers 3.50 3.50 

Dock builders, average 4.00 4.00 

Decorative glass workers, average 3.50 ... 

Decorative glass art workers 5.00 

Electric linemen 4.00 

Electric linemen, Brooklyn 4.00 

Electric linemen, Manhattan 4.00 

Electric linemen, Richmond 4.00 

Electric inside wiremen 4.50 4.50 

Electric fixture workers 4.50 4.50 

Electric helpers 2.20 2.20 

Elevator constructors 4.50 5.00 

Elevator constructors' helpers 3.20 

Excavators, per hour. ."» 22 .22 

Engineers, portable 5.50 5.50 

Engineers, stationary 4.50 4.50 

Engineers (marine) 3.27 

Framers 5.00 5.00 

Firemen, Queens 2.60 

Firemen, Bronx, average, per trip 4.25 

Firemen, Richmond 2.04 

Granite cutters 4.50 $4.50 & $5 

Housesmiths 4.80 4.80 

Housesmiths and bridgemen 4.80 5.00 

Highway laborers 2.25 2.25 

House shorers and movers 3.50 3.50 

House shorers' helpers 2.65 

Iron workers 5.00 

Iron workers' helpers 3.50 

Iron workers' apprentices 3.00 

Lathers, Brooklyn, per bunch 27 Y 2 c 27y 2 c 

375 



376 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

UNION WAGES IN NEW YORK CITY— Continued. 

April 6, April 5, 

1910. 1911. 

Lathers, Queens, per 1,000 2.75 2.75 

Lathers, Manhattan 4.50 4.50 

Lathers, Bronx 4.50 4.50 

Lathers, Richmond 3.25 3.25 

Laborers, Brooklyn, per. hour 37%c 37^c 

Laborers, Manhattan, per hour 37%c ZTVzC 

Laborers, Queens, per hour 37 V 2 c 37 %c 

Laborers, Richmond, per hour Z7y 2 c 37 %c 

Machine stone workers 4.25 4.00 

Marble cutters and setters 5.00 5.00 

Marble carvers 5.50 5.50 

Marble bed rubbers ■ 4.50 5.00 

Marble sawyers 4.75 4.75 

Marble cutters' helpers 3.00 3.00 

Marble polishers 4.25 4.50 

Machinists, Brooklyn 3.75 

Machinists, Manhattan 5.00 

Machinists' apprentices, average, per week 7.00 

Metallic lathers 5.00 

Millwrights 4.50 

Mosaic workers 4.50 

Mosaic workers' helpers , 3.00 

Paper handlers, average, per week 15.00 15.00 

Painters and decorators, Brooklyn 4.50 4.50 

Painters, Queens 3.28 3.28 

Painters and decorators, Manhattan 4.50 ^ 4.50 

Painters, Bronx 4.00 4.00 

Painters, Richmond 3.00 3.00 

Paperhangers 6.00 Price list 

Pavers, Brooklyn 5.00 5.00 

Pavers, Manhattan 5.00 5.00 

Pipe calkers and tappers 4.00 4.00 

Plasterers, Brooklyn 5.50 5.50 

Plasterers, Queens 5.50 5.50 

Plasterers, Manhattan 5.50 5.50 

Plasterers, Bronx 5.50 5.50 

Plasterers' laborers 3.25 3.25 

Plate and sheet glass glaziers 3.50 

Plumbers, Brooklyn 5.00 5.50 

Plumbers, Manhattan 5.00 5.50 

Plumbers, Bronx 5.00 5.00 

Plumbers, Richmond 5.00 5.50 

Plumbers' laborers 3.00 3.00 

Rock drillers 3.50 3.50 

Roofers, Brooklyn 4.00 4.00 

Roofers, Queens 4.50 4.50 

Roofers, Manhattan 4.75 5.00 

Roofers, Richmond 4.00 4.00 

Rockmen, per hour • .30 .30 

Riggers 3.50 4.00 

Stone cleaners and pointers 3.06 3.06 

Stone cutters, Brooklyn, per hour 62 V z c 62 %c 

Stone cutters, Manhattan 4.00 4.00 

Steam shovel cranemen, per month 124.00 124.00 

Stair builders 5.00 5.00 

Steam fitters 5.00 5:00 

Steam fitters' helpers 3.00 3.00 

Stone masons, Brooklyn, per hour 55 .55 

Stone masons, Manhattan, per hour 55 .55 

Stone setters 5.50 5.50 

Stationary firemen 2.00 2.00 

Tar, felt and waterproof workers 3.75 3.75 

Tile layers 5.00 5.00 

Tile layers' helpers 3.00 3.00 

Terra cotta workers, average 2.95 2.95 



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HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



UNION WAGES IN CHICAGO. 

From Engineering Neivs we reprint the following list of posi- 
tions in the Engineering Service, Class "B," city of Chicago, 1912 : 



No. of 
Positions. 

Assistant architectural draftsman 8 

Draftsman 9 

Laboratory engineering assistant 3 

Map draftsman 19 

Rodman 41 



Totals and average, grade I. 



Architectural draftsman 10 

Assistant engineering chemist 6 

Clerk of the works , 5 

Electrical engineer 1 

Engineering draftsman 11 

Junior engineer 31 

Map engineering draftsman 9 

Mechanical engineering draftsman 12 

Plan examiner 2 

Title searcher 2 



Totals and average, grade II. 



Architectural designer 6 

Arcnitectural engineer 8 

Assistant engineer 24% 

Assistant superintendent of construction. ... 4 

Bridge designing engineer 3 

Building inspector in charge 

Chief draftsman, maps and plats 

City forester • 

Deputy smoke inspector in charge 

Designing engineer 

Electrical designing engineer 

Engineering chemist 

Examiner of efficiency (technical) 

Expert asphalt chemist 

Heating and ventilating designing engineer. 

Mechanical designing engineer 

Sanitary designing engineer 



Totals and average, grade III . . . . 6 

Assistant chief engineer, sewers 

Assistant chief engineer, streets 

Chief architectural designer 

Chief deputy smoke inspector 

Chief street engineer 

City architect 

Deputy commissioner of buildings 

Engineer (harbor, wharves and bridges) .... 

Engineer in charge of bridges 

Engineer of bridge construction and repairs 

Engineer of bridge design 

Engineer of tests 

Engineer of track elevation 

Engineer of water surveys 

Engineer of water works construction 

Engineer of water works design 

Expert on system and organization 

Mechanical engineer in charge 

Secretary and engineer 

Superintendent of construction 



y 3 



Average 
Salaries. 
$1,095.00 
1,187.00 
1,080.00 
1,131.00 
1,116.00 

$1,131.00 

$1,566.80 
1,500.00 
1,500.00 
1,620.00 
1,535.00 
1,521.00 
1,487.00 
1,510.00 
1,830.00 
1,800.00 

$1,535.00 

$2,093.33 
2,220.00 
2,102.00 
2,600.00 
1,788.00 
2,500.00 
1,740.00 
2,000.00 
1,800.00 
1,794.00 
2,400.00 
1,960.00 
1,920.00 
2,400.00 
2,400.00 
1,800.00 
1,920.00 

$2,l'll.00 

$2,700.00 
2,700.00 
3,600.00 
3,000.00 
3,600.00 
4,500.00 
4,000.00 
3,000.00 
5,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,600.00 
3,000.00 
4,200.00 
3,000.00 
4,000.00 
3,600.00 
3,000.00 
7,500.00 
3,600.00 
3,200.00 



LABOR AND WAGES 
UNION WAGES IN CHICAGO— Continued. 



No. of 
Positions 


Average 
Salaries 


1 

1 


4,000.00 
4,500.00 



Superintendent, maps and plats 

Superintendent, water pipe extension . 
Supervisor mechanical engineer and 

deputy inspector 1 3,000.00 

Third assistant superintendent of streets in 

charge of street repairs 1 3,600.00 



Totals and average, grade IV 24% $3,695.00 

Architect, board of education 1 $6,000.00 

Assistant architect, board of education 1 4,000.00 

Assistant city engineer 1 5,000.00 

City engineer 1 8,000.00 

Engineer, board of local improvements 1 3,600.00 

Totals and average, grade V 5 $5,320.00 

Total number of positions 270 

Total salaries $484,354.00 

Average salaries 1,796.00 

The hours of labor established by law in California are eight, 
and the following are the rates paid by the San Diego County 
commission on highway work during 1910. 

Camp superintendents (foremen), per month and board. . .$125.00 

Sub-foreman, per month and board 70.00 

Blacksmiths, per month and board 75.00 

Timekeepers, per month and board 50.00 

Cooks, per month and board 60.00 

Flunkeys or scullions, per month and board 35.00 

Corral bosses, per month and board 40.00 

Night watchman, per month and board 35.00 

Freight drivers, per month and board 40.00 

Water wagon drivers, per month and board 40.00 

Carpenters, per day 4.00 

Carpenters' helpers, per day 2.25 

Teamsters (2 or 4 horses per day) 2.25 

Teamsters (6 horses or more), per day 2.75 

Plow holders, per day 2.75 

Wheeler loaders, per day 2.50 

Wheeler dumpers, per day 2.50 

Snatch drivers, per day 2.50 

Drillers, per day 2.25 

Blacksmith helpers, per day 2.25 

Fresno loaders, per day , . . 2.00 

Cart drivers, per day. 2.00 

Common laborers, per day 2.00 

Team of 2 animals and harness, per day and board 1.00 

Team of 2 animals, harness and driver, per day and board. 3.25 

Team of 2 animals, harness and driver, per day 4.25 

Compressed air workers in New York City have made a new 
wage agreement with the contractors whereby they will be paid 
in accordance with the air pressure rather than the depth to 
which the caissons are sunk. The new scale is as follows: $3.50 
a day for six hours' work at 22 lbs. pressure; $3.75 a day for six 
hours at 30 lbs. pressure; $4.00 a day for four hours at 30 to 35 
lbs. pressure; $4.25 a day for three hours at 35 to 40 lbs. pressure, 
and $4.50 a day for 1 hour 20 min. work at 40 to 45 lbs. pressure. 



394 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

On B. & O. R. R. bridge across the Susquehanna River the 
above were paid as follows : 

Elevation to — 55 ft.: 

Foreman, eight hours $4.00 

Laborers, eight hours 2.75 

Elevation — 55 to — 70 ft.: 

Foreman, six hours $4.25 

Laborers, six hours 3.00 

Below — 70 ft.: 

Foremen, four hours $4.50 

Laborers, four hours 3.25 

Locktenders (outside), per hour 20 



LADDERS 



Straight rung ladders of seasoned spruce or pine, with white 
ash or oak rungs, 20 cents per foot. Extension ladders, furnished 
with improved lock, 30 cents per foot. 



LEAD 

Lead costs about 6 cents per lb. in ton lots. 

Lead Wool is put up in strands which should be placed in the 
joint one at a time and each strand thoroughly caulked before 
the next strand is added. It is extremely valuable where the 
trench is wet or where the pipe is under pressure, as it can be 
used under water, whereas molten lead cannot. Caulking is 
somewhat difficult if ordinary methods are pursued, but by the 
use of an outfit such as is described under "Air Compressors" 
this difficulty is obviated. The manufacturers claim a saving in 











9L^i 


0" ^^m 


*:3fp 


sj^fl 




&$& * 


. 


■ 



Fig. 169. Section of 13-mile Pipe Line Installed at Reedsville, Pa. 
Gasoline Furnace in Foreground. 

amount necessary to caulk a joint as compared with cast lead, 
as shown by the following: 



Diam. of pipe, inches . 3 
Cast lead required, 

Pounds 5 

Maximum amount of 
lead wool required, 
Pounds 



10 12 16 20 24 30 36 



13 17 20 30 40 65 90 103 



10 12 14 20 



It costs, in lots of not less than 200 lbs., including caulking 
tools, 9 cents per lb., and in ton lots 8% cents per lb., f. o. b. 
New York. (See Air Compressors.) 

Leadite, a substitute for lead, used in jointing cast iron water 
mains, comes in powder form, packed in sacks of 100 lbs. and 
barrels of 350 lbs. One ton of this material is equivalent to 
four tons of lead and requires no caulking. Price for less than 
car load, 10 cents per lb., f. o. b. Philadelphia. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



LEVELS 



An architect's or builder's dumpy level with an 11-in. telescope, 
weighs 4 lbs. and costs $35.00. The tripod weighs 6 lbs. An 
architect's or builder's Y level with an 11-in. telescope weighs 

5 lbs. and costs $45.00; with compass, $60. The tripod weighs 

6 lbs. 

An architect's or builder's convertible Y level with, ll^-in. 
telescope weighs 6 lbs. and costs $60; with compass, $75.00. The 
tripod weighs 6 lbs. 

An engineer's dumpy level with 15 to 18-in. telescope, weighs 
iy 2 lbs. and costs $100. The tripod weighs 8 lbs. 

An engineer's railroad Y level with 15 to 18-in. telescope weighs 
10 lbs. and costs $110. The tripod weighs 8 lbs. 

An engineer's Y level with 15 to 18-in. telescope weighs 11 lbs. 
and costs from $100 to $150, averaging $135. The tripod weighs 
9 lbs. 

Precision levels with 18-in. telescopes, weighing 12 pounds, cost 
from $150 to $300. Tripods weigh 9 to 15 lbs. 



LIGHTS 



Some construction work must be done at night, and much of 
it can be expedited if certain portions are done after the regular 
day shift has knocked off. 

For instance, a macadam road must be finished in a limited 
time, the road to be surfaced is straight-away from the quarry, 
dock or siding where the stone is procured and the only econom- 
ical way of hauling the stone is along the finished road. It is 
almost impossible, or at least very difficult, to use more than 




Fig. 170. 



one gang. In such a case it is obvious that if the stone is un- 
loaded, hauled and spread at night the work will be facilitated. 
There is no reason why this should not be done. Proper lights 
are necessary however. 

Many steam shovels, cranes and derricks are operated at night. 
Darkness offers no obstacle to the working of cableways, belt 
conveyors and other conveying machinery if the loading and 
unloading places are properly illuminated. The means of light- 
ing work may be anything from candles to electric light. Kero- 
sene consumes five times and candles seven times as much 
oxygen as acetylene. Kerosene gives off nine and candles ten 
times the product of combustion given off by acetylene. The 
light of kerosene and candles is obscured by the smoke given off 
by them; whereas, the light of acetylene and electricity is not 
thus interfered with. 

397 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



CONTRACTORS' LIGHTS AND TORCHES. 

Contractors' lights are made in a number of different types 
of which we illustrate the most important. 

Kerosene Burning- lights (Fig. 170) are made by several com- 
panies and the usual form consists of a cylindrical tank, with 
proper valves and feed pipes, and a support for the burner. They 
can be used for heating as well as lighting, and are very useful 
as paint burners, for boiler repairs, and for melting lead joints 
in water pipe. 



Catalog 
Size. 



No. 
No. 



5. 
Fig. 



Length 
Candle of Gals, of 
Power. Flame. Oil per Hr. 
2,000 30" 1 —1% 
4,000 36" 1% — 2 



Gross Net 

Size Weight Weight 

of Tank, in Lbs. in Lbs. Price. 

1— %'x2' 220 120 $53.00 

1— V 2 'x2' 220 130 58.00 



171. Carriage for light, $14.50. Tripod outfit, $9.50. 




Fig. 171. 



Carbide Burning Lamps consist of an outer tank holding water, 
an inner tank holding carbides, and the pipe and burner. These 
lights are not usually affected by wind or rain and burn water 
and calcium carbide in about even proportions. Calcium carbide 
costs about 4 cents per lb. in 100 lb. drums. 

Fig. 172 illustrates a light of this type the capacities, etc., 
of which are given below. 



Catalog 
Size. 
No. 2.. 

No. 3 . . 
No. 5 . . 
No. 55. 



Candle Burning Net Gross Carbide 

Power. Capacity. Weight. Weight. Consumed. Price. 

1,000 10 hrs. 60 lbs. 100 lbs. 6 lbs. $38.40 

3,000 10 hrs. 65 lbs. 110 lbs. 10 lbs. 52.80 

5,000 10 hrs. 75 lbs. 120 lbs. 18 lbs. 60.00 

10,000 10 hrs. 90 lbs. 150 lbs. 35 lbs. 96.00 



No. 5 S, similar to No. 5, but equipped with 25 feet of 

armored hose $ 77.00' 

No. 55 S, similar to No. 55, but equipped with 25 feet of 

armored hose 120.00 

Extra tripod attachment with hose and extra reflector, $27.00. 




Fig. 172. Fig. 173. 

Another lamp of this type is illustrated in Fig. 173 and its 
particulars follow. 

Burn. Dis- Ship'g Carbide 
Catalog. Candle Cap. tance, Weight, Consumed 

Size Power. Hrs. Lit. Ft. Lbs. Lbs. Price. Equipment. 

No. 2 3,000 5 1,000 85 6 $50.00 Standpipe 

No. 2W 3,000 5 1,500 85 6 65.00 3 ft. hose 

No. 3X 5,000 5 1,500 125 18 83.00 Standpipe 

No. 3W 5,000 9 1,500 225 18 98.00 25 ft. hose 

No. 4Z 10,000 12 3,000 223 32 114.00 Standpipe 

No. 4W 10,000 8% 3,000 250 32 146.00 2 ft. hose 

No. 1 50 10 15 2 13.50 Hand lamp 

Builders .. 100 10 28 2% 25.00 Hand lamp 
Tripod and 25 ft. of armored hose with fittings, extra ?18.00 

An Electric light especially designed of low voltage, for use 
on construction work is illustrated in Fig. 174 and consists of 
a steam turbine engine directly connected to a dynamo (weight 
327 lbs., size 30 ins. x 18 ins. x 18 ins.), and these in turn 
connected by cable to a portable arc lamp with a special reflector 
in a waterproof case (weight 92 lbs.). Carbons which cost about 



400 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



2% cents each burn from eight to nine hours. That part of the 
lamp most likely to wear is the cummutator brush, which may 
need renewing after three weeks' work. Price of outfit com- 
plete, $220. This lamp gives a steady light and is unaffected 
by wind or rain. 

Oil and Vapor Torches, familiarly known as banjo torches, con- 
sisting of a pan shaped tank for holding the kerosene or gasoline 




Fig. 174. 



fuel, a gravity feed pipe, and a burner, for use in lighting small 
spaces are manufactured in many varieties, but are alike in the 
general method of operation. A novel use of these torches 
was for heating green concrete sewer pipe during cold weather. 
Price, per dozen, 1 gallon tank, $12.00; 6-qt. tank, $15.00. 



LIME AND PLASTER 



New York Prices. The following are the wholesale current 
prices in 500 bbl. lots or more delivered to the trade in New York 
City. For the retail prices or prices for the material delivered 
to the contractor's jobs in truck load lots as required, about 25 
cents per bbl. should be added to these. 

LIME. 

State common, cargo rate, per bbl @ $ 0.7b 

Rockland-Rockport, com., per bbl .92 

Rockland-Rockoort, L., per bbl $1.02 .... 

Rockland-Rockport, special, 320 lbs 1.37 

Select finish, per 350 lbs., net 1.60 

Terms for Rockland-Rockport lime, 2 cents per bbl. discount, 
net cash, ten days for 500 bbl. lots. 

West Stockbridge, finishing, 325 lbs $ 1.40 

New Milford lime 1.30 

New Milford (small barrel) 1.00 

Hydrated, per ton $8.00 9.00 

PLASTER PARIS. 

Calcined, city casting, in barrels, 250 lbs 1.45 

In barrels, 320 lbs 1.65 

In bags, per ton $8.50 10.00 

Calcined, city casting, in barrels, 250 lbs 1.45 

In barrels, 320 lbs 1-65 

Neat wall plaster, in bags, per ton* 8.00 

Wall plaster, with sand, per ton 5.25 

Browning 5.25 

Scratch 6.25 

♦When sold in bags a rebate of 6% cents per bag returned is 
allowed. 



402 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



LOCOMOTIVES 



The tractive force or drawbar pull of a locomotive is its 
pulling strength in pounds measured by a dynamometer. The 
larger the cylinders and the greater the steam pressure, the 
greater the tractive force; the larger the diameter of the driving 
wheels, the less the tractive force. 

Let T represent the tractive force. 

Let D represent the diameter of the cylinders in inches. 
Let L represent the length of stroke of the pistons in inches. 
Let 0.85 p represent 85 per cent of the boiler pressure in pounds 
per square inch. 

Let d represent diameter of the driving wheels in inches. 

D 2 X L X 0.85 p 



Example: To find the tractive force of a locomotive with 
cylinders 10 ins. in diameter by 16 ins. stroke, 150 lbs. boiler 
pressure, and driving wheels 33 ins. in diameter: 

102 X 16 x o.85 X 150 

T= =6,182 lbs. 

33 

Mr. H. P. Gillette says: "It is very commonly stated that 
20 lbs. is the force required to pull a 2,000-lb. load over light 
rails. This may be so over carefully laid, clean track, with ties 
close-spaced and with car wheels well lubricated; but over the 
ordinary, rough, contractor's track 20 lbs. is much too low an 
estimate. 

"In the 'Coal and Metal Miners' Pocket Book' is a table giving 
actual results of traction tests, including several hundred, sep- 
arate tests under varying conditions. From these tables I have 
summarized the following: 

Per Short Ton. 

Pull to start mine cars (old style) loaded 90 lbs. 

Pull to start mine cars (new style) empty 80 lbs. 

Pull to keep up 4%-mile per hour speed (old style empty) 56-lbs. 
Pull to keep up 4%-mile per hour speed (old style full). 66 lbs. 
Pull to keep up 4 1 /2-mile per hr. speed (new style empty) 30 lbs. 
Pull to keep up 4%-mile per hour speed (new style full). 38 lbs. 

"The foregoing was for trains of 1 to 4 cars, but with a train 
of 20 cars the pull was 46 lbs. for old style cars and 26 lbs. for 
new style cars per short ton on a level track. The mine cars 
used had a wheel base of Sy 2 ft.; they weighed 2,140 to 2,415 lbs. 
empty and 7,885 to 9,000 lbs. loaded. The diameter of the wheels 
was 16 ins., and of axles 2% ins. for old style car to 2% ins. 
for new style car, with a steel journal 5^ ins. long, well lubri- 



LOCOMOTIVES 403 

cated in all cases, in fixed cast-iron boxes. The new style cars 
had better lubrication, the importance of which is well shown by 
the results of the tests. The track in the mine was level and 
in good condition. We know of no tests on car resistance of 
small cars that are as extensive and trustworthy as the 
foregoing." 

Based upon these data, and upon the assumption that the 
resistance to traction is 40 lbs. per short ton, an 8-ton dinkey is 
capable of hauling the following loads, including the weight of 
the cars: 

Total Tons 
Level track 70 

1 per cent grade 46 

2 per cent grade 33 

3 per cent grade 26 

4 per cent grade 21 

5 per cent grade '. 17 

6 per cent grade 14 

8 per cent grade 10 

Note: On a poor track not even as great loads as the above can 
be hauled. 

Due to the accidents that frequently occur from the breaking in 
two of trains on steep grades, and from the running away of 
engines, it is advisable to avoid using grades of more than 6 
per cent. 

When heavily loaded, a dinkey travels 5 miles per hour on a 
straight track; but when lightly loaded, or on a down grade, 
it may run 9 miles an hour. 



TABLE 127. 

"Four coupled" saddle or side tank locomotives of any gauge 
from 30 ins. up, with 150 lbs. pressure, cost about as follows: 



S- 41 


<°.~% 


pq 


«&ai 


^ 


4) 




■e o 
U 


Q 


"3 


o 


to 


o 


0) 
P* 


5x10 


24 


2' 9" 


100 


4% 


1,322 


$2,100 


6x12 


24 


3' 4" 


110 


6 


2,286 


2,200 


7x12 


26 


3' 4" 


150 


7 


2,870 


2,400 


8x12 


28 


3'10" 


200 


10 


3,483 


2,650 


9x14 


30 


4' 6" 


250 


12 


4,800 


2,850 


10x16 


33 


5' 0" 


400 


15 


6,100 


3,150 


12x16 


33 


6' 0" 


500 


20 


8,800 


3,450 



The load in tons of 2,240 lbs. which these engines will haul is 
as follows: 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



~m 


a 


, 




— On Grade 


of — 




.., 


O 


o 


Vz% 


1% 


1%% 


2% 


2%% 


Z% 


5x10 


110 


52 


33 


23 


18 


10 


11 


6x12 


200 


90 


55 


40 


30 


25 


20 


7x12 


240 


115 


70 


50 


40 


30 


25 


8x12 


300 


140 


90 


65 


50 


40 


30 


9x14 


400 


185 


115 


85 


65 


50 


40 


10x16 


515 


240 


150 


110 


85 


65 


55 


12x16 


700 


330 


210 


150 


95 


95 


75 



"Six coupled" switching locomotives with saddle or side tanks, 
of any gauge from 30 ins. up, with boiler pressure of 150 lbs., 
cost about as follows: 

«2 °?5 °S S g 



>™ 


Za\ 





a 


7x10 


24 


8x12 


26 


9x14 


30 


9x16 


33 


10x16 


33 


12x18 


37 



i*5 



300 


10 


350 


13 


400 


15 


450 


18 


550 


25 



H 

2,590 
3,750 
4,800 
4,980 
6,150 
8,890 



$2,750 
3,000 
3,250 
3,100 
3,700 
4,300 



The load in tons which these engines will haul is about as 
follows : 



U 


a 

O 


Vs% 


1% 


— On Grade of — 

iy 2 % 2% 


2V S % 


3% 


7x10 


240 


110 


70 


50 38 


30 


25 


8x12 


355 


165 


105 


75 59 


47 


39 


9x14 


455 


210 


135 


95 75 


60 


50 


9x16 


475 


220 


140 


100 . 78 


62 


51 


10x16 


590 


270 


170 


125 95 


76 


63 


12x18 


855 


395 


250 


180 135 


110 


90 



Prices of Mogul locomotives, with the firebox between the 
middle and rear axles, and a boiler pressure of 160 lbs., complete 
with tender, are about as follows: 



LOCOMOTIVES 



405 





Diam. of 










Cylinder 


Drive 










and 


Wheels 


Wheel 


Weight 


Tractive 




Stroke 


(Ins.) 


Base 


(Tons) 


Power 


Price 


9x16 


33 


13' 7" 


14 


5,340 


$5,200 


10x16 


33 


16' 2" 


17 


6,590 


5,500 


11x18 


37 


17' 5" 


21 


8,000 / 


5,850 


12x18 


37 


17' 8" 


24 


9,520 


6,250 


13x18 


37 


17'10" 


26 


11,150 


6,600 


14xi8 


41 


18' 4" 


29 


11,700 


6,900 



The load in long tons which these engines will haul is about 
as follows: 



J 2 
















'■gm 


a 


', 




— On Grade of — 




\ 


o 


o 


Yz% 


1% 


iy 2 % 


2% 


2%% 


3% 


9x16 


425 


195 


120 


80 


60 


45 


35 


10x16 


525 


235 


145 


100 


75 


55 


45 


11x16 


■650 


295 


180 


125 


95 


70 


55 


12x18 


750 


340 


210 


145 


no 


85 


65 


13x18 


850 


385 


235 


165 


125 


95 


75 


14x18 


940 


430 


265 


185 


140 


105 


85 



Prices of Consolidated locomotives with long firebox over rear 
driving axle, complete with tender, are about as follows: 
Diam. of 



Cylinder 


Drive 








- 


and 


Wheels 


Wheel 


Weight 


Tractive 




Stroke 


(Ins.) 


Base 


(Tons) 


Power. 


Price 


13x18 


37 


17'10" 


29 


31,150 


?6,90O 


14x18 


37 


17'10" 


32 


12,930 


7,300 


15x20 


37 


11' 9" 


40 


16,530 


7,650 


16x20 


42 


12' 6" 


42 


16,570 


8,050 


17x20 


42 


13' 0" 


46 


18,710 


8,500 


18x20 


42 


13' 6" 


50 


20,980 


8,800 



The load in long tons which these engines are able to pull is 
about as follows: 



























On Gradf* ^^ 






a 
o 


Vz% 


1% 


i%% 


" 2% 


2Y S % 


3% 


13x18 


925 


420 


260 


185 


135 


105 


85 


14x18 


1,040 


470 


290 


205 


155 


120 


95 


15x20 


1,330 


605 


375 


265 


200 


155 


125 


16x20 


1,425 


645 


400 


280 


210 


165 


135 


17x20 


1,560 


710 


440 


310 


230 


180 


145 


18x20 


1,715 


780 


480 


340 


255 


200 


160 



406 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Mr. Andrew Harper says that the life of a dinkey locomotive 
used on construction work is about 20 years. During that time it 
will need 2 or 3 sets of driving tires, and brasses. 

Upon investigation of a very largo number of locomotives upon 
the Great Northern, Northern Pacific and other railroads made 
by Mr. Gillette for a railway commission, the average life of a 
locomotive in railroad service is not far from 25 years, so that, 
a fair average for depreciation may be 4 per cent if figured on the 
straight line formula. This does not represent the life of the 
different parts of the engine however. 

On the Southern Pacific R. R. in six years there was an average 
of 49 locomotives out of 1,540 vacated per year or 3.2 per cent, 
which would establish the life of these locomotives at 31 years. 

From July, 1907, to June, 1908, the cost of repairing locomotives 
for the Isthmian Canal Commission averaged about $81.45 per 
month per engine valued at about $7,500, or at a rate of 13 per 
cent per year. 

Mr. R. Price Williams contributed a paper on the maintenance 
and renewal of average railway freight locomotives for the 
Institute of Civil Engineers of Great Britain, from which have 
been abstracted the following data on the life of various parts of 
locomotives: 



India rubber pipe. 
Painting. 

Brass tubes, steel ferrules. 
Crank axles, moulds, etc. 
Tires, pressure gauges, buffer planks, spin- 
dles, brass guards, wash out plugs, etc. 
10 Boiler, journal boxes and caps, brasses, 

brass valves and syphons, firebox shell 
ends, tube plate and back firebox, copper 
recess plates, etc. 
15 Motion cylinders, reversing catchslide 

blocks, blast pipe, ash pan, outside and 
inside springs, spring links, spring pins, 
etc. 
17 Lubricator, shackle, buffer plank, chains. 

20 Clock boxes, balls and clocks, feed pipes, 

smoke-box door, etc. 
30 Plain axles, wheels, outside cranks, balance 
weights, slide bar brackets, slide bars, 
distance blocks, eccentric rods and straps, 
reversing gear lever and bracket, revers- 
ing rod shaft, quadrant and collar, con- 
nection rods and straps, bolts, framing, 
etc. 

TENDER. 
% Brake blocks, hose packings etc. 
3 Painting, tires, bolts and nuts for tender. 
5 Oak plank. 

"The standard value of an engine" (on the parabolic assump- 
tion) = % net cost, and the normal dilapidation % net cost. 

The life of locomotive tubes is a very important part of this 
question. 

Mr. W. Garstang is authority for the statement that on the 
Big Four the average life of charcoal iron tubes was 75,000 miles 



^ife in Train 
Miles 


Life in 
Tears 


10,000 

80,000 

100,000 

120,000 


% 
4 
5 
6 

7 



LOCOMOTIVES 407 

and on freight service 58,000 miles taken from engines with 
shallow fireboxes. When the fireboxes are deep the tubes accom- 
plish 15 per cent more mileage. The data were obtained from No. 
11 tubes weighing 2% lbs. per foot and it was the practice 
to continue to piece the best tubes until the weight was reduced 
1.4 lbs. The average tube was pieced about 10 times before 
being condemned. 

Mr. B. Haskell, of the Pere Marquette, believes that the life of 
locomotive tubes varies from 5 to 9 years, depending upon the 
quality of water used. The tubes worked an average of 15 
months in service before being removed. 

C. E. Queen's experience was to the effect that with alkali and 
incrusting solids in the water the tubes have failed in as short 
a time as 3 months, while with no scale and good water the tubes 
will last as long as 15 years. 

Mr. D. Van Alstyne, of the Chicago Great Western, says that 
the average run on the road was 15 months, with average life of 
7 to 8 years, steel tubes being limited to 6 months' service in one 
engine. Life of the deep firebox is longer than that of the 
shallow one. < 

Mr. Thos. Paxton, of the A., T. & S. F., does not know of a 
single feature of locomotive maintenance subject to wider 
variation than tubes. On the Middle Western division of that 
road, in freight service, it was difficult to get 18,000 miles per 
tube, while on the west end of the Chicago division 80,000 miles 
was obtained. 

In the year 1907 the cost of maintenance of engines on several 
representative American railroads was as follows: 

Maintenance Maintenance 

Maintenance of Loco, per of Loco, per Ton 

of Loco, per Year Train Mile of Fuel Burned 

Atchison ...$2,875 12.50c 1.9c 

Chi. & Alton 2,599 * 9.85 1.16 

D., L. & W. 1,460 8.16 .731 

These show an average of a little over $2,000 per locomotive 
per year, which is probably not far from 20 per cent of the 
original cost of each engine. 
\ 

LOCOMOTIVE REPAIR COSTS, PANAMA. 

The cost of repairs to locomotives, 286 in service, at Panama 
for the year ending June 30, 1910, was as follows per locomotive: 

Item Cost 

Labor $ 818 

Material 316 

Total .$1,134 

The total cost of repairs during the 6 months ending June 30, 
1910, for 31,955 days' service was an average of $6.94 per loco- 
motive per day. 

The following is a detailed statement of the cost of repairs 



408 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

to engine No. 7, Dansville & Mt. Morris R. R., under the charge 
of the author. This engine had been operating for over a year 
with nothing but minor repairs and was no longer in fit condi- 
tion for regular operation. These repairs include a pretty gen- 
eral overhauling and are about what would be necessary, aside 
from minor work that can be done by a roundhouse man, to keep 
it in fair condition for one year with a performance of about 
15,000 miles. This is on a small railroad in the central part of 
New York. The tractive power of this engine was 11,100, the 
total weight 43 tons, and the weight on the drivers 29 tons. 

4 New flgd. steel tires 57%-in. W. C. 5%x3%, 4,496 lbs 

@ 2% cents $123.64 

110 New steel tubes 2"xl0'-6%", @ .10 y 8 -ft 117.44 

54 New safe ends for tubes, @ .08 4.32 

170 New copper ferrules 3 /4x2x2y 8 ", 10 lbs. @ .22 3.96 

176 New copper ferrules %xiy 8 x2 5/32, 35 lbs. @ .23%... 8.20 

42 New stay bolts fgx7, @ .08 3.36 

8 New stay bolts, 1x7", @ .09 72 

5 New stay bolts f|" iron, 10 lbs. @ .05 1/10 51 

13 New T V twist drills (broken drilling stay bolt holes). 1.30 

2 New sheets T y tank steel (tank bottom), 820 lbs. @ 

1.96 / 16.17 

1 New sheet &" tank, 52 lbs. @ 2.20 1.14 

2 New sheets C. R. jacket steel No. 22x28x72", 55 lbs 

@ 2.80 1.55 

1 New C. I. driving box shoe and wedge, 60 lbs. @ ,02% 1.50 

Babbitt metal for crossheads, 7% lbs. @ .22 1.65 

Wrought iron, 72 lbs @ .02% 1.62 

1" gas pipe, 6% ft 21 

1 Air hose complete with couplings 2.00 

2%" tank hose, 3 ft. @ .56 1.6$ 

1 1" brass plug cock .60 

18 %x2" bolts with nuts and washers, .06 1.08 

32 %-l%" bolts with nuts and washers, .0iy 2 .4S 

21 %-l" bolts with nuts and washers, .0iy 2 32 

2 %xl5" bolts with nuts and washers, .07 .14 

4 3,4x9" bolts with nuts and washers, .05 20 

6 %" nuts * 13 

6 %■" washers 03 

Nails 20d., 1 lb. .03, 10d., dp 1 lb. .03 06 

Rivets, %x%, 9 lbs 66 

Rivets, %x%, 24 lbs 1.43 

Rivets, %xl, 2 lbs 10 

Rivets, %xl%, 2 lbs 10 

2 16" square bastard files, @ .16 t .32 

1 16" half round bastard file 18 

6 Candles, @ .02% 15 

1 Hacksaw blade .10 

Coke, 60 lbs 45 

% Cord wood (heating tires) 1.00 

Wool waste, 12 lbs @ .04% 54 

Tar paper, 38 ft 13 

1 Ball lamp wick 09 

1 Sledge handle 12 

31 Sheets sand paper 22 

3 Sheets emery cloth 07 

Powdered emerv, 1 % lbs .08 

4 Pieces finished pine 2x6x19 ft 2.16 

6 Pieces finished pine 2x8x19 ft 4.44 

3 Pieces finished pine 1 %xl0x9 ft 1.17 

1 Piece finished oak 2x9x13 ft 1.30 

1 Piece finished oak 2x8x10 ft 83 

Asphaltum, 1% g .32 

Gloss black, % g 23 



LOCOMOTIVES 409 

Drop black, 8 lbs 1.96 

Cab green, % g 1.03 

Turpentine, 1 g .80 

Linseed oil, % g 12 

White lead, 2 lbs 17 

Red lead, 2 lbs 24 

Japan dryer, % g .23 

Varnish, 1% g 3.06 

Filler, 5 lbs 50 

Russia jacket finish, 1 g 2.50 

Black engine finish, 1% g 3.03 

Aluminum leaf • .20 

Cylinder oil, 1 g 41 

Engine oil, 2% g 45 

Black oil, 1 g 15 

Valve oil, 1 g .14 

Kerosene, 4% g 51 

Benzine, 4% g 70 

R. R. ticket for messenger 7.00 

Total $333.40 

Applied labor, 1,540% hours $347.67 

Overhead 80 per cent labor 278.14 

625.81 

$959.21 
10 per cent 95.92 

$1,055.13 
Credit for scrap, as follows: 

4 Steel tires, 2,450 lbs @ 12.50 C. T $13.67 

Tube and tube ends, 404 lbs. @ %-cent lb 2.02 

92 Second-hand tubes, 2"xl0'-0", @ .10% 96.60 

Copper ferrules, 8 lbs. @ .10% lb 84 

Stay bolts, 28 lbs @ %-cent lb 14 

Tank steel, 674 lbs. @ %-cerit lb 3.37 

C. I. shoe and wedge, 52 lbs. at %-cent lb 26 

Brass plug cock, 1 lb 07 

116.97 



$937.50 



This included the following items of repair: 



Examine and repair brasses. 

Two second-hand wheel centers. 

New 3% -in. tires. 

Examine crank pins. 

Take up side motion in driving "boxes. 

Turn engine truck tires 

Examine driving box brasses. 

Examine cylinders. 

Examine valves. 

Examine front end. 

New studs for front door ring. 

Cross head gibs babbitted. 

Remove flues and copper both ends when replaced. 

Examine stay bolts and drill tell-tale holes. 

Examine boiler as per form No. 2, Public Service Com. and 

examine all corners of mud ring for leaks. 
Examine flue sheet. 
Test steam gauge and pops. 

Take out %-in. air pump dry pipe and replace with 1-in. 
Examine tender bottom, probably renew. 
Stay sheets in tank gone, replaced. 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

LOCOMOTIVE CRANES 



These machines are commonly steam driven, but may be ar- 
ranged for driving by electricity. Steam cranes are usually 
equipped with double cylinder engines. The several motions of 
rotation, transfer on the track, moving the load and boom, are 
ordinarily accomplished by use of friction clutches; the engine 
then being of the non-reversing type. The boiler is placed behind 
the engine, thus serving to counterbalance the crane. The fuel 
and water tanks are also placed in the rear for the same purpose. 

The following are the usual specifications: 

Gauge of track 4 ft. Sy 2 ins. or 8 ft. 

Boiler pressure 100 lbs. to 125 lbs. 

Cut-off 6/10 to 8/10 of stroke 

Revolutions per min. (engine) 80 to 200 

Car wheels 24 in. diam. 

Track speed 300 to 500 ft. per min. 

Track power, level track 3 to 4 loaded cars 

Slowing speed 4 revolutions per min. 

Owing to the limitations of the counterweight the crane will 
raise its greatest load when working at its shortest radius. 
These cranes are generally able to pull several loaded cars on 
level track. The boiler should be large in order to demand 
only occasional attention from the operator. 

One type of locomotive crane is made in two regular sizes; 
10 and 20-tons at 10 ft. radius, without counterweight. These 
machines are made in 3-ft. 6-in., standard, and 8-ft. gauges, with 
4 or 8 wheels. The manufacturers claim the following points of 
superiority. 

Base of semi-steel casting, not of built-up members; turntable 
without a kingpin, but mounted on 20 to 30 dust-proof rollers; 
friction clutch; and, on the 8-wheeled machine, a reciprocating 
drive shaft which drives always on both trucks, while allowing 
them to pivot. 

The price of these machines fitted with the standard 30-ft. 
radius boom is as follows: 

Lbs. 

10-ton, 4 wheeled $5,250 Shipping weight 60,000 

10-ton, 8 wheeled 6,600 Shipping weight 80,000 

20-ton, 4 wheeled 6,250 Shipping weight 80,000 

20-ton, 8 wheeled 7,385 Shipping weight 95,000 

Note: Working weight from 2 to 3 tons additional. 

With lifting magnet and generator the cost is about $1,000 
to $2,000 extra. 

A special hoisting drum, by which a clam shell or orange peel 
bucket may be hoisted and opened at the same time, costs about 
$250 extra. 

The 10-ton machine will hoist 5 tons at 20-ft. radius without 
counterweight, and 10 tons at 50-ft. radius with counterweight. 
The 20-ton machine will hoist 10 tons at 20-ft. radius without 
counterweight. The boilers and engines are of vertical type. 



MACHINE TOOLS 



LATHES. 

Twenty- four-inch swing, 12-foot bed engine lathe, compound 
rest, power cross feed, steady rest, two face plates, friction 
countershaft, 2-in. hole through spindle and cabinet legs. This 
machine is made by the H. C. Fish Machine Works, Worcester, 
Mass., and weighs 5,500 lbs. A second-hand machine of this kind 
can be bought for $375. 

Harrington Eng. Lathe : 25-in. swing, 12-ft. bed, compound 





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Fig. 175. McCabe's Patented "2-irir1" Double-Spindle Lathe. 
Small Size, 24-40-inch Swing. 

rest, power cross feed, complete with countershaft and full 
equipment. Price, $375. 

Pond engine lathe: 26-in. swing, 10-ft. bed, complete, $500. 

McCabe's Patented 2-in-l double spindle lathe: 24-in.-40-in. (See 
Fig. 175), bed 12-ft. long, that turns 5 ft. between centers, 
triple geared, complete with countershaft and full regular equip- 
ment. This machine has back gears, hand and power feed, auto- 
matic stop, quick return, wheel and lever feed. Spindle is coun- 
terbalanced. The table has vertical adjustment on column by 
means of handle operating gear in rack. Shafts are made of steel. 
Gears are cut two to one and cone has four steps, 3f| inches 
to 8i 5 s inches diameter. Price $970. 

A new 20-in. Davis Upright drill, with back gears,^»power feed, 
quick return and automatic stop. This weighs 700 lbs. and the 
price net is $90. Fig: 176. 

A No. 2 Merriman Standard Bolt Cutter (Fig. 177), to thread 
411 




Fig. 177. Merriman Standard Bolt Cutter. 
11/2-inch Plain Machine. 

412 



MACHINE TOOLS 413 

bolts or tap nuts %-in. to 1%-in. right or left hand, weighs 
1,200 lbs. and can be bought second-hand for $175 net. 

A single end-punch or shear weighs about 4,500 lbs. and will 
punch 1-in. hole through %-in. plate or will shear 4-in. x %-in. 
bars. A second-hand one will cost $300 net, while a new one 
would cost about $500. 

A new Curtis & Curtis 4-in. pipe machine for hand or powe*r 
takes from 1-in. to 4-in., right or left, weighs 525 lbs. net or 
650 lbs. gross, and can be bought for $170 net. 

A new No. 5 Champion three-geared ball bearing Upright, self- 
feed blacksmith post drill weighs 240 lbs. and costs $18.50 net. 

A hew circular saw, with wood table, weighs about 300 lbs. 
and costs $50 net. 

A new 30-in. band saw with iron table weighs about 850 lbs. 
and costs $100 net. 

Grindstone, machinist's: 30-in., heavy, mounted on an iron 
frame, with shield and water bucket, weighs about 1,500 lbs. 
and costs new about $50. 



414 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



METALS 



Miscellaneous Metals. Small lots of metal and metal products 
can be obtained from jobbers in New York at the following 
prices: 

Per Lb. 

Bismuth $2.25 

Brass tubes, iron pipe sizes: 

%-in 19 

% to 3-in 18 

3%-in 19 

4-in 20 

Brass, sheets 14% 

Brass, rods 14% 

Solder, % and %, guaranteed 24 

Zinc, sheets 08% 

Manganese bronze rods 16 

Manganese bronze in crucible form 14 

Monel metal, ingot 16 

Old Metals. Miscellaneous lots of scrap metal amounting to 
about a ton can be sold to dealers in New York at about the 
following prices: 

Cents. 

Copper, heavy and crucible , 10.75 to 11.00 

Copper, heavy and wire 10.50 to 10.75 

Copper, light and bottoms 9.75 to 10.00 

Brass, heavy 7.25 to 7.50 

Brass, light . , 5.75 to 6.00 

Heavy machine composition 9.75 to 10.00 

Clean brass turnings 7.25 to 7.50 

Composition turnings 8.25 to 8.50 

Lead, heavy 3.75 

Lead, tea 3.50 

Zinc, scrap 4.00 

Mineral Wool. New York City price that contractors or 
builders would pay for mineral wool is $21 per ton. The material 
is packed in bags which are charged extra at 12 cents each. For 
the middle west prices are as follows: Car load lots, f. o. b. 
factory, South Milwaukee, Wis., $12 per ton; less than car load 
lots, $14 per ton. 

The above prices are all subject to change on short notice and 
are here given for purposes of rough comparison only. 



MIXERS 



Concrete mixers are usually divided into three classes: (1) 
Batch mixers, (2) Continuous mixers, and (3) Gravity mixers. Ii> 
batch mixers the ingredients of the concrete in a proper amount 
or "batch" are placed in the machine, mixed, and discharged 
before another batch is placed in the mixer. In continuous mix- 
ing, the materials are allowed to enter the machine and the con- 
crete to discharge continuously. Gravity mixers consist of es- 
pecially constructed hoppers, troughs, or tubes so arranged that 
the ingredients flowing through them under the influence of 
gravity are mixed together into concrete. 

1. Batch mixers are commonly of two types: One, that in 
which the drum is tilted in order to discharge the mixture; the 
other, that in which the drum is not tilted, but the concrete on 
being raised in the mixer by the mixing paddles drops on the 
inner end of a discharge chute which conveys it to wheelbarrows 
or other placing devices. 

The following prices, etc., are those of a tilting mixer in which 
the drum, supported on horizontal axes, is tilted in order to dis- 
charge the concrete. The drum of this machine is formed of 
two truncated cones with their large ends joined and the con- 
crete is mixed by means of steel plate deflectors: 

No. No. 1 No. 2 No. 2 Ms No. 4 No. 5 
Listed capacity (yds. per 

hour) 9 20 30 39 46 62 

Horse power required.... 4 6 8 10 15 19 

Weight on skids with 

pulley 1,740 2,500 3,600 4,400 6,200 7,900 

Weight on trucks with 

pulley or gears 3,200 3,650 4,750 5,500 7,400 

Weight on trucks with 

steam engine and 

boiler 3,750 5,600 7,200 8,600 11,400 

Weight on trucks with 

gasoline engine 4,000 5,100 7,400 9,300 

Price on skids with pulley.$300 $410 $ 525 $ 575 $ 720 $ 875 
On skids with steam 

engine 415 540 690 765 935 1,135 

On skids with engine and 

boiler 565 725 900 1,000 1,220 

On skids with gasoline 

engine 615 855 1,050 1,220 

On trucks with pulley... 350 480 610 665 820 

On trucks with steam 

engine 465 610 760 840 1,025 

On trucks with engine 

and boiler 615 780 965 1,085 1,315 

On trucks with gasoline 

engine ., 665 925 1,115 1,285 

Another type of tilting mixer is one in which the drum is 
supported on a frame and in discharging the frame is tilted, 
thereby tilting the drum. The following prices and capacities, 
etc., are those of a machine of this type whose drum is cubical 
in shape, and the mixing is done by the "folding" of the in- 
gredients caused by this peculiar shape: 
415 



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Two examples of the non-tilting typo of batch mixer are 
given below. 



Catalog Number. No. 5. 

Size of batch in yards % 

Listed capacity in yards 20 

Horse power of engine. . . ., 6 

Horse power of boiler 7 

Horse power of electric motor 7y 2 

Horse power of gasoline engine 6 

Weight on truck, engine and boiler 6,300 

"Weight on truck, gasoline engine 5,400 

Weight on truck, electric motor 5,100 

Weight on truck, engine only 5,100 

Weight on truck with pulley 4.300 

Weight on skids, engine only 4,600 

Weight on skids with pulley 3,900 

Weight of power loading skip 900 

Price on trucks, engine and boiler $740 

Price on trucks, gasoline engine 765 

Price on trucks, electric motor 765 

Price on trucks, engine 645 

Price on trucks with pulley 555 

Price on skids with pulley 520 

Price on skids, engine 605 

Price of power loading skip 160 



No. 6. No. 7. 

y 2 i 

30 40 

8 12 
10 15 
10 

9 

8,200 10,000 

6,800 

6,200 

6,200 8,000 

4,600 5.800 

5,600 7,300 

4,600 5,800 

1,100 1,800 

$910 $1,150 

945 1,215 

945 1,170 

730 875 

630 740 

585 675 

700 810 

200 270 



A No. 6 batch end discharge mixer 
versible tractions, steam power, price 
record of 20 cu. yd. per hour for 37 
pavement work. 



of above make with re- 
complete $1,535, has a 
working days on street 



Catalog Number. 

7 
Size of batch, cu. ft.. 7 

Capacity per hr. in yds. 7 

H. P. of engine 4 

H. P. of boiler 6 

Weight on skids, pulley 1,500 
Weight on skids, engine 2,100 
Weight on engine and 

boiler 3,500 

Weight on gasoline 

engine 1 . 2,900 

Weight on motor 2,600 

Extra weight of trucks. 525 
Price on trucks, pulley. $325 
Price on trks., engine.. $500 
Price engine and boiler. $670 
Price gasoline engine. . . $695 

Price motor $700 

Weight of batch hopper 230 
Price of batch hopper.. $45 
Price of pivot hopper.. $220 
Water measuring tank. . 20 



10 14 

10 14 

10 14 

6 6 

7 ■ 9 
1,600 2,400 
2,450 3,600 



-Number- 

21 : 

21 

21 



3,500 4,500 6,700 13,000 
5,200 6,500 9,800 18,900 



4,200 5,600 7,600 9,400 15,000 25,800 



2,300 4,300 

2,800 4,100 

525 600 

$400 $460 

$600 $700 

$780 $940 

$845 $980 

$870 $920 

260 300 

$50 $53 

$250 $265 

20 22 



6,500 

6,000 

700 

$550 

$845 

$1180 

$1185 

$1135 

450 

$56 

$280 

25 



8,100 

6,300 9,900 

725 775 

$600 $750 

$1005 $1350 

$1400 $1800 

$1300 

$1250 $1760 

500 570 

$68 $75 



18,400 

$1250 
$1900 
$2550 

$2500 
1290 

$125 



25 



30 



Above prices include trucks, except No. 40 
$60.00 when trucks are omitted. 



Special Machines 

Type 1 street mixer No. 

loading skip 

Type 2 street mixer No. 

loading skip 

Combination mixer and hoist No. 21 . . 



Steam 
with 

$1,600 

with 



$1,575 



1,575 
1,750 



Gasoline 

$1,650 



1,650 
1,800 



418 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

VSBY SMALL GASOLINE-DRIVEN MIXEB. 

This machine (Fig. 178) consists of a steel channel frame 
mounted on steel wheels. The drum is of very simple con- 
struction, the bottom being a semi-steel casting, and upper part 
sheet steel. The top of the drum is open, and the charging and 
dumping are performed through this opening, the drum tilting 
to the side as desired. The manufacturers state the output as 
25 cu. yds. per day, mixed and placed with a gang of 6 men. The 




Fig. 178. 



size of the batch is 3-4 feec. Weight of machine, complete. 
1,250 lbs.; price, $194, f. o. b. factory in Iowa. 

A few mixers are made for operation by hand or horse power. 
These are especially of use in sidewalk work or in any con- 
struction which demands well mixed concrete in small amounts 
and quantities. 

Following are the details of hand operated mixers which are 
valuable on work where they can be placed directly over or 
alongside the forms. 

Hand mixer. 1. Drum is cylindrical, suspended in chains. In- 
terior of drum is divided into chambers and the batch is mixed 
by being poured from one to another when the drum is rotated 
by two men. When the drum is rotated in a reversed direction 
the concrete is discharged. Weight 800 lbs.; capacity 3 cu. ft. 
per batch and .25 batches per hour; price $150, f. o. b. factory. 

2. Drum is cubical, carried directly on the axle, but so ar- 
ranged that it may be thrown out of gear and operated as a cart. 
A batch is 2.7 cu. ft., and the manufacturers claim a capacity 
of 15 cu. yds. per 8-hour day with two operators. The weight 
is 400 lbs. and price $100, f. o. b. factory. 

Continuous Mixers are constructed in two general forms. One 



MIXERS 



419 



in which the ingredients are placed in hoppers and automatically- 
fed in proper quantities to the mixing trough, the other in 
which the materials are shoveled or otherwise placed directly 
into the mixing drum. 

The two examples given below are of the first form, but can 
also be furnished without automatic feeding devices at a slightly 
lower charge. 

TABLE 127— CONTINUOUS MIXERS. 

Listed 
Capacity 
per Hr. Weight 

(Cu. Yds.) Price Equipment (Lbs.) 

No. 1 

Two hoppers 6 $ 650 Gasoline engine, 5 H. P 3,600 

775 Steam engine, 5 H. P. 

and 6 H. P. boiler 5,050 

775 5 H. P. electric motor. . 3,240 
No. 2 

Three hoppers 7 745 5 H. P. gasoline engine. 3,800 

765 5 H. P. steam engine 

and 6 H. P. boiler 5,250 

785 7% H. P. electric motor 3,625 
No. 2% 

Three hoppers 12 965 9 H. P. gasoline engine 6,150 

965 6 H. P. steam engine 

and 7 H. P. boiler. . . 7,145 
990 TY 2 H. P. electric motor 5,385 
No. 3 
Three hoppers 16 1,235 8 H. P. steam engine 

and 10 H. P. boiler. . 9,160 
1,260 10 H. P. electric motor 7,160 
1,325 With steam traction.. 9,950 
No. 4 
Three hoppers 25 1,575 12 H. P. engine and 15 

1 H. P. boiler 13,500 

1,710 With steam traction.. 15,000 
Listed 
Capacity 
per Hr. Weight 

(Cu. Yds.) Price Equipment (Lbs.) 

3 H. P. engine 1 12 to 15 $ 800 On truck with boiler 

4 H. P. boiler j and engine 3,000 

3% H. P. engine 12 to 15 675 On truck with gasoline 

engine (pump $25 

extra) 2,500 

6 H. P. engine 15 to 18 1,050 On truck with gasoline 

engine 2,700 

COMPARISON OF RENTED AND OWNED CONCRETE 
MIXERS. 

Prom Engineering Record, New York. 
The figures in the accompanying tables have been compiled 
from the records of the Aberthaw Construction Company, of 
Boston, who ran a ledger account for each mixer. The oldest 
mixer is nearly seven years old. The original cost, repairs, and 
other expenditures are charged against the machine and it is 
credited with so much per day for the elapsed time it is on a 
job. This rental credit is based as nearly as possible on what it 
would cost to rent this plant instead of buying it outright. 



420 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Interest is figured at the rate of 6 per cent per annum on the 
original purchase price and compounded annually Jan. 1. All the 
figures are brought up to Jan. 1, 1910, and the inventory value of 
the machines taken at this date. The yardage is a very close 
approximation of the actual amount mixed. 

Comparison of the owned and rented plant costs for each mixer 
shows that there is very little saving hy owning the mixers when 
they are over 5 years of age, as in the cases of Nos. 2 and 3. In 
fact, No. 2 shows a small balance in favor of renting. On the 
other hand, No. 6, a comparatively new machine, working on 
large yardage, shows a less economy than No. 3. Mixer 4, owned 
a little less than 4 years, rented 62.7 per cent of the time and 
working on comparatively small yardage, such as reinforced 
concrete buildings, shows the largest economy from an owner's 
standpoint. 

I.— FIRST COST AND REPAIRS FOR FOUR MIXERS. 
(Actually Owned) 

Mixer No. 2 3 4 6 Totals 

Date of purchase. 8/18/03 6/10/04 6/7/06 6/5/07 

Original cost $ 625.00 $ 975.00 $ 975.00 $ 935.00 $3,510.00 

Interest at 6% to 

Jan. 1, 1910 281.51 368.90 220.57 153.37 1,024.35 

Repairs to Jan. 1, 

1910 941.87 350.29 216.43 437.01 1,945.60 

Total cost to Jan. 

1, 1910 1,848.38 1,694.19 1,412.00 1,525.38 6,479.95 

Inventory value 

Jan. 1, 1910 125.00 325.00 400.00 500.00 1,350.00 

Net cost to Jan. 

1, 1910 1,723.38 1,369.19 1,012.00 1,025.38 5,129.95 

Total yds. mixed. 12,350 15,500 10,500 19,000 .57,350 

Plant cost per yd.. $0.1395 $0.0883 $0.0964 $0.0540 $0.0894 



II. — RENTAL CREDITS FOR FOUR MIXERS. 

Mixer No. 2 3 4 6 Totals 
Days owned to 

Jan. 1, 1910 2,325 2,029 1,302 936 6,595 

Days rented to 

Jan. 1, 1910 827 718 816 536 2,997 

Per cent of days 

rented 28.1 28.3 62.7 57 45.4 

Rental rate per day $2.00 $2.25 $2.25 $2.25 
Total rental to 

Jan. 1 $1,655.00 $1,616.25 $1,836.25 $1,204.50 $6,311.00 

Total yds. mixed. 12,350 15,500 10,500 19,000 57,350 

Plant cost per yd. $0.1340 $0.1042 $0.1748 $0.0634 $0.1100 

III. — COMPARISON OF OWNED AND RENTED PLANTS. 

Mixer No. 2 3 4 6 Totals 

Plant cost per yd., 

Table 1 $0.1395 $0.0833 $0.0964 $0.0540 $0.0894 

Table° S 2.^ er .^.'.' 0.1340 0.1048 0.1748 0.0634 0.1100 
Per cent saving by 
owning plant, 

based on rental „ , „ .-„„ 

cost 4.1 15.25 44.8 14.7 18.72 



MIXERS 



421 



The cost of unloading and placing in condition for work 
averages about $65 to $75 per mixer. 

Gravity Mixers. The most common form of gravity mixers 
consists of two or four small hoppers (depending upon the size 
of the mixer) set upon a frame support, which latter also carries 
a platform on which the men are stationed to load the materials 
into the hoppers. Below these top hoppers three large hoppers 
are set, one below another. To operate the mixer after the 
top hoppers have been charged the gates of these are opened, 




Fig. 179. Showing an Arrangement of the Hains Concrete Mixer, 



and material allowed to pass into the hopper below, where it is 
caught and held until this hopper is full, upon which the gates 
are opened and the material allowed to flow into the next 
lower hopper and so on until the concrete is received in the 
bottom hopper ready to be taken to the forms. This is properly 
a batch mixer, but the charging is carried on while the material 
is being mixed in the lower hoppers. 

Only the metallic parts of this mixer, that is, the hoppers, 
chutes, gates, etc., and not the wooden framework, are furnished 
by the manufacturer. 



422 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Stationary Gravity Concrete Mixer. (Figs. 179, 180) Small 
size, capacity %, cu. yd. per batch, weight of metallic parts 
2,840 lbs. Price, f. o. b. nearest station, $1,250. 

Medium size, capacity 1% cu. yd. per batch, weight of metallic 
parts 7,060 lbs. Price $1,400. 

This type of mixer is also made portable (Fig. 181) and is 




Fig. 180. 



operated by being raised with a derrick or elevator. The capacity 
of this small machine is about six cu. yds. per hour and % cu. 
yds. per batch. Weight 1,400 lbs., complete. Minimum height 
12 ft. Price $550. 

Output of Mixers. On well organized work a batch every two 
minutes, or 30 batches an hour, should be averaged. The real 
capacity of any mixer is usually determined by the speed with 
which the materials are delivered and taken away. In regard 
to mixer efficiency I can do no better than to quote from Gillette 
and Hill's "Concrete Construction": "The most efficient mixer is 
the one that gives the maximum product of standard quality at 
the least cost for production." 

Mr. Chas. R. Gow, in a very complete paper read before the 
Boston Society of Civil Engineers, gives the cost of concrete 
crushing, mixing and placing plant. 




Fig. 181. Portable Gravity Mixer. 



424 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



This plant is shown in Fig. 182. The engine used was a 40 
H. P. gasoline engine, but a 25 H. P. was all that the plant 
required. The crusher was a 10x20 in. jaw crusher which was 
fed by hand with stone dumped by teams on the crusher platform. 
The gravel and sand were dumped on the platform and shoveled 
on to an inclined grating which allowed the sand to drop into a 
34-ft. bucket elevator, while the larger gravel was chuted to the 
crusher and thence to the elevator. The rotary screen separated 
the sand and stone into bins from which it dropped to a measur- 
ing hopper and thence to a skip car. This car was provided with 




Fig. 182. Plan of Screening, Crushing and Mixing Plant, Spring- 
field Filters. 



the proper amount of cement from a hopper and was hoisted up 
the incline and its contents automatically dumped into a one- 
yard mixer which discharged into a one-yard hoisting bucket on 
a flat car. These cars, which had room for one empty and one 
full bucket, were drawn by cables along a track to the placing 
derricks, of which there were two, with 75-ft. guyed masts and 
80-ft. booms. 

This plant cost about $5,000 at the factory, $600 for freight 
and transportation and $3,900 to install and maintain in working 
condition; total cost, therefore, $9,500. It was capable of mixing 
60 cu. yds. per hour, but actually mixed less than 15. The total 
number of yards of concrete placed was 13,282, which was less 
than the smallest amount necessary to make the use of such a 
plant economical. 



Cost per cubic yard for crushing, mixing and placing: 
Transporting to Work: Per Cu Yd 

Freight of plant to Westfleld $0.0139 

Cost of unloading plant from cars 0.0148 

Cost of teaming plant to work 0.0161 

Total cost of landing on job $0.0448 

Final Removal of Plant: 

Cost of labor dismantling and loading $0.0302 

Cost of teaming to railroad 0.0100 

Cost of freight returning 0.0043 

Total cost of removing plant 0.0445 

Erecting and Maintaining Crusher and Concrete Plant: 

Cost of labor $0.1725 

Cost of materials and supplies 0.1139 

Cost of miscellaneous teaming 0.0054 

Total cost of erection and maintenance 

of plant 0.2918 

Cement Storehouse, 50 Ft. by 25 Ft.: 

Cost of materials used $0.0205 

Cost of labor building 0.0120 

Total cost of cement house 0.0325 

Erecting, Moving and Removing Derricks and Hoisters: 

Cost of labor $0.1008 

Cost of miscellaneous supplies 0.0033 

Cost of miscellaneous teaming 0.0011 

Total cost of derricks 0.1052 

Depreciation on Plant: 

Cost of depreciation on concrete plant $0.1003 

Cost of depreciation on crusher plant 0.1370 

Total depreciation 0.1052 

Coal and Oil Used in Mixing and in Operating Derricks: 

Cost of coal $0.1222 

Cdst of oil 0.0110 

Total cost 0.1332 

Grand total cost of crusher and concrete plant $0.8893 

A large portable plant for crushing, mixing and placing con- 
crete on the Catskill Aqueduct is described in Engineering and 
Contracting, Vol. XXXIV, No. 23. This plant was designed to 
build 30 lineal feet of aqueduct per day, but improvements and 
efficiency of the crew increased the capacity to 60 feet per day. 
The section on which this plant was operated was about 1V 2 
miles long and the cross section of the aqueduct was of the flat 
base type, of interior dimensions of 17 ft. x 17% ft. and walls 
from 12 to 24 in. in thickness. 

The plant consisted of two principal parts, the first for crush- 
ing and mixing and the second for handling forms and concrete. 
The first part consisted of a steel frame work mounted on two 
60-ft. steel flat cars placed side by side and bolted together. 
A gyratory crusher with bucket conveyor and revolving screen 
crushed the material and deposited it in a 20-yd. sand bin and a 
40-yd. stone bin. These bins discharged into a Hains mixer and 



MIXERS 427 

the concrete was picked up by an electric hoist in Hains buckets 
and conveyed to the forms. That part of the plant used in 
placing concrete and handling the outside forms consisted of a 
two-truss steel bridge 140 feet long, upon which traveled the 
several hoists. The concrete bucket hoist was suspended 
beneath the bridge and equipped with one 11 H. P. motor for 
hoisting and two propelling motors of 3 H. P. each. On top 
of the bridge was a traveler equipped with two 5 H. P. motors 
and overhanging arms for handling the forms. At the rear 
support was a chain hoist with a 5 H. P. motor for moving 
ahead the saddles which supported that end of the bridge. Steel 
collapsible forms were used and were shifted by a 30 H. P. 
motor-driven carriage. Materials for the crusher were handled by 
two derricks. All the plant with the exception of a small steam 
boiler used for cleaning concrete surfaces was operated with 
a high tension current supplied by a public service corporation. 
This plant is shown in Pig. 183. It cost about $30,000, and since 
it was built, nearly $10,000 was spent in changes and repairs. 
The plant worked well, but had only about 30,000 yards of con- 
crete to place. It is doubtful whether such an equipment pays on 
a job of this size. 

Lieutenant L. M. Adams, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., in 
"Professional Memoirs" for January-March, 1911, describes a 
mixing and handling plant mounted on a barge for use in con- 
crete work in locks, dams, etc. This plant is supplied with sand 
and gravel from barges alongside and the concrete is removed 
from it by a derrick set up on the forms or on a boat adjacent. 
The general scheme is shown in Fig. 184. The cost of such a 
plant is as follows : 

Hull of barge $ 4,000.00 

Coal, sand (20 cu. yd.) and gravel (40 cu. yd.) bins 600.00 

Boiler house and cement shed (1,000 barrels) 300.00 

Derrick (55 ft. boom) complete with (8%xl0 tandem 
drum) hoist, two duplicate boilers (each 30 H. P.), 8 

strand 19-wire plow steel rope 3,300.00 

1%-yard clam shell bucket 600.00 

Mixer, complete 1,300.00 

Cement car (6 bags) and hoist 400.00 

Total $10,500.00 

Labor cost of operation per 8-hour day shift $16.20 

Coal to furnish 40 H. P. per shift % ton 

Capacity, twenty 1% cubic yard batches per 24 hours 30 yds. 

Mr. H. P. Gillette in his Handbook of Cost Data describes a 
mixing plant used in building a concrete retaining wall. A 
batch mixer was used, the concrete being delivered by a cableway 
of 400' span. The broken stone and sand were delivered near the 
work in hopper-bottom cars which were^dumped through a trestle 
onto a plank floor. The material was loaded by hand into one- 
horse dump carts and hauled 900 ft. to the mixer platform. This 
platform was 24x24 ft. and 5 ft. high with a plank approach 40 
ft. long and contained a total of 7,500 ft. B. M. After mixing, 



MIXERS 429 

the concrete was dumped into iron buckets holding 14 cubic feet 
water measure, making- about one-half cubic yard in a batch. 
The buckets were hooked onto the cableway and conveyed to 
the wall. Steam for running the mixer was taken from the same 
boiler that supplied the cableway engine. The average output of 
this plant was 100 cubic yards of concrete per 10-hour day at a 
cost for labor and coal of $1.07 per cubic yard. The plant had to 
be moved once per each 355 ft. of wall, 16 ft. high. This took 
two days and cost $100, or about 10 cents per cubic yard. 

In an article by Mr. Wm. G. Fargo, of Jackson, Mich., in the 
proceedings of the Michigan Engineering Society, several types of 
concrete handling plants are described. Mr. Fargo considers that 
on work requiring the placing of 1,000 cubic yards of concrete or 
over, it is usually cheapest to install a plant for handling the 
materials. The wheelbarrow, on large concrete works, should 
seldom be used. The tip car with roller bearings will enable one 
man to push, on a level track, from 5 to 8 times a wheelbarrow 
load of concrete. Wagons or cars for bringing materials to the 
mixer may be drawn by teams on grades of 2 per cent, and by 
locomotives on grades of 4 or 5 per cent. Steeper grades will 
require cable haulage. On long retaining walls or dams the 
cableway is especially valuable. A cableway of 800-ft. span, 
capable of handling a yard of concrete, will cost complete with 
boiler, hoist and stationary towers 45 ft. high, from $4,500 to 
$5,000, and for the movable towers about $1,000 more. 

Such a plant should be capable of handling 20 cubic yards per 
hour. Where the area is wide more cableways are necessary, but 
if not too wide derricks may economically rehandle the load. 
On work where the total width is a large fraction of the length 
and where other conditions are favorable the trestle and car 
plant may be much cheaper than the cableway. When the dis- 
tance from the mixers to further boundary is less than 500 ft. 
this is especially true. The following figures give the cost of 
a car plant having a capacity of 200 yards per day with length 
of 500 ft. out from the mixers. 

Trestle — Double track, 24-in. guage, 6 ft. between centers of 
tracks; 6-in.x8-in. stringers, 22 or 24 ft. long; 2-in.x6-in. ties, 2-ft. 
6-in. centers, 2-in.xl2-in. running boards between rails, 12-lb. 
rail. 

Trestle legs (30 ft. average length) of green poles at 5 cents 
per ft, will cost complete about $1.50 per lineal ft. of double 
track, or for the 150 ft.: 

At $1.50, erected. . .*. $225.00 

Five split switches, with spring bridles, at $18.00 90.00 

Two iron turntables, at $30.00 60.00 

Three %-yd. steel tip cars, with roller bearings 190.00 

$565.00 

This outfit, with repairs and renewals amounting to 10 per cent, 
should be good for five seasons' work. If labor costs $1.75 per 
day the cost of handling 200 cu. yds. of concrete would be 4% 



430 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

cents per yard. This, according to Mr. Fargo, would be a saving 
of about 5% cents per cu. yd. 

GROUT MIXER. 

The machine illustrated in Fig. 185 is furnished in two sizes: 
"Low pressure" for work up to 150 lbs. per square inch, and "high 




pressure" for work up to 300 lbs. /per square inch. The machine 
is operated by compressed air, but the manufacturers do not 
furnish a compressor. The prices are $175 and $250, f. o. b. 
works or Hoboken, N. J. 



NAILS 



The net prices in Chicago for nails in quantities 



Shingle Nails. 

Standard 
Size Gage and Length 

3d 1% in. No. 13 

4d iy 2 in. No. 12 



Approx. 

No. in 1 Lb. 

380 

256 



Price per 
100 Lbs. 

$2.58 
2.43 



Galvanized Shingle Nails. 



Standard 


Approx. 


Gage and Length 


No. in 1 Lb. 


1% in. No. 13 
1V 2 in. No. 12 


429 


274 



Price per 

100 Lbs. 

$3.08 

2.93 



Barbed Roofing Nails. 









Standard 


Approx. 




Size 




Gage and Length 


No. in 1 Lb. 


% 


in. barb R. 


F. 


% in. No. 13 


648 


% 


in. barb R. 


h'. 


W s in. No. 12 
. l f in. No. 12 


413 


1 


in. barb R. 


F. 


384 


1V, 


in. barb R. 


b\ 


. 1V 8 in. No. 12 


339 


IV, 


in. barb R. 


F. 


. 1% in. No. 11 


231 


IV* 


in. barb R. 


Jb\ 


. 1% in. No. 10 


154 


2 


in. barb R. 


H\ 


. 2 in. No. 9 


103 


1% 


in. barb R. 


F. 


. 1% in. No. 10 


151 



Price per 
100 Lbs. 

$2.88 
2.78 
2.73 
2,73 
2.68 
2.58 
2.48 
2.58 



Common Steel Wire Nails in Kegs of 100 Lbs. Each. 



Standard 

Size Gage and Length 

2d 1 in. No. 15 

3d 1 V4 in. No. 14 

4d 1V 2 in. No. 13 

5d 1% in. No. 12 

6d 2 in. No. 12 

7d 2 V 4 in. No. 11 

8d 2V 2 in. No. 10 

9d 2% in. No. 10 

lOd 3 in. No. 9 

12d 3% in. No. 9 

16d 3% in. No. 8 

20d 4 in. No. 6 

30d 4% in. No. 5 

40d 5 in. No. 4 

50d 5% in. No. 3 

60d 6 in. No. 2 



Approx. 
No. in 1 Lb. 



615 
322 
254 
200 
154 
106 

85 

74 

57 

46 

29 

23 

18 

13V 2 

10% 



Price per 
100 Lbs. 
$2.83 
2.5S 
2.43 
2.43 
2.33 
2.33 
2.23 
2.23 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.13 
2.13 
2.13 
2.13 
2.13 



Coated nails suitable for either machine or hand 
old at the same price as the above. 
431 



432 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Casing Nails. 

Standard Approx. 

Size Gage and Length No. in 1 Lb. 

2d 1 in. No. 16 1,140 

3d 1 % in. No. 15 675 

4d 1 y 2 in. No. 15 567 

6d 2 in. No. 13 260 

8d 2V 2 in. No. 12 160 

lOd 3 in. No. 11 108 

16d 3 y 2 in. No. 10 69 

20d 4 in. No. 9 50 



Price per 

100 Lbs. 

$3.13 

2.83 
2.63 
2.48 
2.38 
2.28 
2.28 



Finishing Nails. 

Standard 
Size Gage and Length 

2d 1 in. No. 17 

3d 1% in. No. 16 

4d iy 2 in. No. 16 

6d 2 in. No. 14 

8d 2Y 2 in. No. 13 

lOd 3 in. No. 12 

16d 3% in. No. 11 

20d 4 in. No. 10 

Standard railroad spikes 

Standard track bolts, base 



Approx. 
No. in 1 Lb. 

1,558 
884 
767 
359 
214 
134 

91 

61 



Price per 
100 Lbs. 

$3.28 
2.98 
2.78 
2.58 
2.48 



.$1-70 
. 2.15 



Pittsburg quotations on spikes based on $1.60 per keg are as 
follows: 

Railroad Spikes. 

4%, 5 and 5%xft $1.60 

3, 3y 2 , 4, 4% and 5x% Extra .10 

3y 2 , 4 and 4%x-& Extra .20 

3, 3%, 4 and 4%x% Extra .30 

2V 2 x% Extra .40 

2V 2 , 3 and 3%x-& Extra .60 

2x& Extra .80 

Boat Spikes. 

34 in. square, 12 to 24 in. long * Extra .15 

% in. square, 8 to 16 in. long Extra .15 

V 2 in. square, 6 to 16 in. long Extra .15 

tW in. square, 6 to 12 in. long Extra .20 

% in. square, 4 to 12 in. long Extra .30 

-r 5 B in. square, 4 to 8 in. long Extra .45 

14 in. square, 4 to 8 in. long Extra .75 

% in. square, 3 to 3 y 2 in. long Extra 1.00 

% and A shorter than 4 in., % cent extra. 



OIL 



Lubricating- Oils. The following prices are quotations on 
5-bbl. lots: 

Cts. per Gal. 

♦Cylinder, dark 20 to 32 

♦Cylinder, steam, refined. 14 to 25 

Neutral Oils, Filtered: 

Stainless white, 32 to 34 gravity 28 to 2i> 

Lemons, 33 to 34 gravity 17 to 22 

Dark, 32 gravity 15 to 20 

Crank cast oil 15 to 20 

Fuel oil 4 to 10 

Kerosene 11 to 20 

Albany grease, per lb., about 10 



Prices according to test. 



434 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



PAINTS AND OILS 



New York City quotations during the year 1913 were as 
follows: 

linseed Oil. 

City raw, 5 bbls. or more $0.46 to $0.52 

Out of town raw, 5 bbls. or more 45 to .51 

Boiled oil — 1 cent in advance of price of raw oil. 
Refined oil — 2 cents in advance of price of raw oil. 

Turpentine. 

5 bbls. or more $0.41 to $0.47 

White Lead. 

100, 200 and 500 lb. kegs $0.0725 to $0.08 

25 and 50 lb. kegs 0775 to .085 

Bed lead and litharge. 

100 lb. kegs $0.07 to $0.08 

Colors in Oil. 

Lamp black $0.12 to $0.14 

Chinese blue 36 to .46 

Prussian blue 32 to .36 

Van Dyke brown 11 to .14 

Chrome green 12 to .16 

Raw or burnt sienna .12 to .15 

Raw or burnt umber 11 to .14 

Paint on an average covers about 600 sq. ft. per gal. The main 
cost of painting lies in the labor of preparing the surface and 
applying, not in the cost of the paint. A rough surface takes 
more labor and a greater quantity of material. Paint should be 
tested for flashing, cracking, brushing qualities, elasticity, break- 
ing, blisters and acid and alkaline qualities. It is usually a mis- 
take to add extra dryer to prepared paints, as the expected results 
do not necessarily ensue. Double boiled oil with a dryer is often 
used for shop coat work. In shop coat work have all the 
surfaces thoroughly cleaned of mineral oils, as otherwise they 
will not dry and it is necessary to have a quick drying paint 
for this purpose. 

The cost of giving structural steel a shop coat is $1.00 per ton 
up, and one coat after erection costs about $2.00. 



PAPER 



Building- Paper. Quotations in New York during 1913 were as 
follows : 

Per roll of 
500 sq. ft. 

Rosin sided sheathing, 20 lb $0.28 

Rosin sided sheathing, 30 lb 43 

Rosin sized sheathing, 40 lb .58 

Rubber Roofing. 

Per roll of 
108 sq. ft. 

1 ply, 35 lb $0.90 

2 ply, 45 lb 1.10 

3 ply, 55 lb 1.30 

Tarred felt was $1.45 per 100 lb. in 1, 2 and 3 ply. Slaters 
felt was 60.cts. per roll. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



PAILS 



Tar Fails. Net prices at Chicago for tar pails are as follows: 

Each. 

Pay-off pail $4.50 

Pay-off pail spouts for wood or stone .'. . . .90 

3-way spouts for brick or stone 4.50 

Carrying pail 2.70 



Prices. Net prices at Chicago for various kinds of pails are 
as follows: 

Galvanized, Regular. 



Capacity, Qts. 
10 
12 
14 



Weight, per Dozen, 

Lbs. 

24 

38 

30 



Per Doz. 

$2.05 



Galvanized, Extra Heavy. 



Capacity, Qts. 


Weight, per Dozen, 
Lbs. 


Per Doz. 


12 
14 
16 


39 
33 

37 


. $3.55 
3.85 
4.45 



Galvanized cement pails with double braced bottom, extra 
heavy, of 14 quart capacity, can be bought at $8 per dozen. 
Heavy oak pails with iron bails, 14 quart capacity, bring a net 
price of 55 ets. each or $5.50 per dozen. Common pine pails, 
2-hoop, cost $2.50 per dozen; with three hoops they cost $3 per 
dozen. 



PAULINS 



Canvas coverings for protecting cement, brick, machinery, etc. 
from the weather. 



Size, Feet. 


8 Oz. Duck. 


10 Oz. Duck. 


12 Oz. Duck. 


5%x 9 


$ 1.00 


$ 1.25 


$ 1.50 


7 xl2 


1.65 


, 2.10 


2.50 


10 xl6 


3.20 


4.00 


4.80 


12 xl6 


3.85 


4.80 


5.75 


14 x20 


5.60 


7.00 


8.40 


18 x20 


7.20 


9.00 


10.80 


20 x30 


12.00 


15.00 


18.00 


24 x50 


24.00 


30.00 


36.00 



437 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

PAVING EQUIPMENT 



PETROLITHIC CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. 

The Petrolithic System is designed to produce stable and 
economic earth, sand-clay, gravel and macadam roads by uni- 
formly compacting them from the bottom up, and also to con- 
struct solid foundations for asphalt, concrete, brick and block 
pavements. For further information on this type of construction 
we refer to Engineering and Contracting^ June 9, 1909. 

The following is a list with weights and prices of the special 
implements made by the Petrolithic Company. 

Tamping Roller: This machine is designed to imitate the com- 
pacting action of sheep's feet, and of the small ended tamper 





i'i 




r-:. 1 , -/*wSW 




fti.f ' a '^f' : "J 



Fig. 186. Building Asphaltic Gravel Street in Whittier, Cal. 

commonly used to tamp the earth around posts. It will com- 
pact any thickness from two to ten inches, but it is not usually 
economical to compact a greater thickness than four to six 
inches at one operation. The material is put into condition for 
tamping by puddling with water or some other liquid, but care 
must be taken to use the proper amount of liquid in order that 
the mixture may be of the proper consistency. The feet of the 
roller are nine inches long. The body is composed of two wooden 
drums with a tamping width of six feet. It is usually drawn 
by four horses. This machine is also very useful in compacting 
earth embankments. "Weight of machine 4,800 pounds, price 
$150. Another type is illustrated in Fig. 186. 

Rooter-Scarifier, or Gang- Road Rooter: Fig. 187. This ma- 
chine is a combination of plow, rooter and scarifier. It is com- 
monly operated by a traction engine. Weight of machine 4,000 
pounds, price $450. 



PAVING EQUIPMENT 



Spike Disc Scarifier: Fig. 188. This implement is constructed 
and operated on the principle of a disc harrow, but having 




Fig. 187, Petrolithic Gang Rooter. Combined Plow, Rooter 
and Scarifier for Road or Other Heavy Work. 

peculiarly shaped spikes instead of cutting discs. It is usually 
drawn by four horses. Wttien used in connection with the rooter, 
its particular function is to break up and pulverize the clods. 




Petrolithic Rotary or Spike Disc Scarifier. 



It is also used to scarify. 'Weight of machine 1,300 pounds, 
price $175. 

Koad Cultivator: Fig. 189. This machine is designed to thor- 
oughly mix the dry and liquid materials. Weight of machine 
700 pounds, price $80. 

Road Asphalt Distributor: Fig. 190. This is a trailing attach- 
ment operating on its own wheels, which may be readily attached 



440 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



and detached from the tank wagon. The fluid is distributed under 
the force of gravity. It covers 8 ft. in width. "Weight of machine 
1,200 pounds, price $275. 

Asphalt Distributor: This implement fastens directly on the 




Fig. 190. Petrolithic Trailing Road-Asphalt Distributor Spreading 
Very Light Application on Crushed Stone. 

tank wagon, and is not readily detachable. It covers 8 ft. in 
width. "Weight of machine 500 pounds, price $175. 

Oil Heater. This machine is mounted on wheels. Weight 
10,000 pounds, price $1,200. 

All prices f. o. b. Los Angeles, Cal. 



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HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

PHOTOGRAPHY 



No construction work, however small, should be carried on 
without the assistance of the camera. For motion study it is 
indispensable, and, as an adjunct to the keeping of records, 
nearly so. Photographs of construction work have saved many 
dollars to the contractor in employees' damage suits, and to the 
owner or contractor in other legal cases. 

On unimportant work, pictures less than 4x5 inches are suffi- 
ciently large for all purposes, as small pictures can be enlarged 
to 8x10 inches or more, if necessary. After much experiment- 
ing in this line, the author uses an Eastman folding pocket 
kodak No. 3, which holds a 6 or 12-exposure film roll, and takes 
a picture 3' / 4x4'4 inches. This type of camera is convenient as 
it occupies very little space when folded. The picture is large 
enough to show fair sized groups and details. 

On important work large pictures should be taken not less 
often than once each month, and more frequently if the work 
is of sufficient size and progress to warrant the expense. For 
this purpose the Empire State plate camera, taking a picture 
8x10 inches, is recommended. For general use a No. 5 Goerz 
Dagor F: 6.8 or U. S. 2.9 lens is very good. When this lens 
is wide open it covers a 7x9 inch plate; when open at F:16 or 
U. S.:16 it covers an 8x10 inch plate, and at F:32 or U. S.:64 it 
covers a 12x16. For a wide angle lens the No. 2, listed to cover a 
5x7, has a greater speed and better definition than a regular wide 
angle lens. While this lens is listed to cover a smaller plate 
than 8x10 it is actually large enough. This lens is convertible; 
the full combination — equivalent focus 10% inches — may be used 
for general work and the back combination — equivalent focus 21 
inches — for objects at a distance. 

For glossy prints, to show extreme detail, use glossy Velox; 
for general results, but extreme detail, velvet Velox. In order to 
secure compactness use the ready made developer. The "Tab- 
loid" brand is very handy. Always keep a 10 per cent solution 
of bromide of potash at hand to slow down the developer. A 
room 4 ft. x 6 ft. is all that is necessary for developing pictures. 
If there is a window, cover it with a piece of red glass and 2 
sheets of yellow P. O. paper, or with the red and yellow fabrics 
made for photographic purposes. 

Prices of Photographic Equipment are as follows: 

Eastman folding pocket kodak No. 3, with double combina- 
tion, rapid rectilinear lens, ball bearing shutter, and 

rising and sliding front $17.50 

Black sole leather case with strap 1-75 

Film cartridge, 6 exposures, 3 1 ,ix4 14 35 

Film cartridge, 12 exposures, SV^xiM 70 

Empire State camera, 8x10, including 1 plate holder and 

canvas carrying case 28.00 

No. 2 Goerz Dagor lens 51.50 



PHOTOGRAPHY 449 

PRICES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT— Continued 

No. 5 Goerz Dagor lens 91.00 

X excel Sector shutter for No. 2 lens, which is dust tight 

and will speed up to 1/150 second 17.00 

Same for No. 5 lens 20.00 

5 Extra plate holders, @ $1.25 6.25 

1 No. 2 Crown tripod, 6-inch top 7.50 

Cramer isochromatic plates, per dozen 1.85 

Velox paper, SV 4 x4%, per dozen 15c; gross 1.50 

Velox paper, 8x10, per dozen 80c; gross 9.00 

2 Hard rubber trays, 8y 2 xl0% for plates, at $1.80 3.60 

Universal hard rubber fixing bath 5.50 

1 4 Ounce tumbler graduate glass 15 

1 16 Ounce tumbler graduate glass 30 

% Dozen 32 ounce, wide mouth bottles, with cork stoppers, 

@ 12c 72 

Zinc washing box for plates 2.00 

3 Hard rubber travs, 5x7, for films, @ $1.00 3.00 

1 Printing frame, 8x10 75 

1 Printing frame, 3%x4% - 40 

1 Dozen photd clips 15 

1 Small ruby lamp 1.25 

It is not necessary to buy trays; wooden boxes lined with oil- 
cloth are all that are necessary. 

For much of the data in the foregoing article I am indebted 
to Mr. A. A. Russell of Flushing, L. I. 

There is an excellent article in Engineering News, Nov. 19, 
1908, page 552, on "Industrial Photography," by S. Ashton Hand. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



PICKS AND MATTOCKS 



Net prices at Chicago for picks and mattocks, in quantities, 
are as follows: 



RAILROAD OR CLAY PICKS. 



tit, Lbs. 


Price, Each. 


Price, Per Doz. 


7% 
8% 


$0.52 
.54 


$5.23 
5.54 



The above have adze eye, pick and chisel points, and are made 
of high grade solid steel. The points are made of crucible tool 
steel. 



STANDARD DIRT PICKS. 



Weight, Lbs. 


Price, Bach. 


Price, Per Doz. 


5 to 6 

6 to 7 

7 to 8 

9 to 10 


$0.32 
.34 
.36 
.45 


$3.15 
3.37 

^3.60 
4.50 



DRIFTING PICKS. 



ht, Lbs. 


Price, Each. 


Price, Per Doz. 


4% 


$0.38 


$3.85 


6 


.45 


4.57 



These drifting picks have adze eye and the points are of the 
best grade of crucible tool steel. 



MATTOCKS (ADZE EYE). 

Weight, Size Blade, Size Cutter, 

Lbs. Ins. Ins. 

Short cutter 5 3%x7% 2%x4% 

Long cutter 5 V 2 3 % x7 V 2 2 Yz x5 & 

Pick mattocks, weighing 5% lbs., with a blade 4%x8% ins. and 
a cutter 8% ins. can be bought at a net price of $4.25 per doz. 

Asphalt Mattocks. The net prices for asphalt mattocks in 
quantities, at Chicago, are as follows. For a mattock with 
crucible steel cutter and chisel ends, weighing 9 lbs., the cost is 
90 cts. each, or $9 per doz. A mattock with double cutter, weigh- 
ing 8 lbs., can be bought for 60 cts. each, or $6 per doz. 



Price, 


Price, 


Each. 


Doz. 


$0.36 
.36 


$3.60 
3.60 



PIER AND FOUNDATION PLANT 



PIERS AND FOUNDATIONS FOB THE CHICAGO, MILWAU- 
KEE & FUGET SOUND KY. BRIDGE CROSSING 
THE COLUMBIA RIVER.* 

The bridge crosses the Columbia River about 420 miles from 
its mouth. At this point the river has a width at low water of 
1,050 ft., at average high water of 2,800 ft., and at extreme high 
water of 4,500 ft. The bridge is 2,898.84 ft. long; its approaches 
are timber trestle on concrete pedestals and are 1,315.58 ft. and 
323.58 ft. long respectively. The principal dimensions of the piers 
are given in Table I. All piers have a batter of y 2 in. to 1 ft. on 
the sides and downstream end of 3 ins. to 1 ft. on the cutwaters. 
The footings vary in width from 13 to 32 ft. and in length from 
32 to 60 ft. 



TABLE I.— TOTAL, COST OF THE PIERS, DISTRIBUTING ALL 
GENERAL AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES. 

Width Length Cost per 

under under Height Cu. yds. of Total cu. yd. of 

Pier coping coping overall concrete cost concrete 

"A" 6' 6" 25' 6" 34.8' 290 $ 5,458.62 $18.82 

1 8' 0" 30' 5M" 39.1' 500 9,933.79 19.84 

2 8' 0" 30' 5%" 39.0' 498 9,709.65 19.40 

3 8' 0" 30' 5 Ms" 39.1' 500 9,644.64 19.29 

4 8' 0" 30' 5 Ms" 38.5' 490 11,331.38 23.25 

5 8' 0" 30' 5 Ms" 39.2' 503 10,953.16 21.77 

6 8' 0" 30' 5 Ms" 40.1' 572 11,692.62 20.44 

7 8' 6" 31' 7%" 43.3' 622 16.369.79 26.32 

8 9' 0" 32'9y 2 " 59.6' 1,404 42,792.03 30.48 

9 9' 0" 32'9V 2 " 64.0' 1,506 42,283.20 28.07 

10 10' 0" 30' 1" 91.0' 2,363 58,078.26 24.58 

11 10' 0" 30' 1" 92.4' 2,452 63,925.50 26.07 

12 8' 6" 31' 7%" 41.0' 584 13,328.93 22.82 

13 8' 0" 30' 5 Ms" 41.5' 528 11,139.24 21.09 

14 8' 0" 30' 5 Ms" 38.5' 487 9,685.11 19.89 
"B" 6' 6" 25' 6" 29.4' 240 5,133.13 21.38 

Total 13,539 $331,519.05 $24.49 

For 12 land piers, 5.814 cu. yds.; an average cost per cu. 

yd. of concrete $21.40 

For 4 river piers, 7.725 cu. yds.; average cost per cu. yd. 

of concrete 26.81 



♦Condensed from a 
Northwest Society of 
December, 1910. 



paper by R. H. Ober, before the Pacific 
Engineers. Proceedings Vol. IX, No. 3, 



452 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Transporting- Construction Materials. About 14,000 tons of 
material and supplies were required for the construction of the 
bridge substructure and of the line near the river. The cost of 
freighting- material across country by wagon from the nearest 
railroad, a distance of about 35 miles, was estimated at $12 per 
ton. This cost and the character of the service, with its delays 
and uncertainties, made this impracticable, and it was determined 
to handle all freight by river if possible. Navigation between the 
site of the bridge and a supply point on the river below the 
Cabinet Rapids, about one-half mile from Vulcan Station on the 
Great Northern R. R. and 8 miles below the Great Northern bridge, 
was considered to be practicable for light draft river steamers. 
Arrangements were made for the construction of a stern wheel 
river steamer of the type generally used on the upper Columbia 
River, and the steamer St. Paul was built at Trinidad and placed 
in commission on October 30, 1906. The principal dimensions of 
the steamer are as follows: 

Length of hull ' 115 ft. 

Beam 22 ft. 6 in. 

Beam over guards 25 ft. 

Draft light about 18 in. 

Draft loaded about 3 ft. 

Gross tonnage about 200 tons 

Actual freight capacity 112 tons 

Engines, high pressure, non-condensing-, with 
cylinders 10 inches diameter, 48 inches 
stroke, boiler pressure 200 lbs. 



This steamer cost about $11,000 to build and was used not only 
for handling materials and supplies but also for towing and 
tending at the bridge, handling barges, etc. The operating ex- 
pense for a period of about 27 months was as follows: 

Fuel $10,200 

Wages of crew and charter of steamer, 28,800 



Total $39,000 

The cost of unloading and handling freight from the cars at 
Vulcan to the steamboat landing, about one-half mile distant, by 
wagon, was about $2 per ton. The cost of handling by steamer 
from Vulcan to the bridge, a distance of about 36 miles, ranged 
from about $1 to $4 per ton, varying at different stages of the 
river, averaging approximately $1.80 per ton, making the cost of 
freight from the cars to the bridge about $3.80 per ton. 

Contract. A contract was entered into, on a percentage basis, 
for the construction of the substructure and trestle approaches, 
and for the erection of the falsework for the superstructure. 

Under this contract the contractor furnished all tools, outfit, 
machinery and equipment necessary for the doing of the work, 
with the exception of equipment of a nature not generally used 
by the contractor and of a character peculiarly required by the 
nature of the work to be done, which latter equipment was fur- 



PIER AND FOUNDATION PLANT 453 

nished by the railway company. The plant furnished by the 
contractor included the following:: 

6 hoisting- engines. 

5 stationary engines. 

1 rock crusher and engine. 

2 concrete mixers. 

2 eight-inch centrifugal pumps. 

2 six-inch centrifugal pumps. 

4 steam pumps. 

3 steam boilers, 40, 60 and 80 h. p. 
2 steam drills. 

6 derricks. 

2 pile drivers. 

1 steam hammer. 

1 electric light engine and dynamo. 
12 dump cars, iy 2 cu. yds. 

6 fiat cars. 
11,000 feet steel rails. 

12 steel hoisting buckets. « 

5 skips. 

2 orange-peel dredges. 
1 clam-shell dredge. 

37 coils of Manila rope. 

10,000 lineal feet of %" wire rope. 

14,000 lineal feet of %" wire rope. 

12,700 lineal feet of %" wire rope. 

900 lineal feet of 1" wire rope. 

Small tools and fittings as required. 

The total value of this plant was approximately $48,000. 



454 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



PILE DRIVERS 



There are three types of pile drivers: 

1. Free fall,- in which the hammer is detached from the 
hoisting rope and allowed to fall freely upon the pile. 

2. Friction clutch, in which the hammer remains always 
attached to the hoisting rope, and by means of a friction clutch 
on, the hoisting engine the drum is thrown into gear or out of 
gear at will. 

3. Steam hammer or pile hammer, which is described under 
that heading. 

A free fall hammer strikes about 7 blows a minute when the 
fall is 20 ft. and a hoisting engine is used. A friction clutch 
strikes about 18 blows per minute when the fall is 12 ft., and 
25 blows per minute when the fall is 5 ft. A steam hammer 
strikes about 300 blows per minute. A railway pile driver is a 
heavy driver of the overhanging type, mounted on a flat car, 
either drawn by an engine or self propelled. Similarly, a scow 
pile driver is a pile driver mounted on a scow. A scow pile 
driver will drive more piles per day than a railway pile driver 
because there is no delay engendered by the sawing off and 
capping of each pile in order to allow the machine to pass 
over it. 

Pile drivers range in height from 30 ft. up; the highest pile 
driver in the world in 1908 was one 108 ft. high. 

A large pile driver traveling on a track was used by the 
government on the Columbia River Improvement. Its equipment 
consisted of boilers and engines for hoisting a 5,700 pound ham- 
mer and of boilers, pumps, etc., for operating a water jet. The 
machine ha'd a reach on each side of 30 ft. and the height of 
leads above the cut-off of the piles was 80 ft. The largest 
pile which the leads would take was 26 inches in diameter 
and piles up to this size were driven by using the hammer in 
combination with the water jet. Piles 30 inches in diameter 
were driven by resting the hammer on their edges and driving 
with the jet. Piles as long as 150 ft. were driven on this work. 
The total weight of the machine was 60 tons and its cost about 
$12,000. 

The Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. used a railway pile driver 
of their own make. Mr. G. W. Hinman gave the cost of operation 
per day as follows: A 

Foreman and 10 men $22.00 

Engineer, fireman and watchman 6.80 

Conductor and 2 flagmen 7.00 

Coal, oil and waste. 2.50 

Use of locomotive 12.00 

For use of driver and tools 2.50 



Total $52. 



PILE DRIVERS 455 

The above crew was used for building short trestles, say of 30 
to 40 piles. When longer trestles were built a larger crew 
proved more* economical because of fewer delays to trains. This 
pile driver was also used as a derrick and material of all kinds 
was unloaded with it. 

Mr. Aron S. Markley said that the Chicago & Eastern Illinois 
Railway used a Bay City pile driver. This was self-propelling 
and made about 8 miles per hour under its own steam. It was 
able to haul 5 or 6 cars on a level grade. When the pile driving 
was done within iy 2 miles of a side track an engine was rarely 
used to haul it. The operator was paid $2.50 per day. The 
hammer weighed 2,800 lbs., and the original cost of the entire 
machine was $4,500. Very few repairs were necessary; the 
chains and sprockets being about the only parts which needed 
renewing, and they had a life of from 1 to 1 y 2 years. The 
machine, when working, drove from 40 to 50 piles per day. 

Pile drivers mounted on sills for operation by a steam engine 
cost as follows: 

Price complete without blocks, lines or engine: 



(B<B 



fl-d 


1-3 
O <P 

■So 


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-2d 


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O 

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Ph 


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1,500 


6% 


18 


$36.00 


30 


$ 86.00 


$135.00 


$220.00 


$22.00 


1,800 


6% 


18 


45.00 


30 


93.00 


135.00 


230.00 


22.00 


2,000 


7% 


19 


48.00 


35 


111.00 


175.00 


285.00 


27.00 


2,500 


7% 


19 


58.00 


40 


148.00 


235.00 


360.00 


27.00 


3,000 


8% 


20 


66.00 


50 


155.00 


430.00 


590.00 


40.00 



Pile drivers mounted on sills are usually operated by horse 
power. When so operated the hammer on the small sizes is 
raised direct; on the large ones the end of a line is fastened 
to a post or other deadman, carried through a tackle block on 
the main hoisting line, and tied to -the whiffle trees. Winches, 
bolted to the ladder, can be used to raise the hammer but are 
very slow. Prices complete without blocks, lines or engine, are 
as per table on following page. 



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PILE DRIVERS 457 

Adjustable trips, for regulating the length of stroke, cost: 

For hammer of 2,500 lbs. and over $18.50 

For hammer of 1,200 to 2,000 lbs 12.75 

For hammer of 1,000 lbs. and under 10.00 

A small pile driver 30' high with a hammer head weighing 
2,200 lbs. was constructed at the following cost. Bill of lumber 
for the driver is as follows: 

Ft. B. M. 
2 Pieces 4"x 6"x30' (leads) 120 

1 Piece 6"x 6"x 4' (cross-piece) 12 

2 Pieces 6"x 6"x1 6' (base) 96 

2 Pieces 2"x 4"x32' (ladder) 43 

2 Pieces 2"x 4"x 2' (ladder rungs) 24 

1 Piece 4"x 4"x26' (sway braces) 64 

1 Piece 2"x 4"x20' (long front sill) 13 

1 Piece 2"x 4"xl4' (short rear sill) 3 

1 Piece 12"xl2"x 4' (drum) 48 

30 Pieces l"xl2"x 6' (bull wheel) 180 

Total 603 

Two carpenters and two laborers built this driver in two 
days, total cost was: 

700 Feet B. M. at $20.00 $14.00 

Bolts and nails 2.00 

Labor 18.00 

1,200-lb. Pile hammer i 50.00 

1 Pair nippers 5.00 

1 Snatch block 3.00 

240 Feet of 1-in. rope 10.00 

Total $102.00 

The City of Chicago in 1901 constructed some intercepting 
sewers by day labor. Wakefield sheet piling 2x12 in. x 20 ft., 
Norway and Georgia pine lumber, surfaced one side and one 
edge, was used. It was found that Norway pine would stand 
about 50 per cent more blows under a drop hammer. The city 
built with its own labor I a turntable drop hammer pile driver. 
The hammer weighed 3,000 lbs. The driver was equipped with a 
7x10 inch double-drum hoisting engine and a duplex steam pump 
for jetting. The leads were 40 ft. long. It cost $2,200. In op- 
eration it was found practical to swing the driving apparatus 
about once each day. In ordinary driving the crew averaged 90 
pieces of sheeting in 8 hours, which is equivalent to 45 ft. of 
trench. The pile driving crew consisted of 13 men costing $40.66 
per da j', which gives a cost of 90 cts. per ft. of sewer. The bill 
of material required for 90 ft. of piling was as follows: 

10.8 M., B. M., 2xl2-inch x 20-foot timber, @ $22.00 $237.60 

900 50 D Spikes, @ $2.65 per 100 23.85 

1 Ton of coal for pile driver - 2.90 

Total $264.35 

This gives a cost of $5.87 per ft. of trench, or a total cost of 
$6.77 per ft. 

During the six months ending June 30, 1910, the cost of repairs 



458 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



to all pile drivers on the Panama Canal work was an average 
of $9.42 per day for 442 days of work. 

The pile drivers used on the work of improving Lincoln Park, 
Chicago, during 1910 and 1911, were of the drop hammer type, 




Fig. 191. Special Traveling Pile Driver. 

equipped with 45 ft. leads and 2,400-lh. hammers. The cost of 
operation of Driver No. 1 during 1910 was as follows: 

Hours in commission 768 

Labor operation $2,629.70 

Fuel and supplies 485.90 

Labor repairs 515. 7S 

Towing, 4y 2 hours, @ $2.72 12.24 

Insurance 85.00 

Total cost $3,728.62 

Cost per hour 4.74 

The cost of operation and repairs on Drivers No. 1 and No. 2 
during 1911 are here given. The extensive repairs, including 
a new deck house and a new boiler to fit driver No. 2 for work, 
accounts for the high repair cost for that machine. 

COST OF OPERATION AND REPAIRS OF PILE DRIVER NO. 1 

Hours in commission 1,135 

Labor $4,962.22 $4.37 

Fuel 215.65 .19 

Supplies 325.80 .29 

Watching 225.04 .20 

Insurance 79.20 .07 

$5,807.91 $5.12 



PILE DRIVERS 459 

■ Repairs: 

Labor $ 550.28 $0.48 

Material 194.04 .17 

$ 744.32 $0.65 

Total operation and repairs $6,552.23 $5.77 

COST OF OPERATION AND REPAIRS OF PILE DRIVER NO. 2. 

Hours in commission 634 

Operation: Per hour. 

Labor $2,771.85 $4.37 

Fuel 126.80 .20 

Supplies 184.77 .29 

Watching 132.30 .21 

Insurance '. 79.20 .13 

$3,294.92 $5.20 
Repairs: 

Labor .' $1,237.89 $1.95 

Material 676.57 1.06 

Derrick • 60.58 .10 

$1,975.04 $3.11 

Total operation and repairs $5,269.96 $8.31 

Steam or Air Hammer. The principle of operation is the 
alternate rapid rising and driving down of a ram of considerable 
weight, by steam or compressed air. It gives a lighter blow 
than the drop pile hammer, but its blows follow each other so 
rapidly that the pile and the ground do not have time to settle 
back into their normal static condition before the next blow 
strikes the pile. It does not split or broom the pile head as much 
as the drop hammer does, and it holds the pile more steady. 
The hammer illustrated in Fig. 192 can be suspended in the 
leads of a pile driver or hung from a derrick, crane or beam. 
Table 127 gives the sizes, weights, prices, etc., including fittings 
for attaching hose to hammer but no hose. Hose costs as follows: 
Size, Inches. Number of Plies. Price per Foot. 

% 5 $0.48 

1 5 .60 

1 H 6 .90 

1 y 2 6 1.08 

1 % 6 1.30 

2 7 1.74 

Another make of hammer is as follows : 





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139 


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75-80 


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400 


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$200 


4" 


628 


150 


75-80 


12-15 


325 


5% 


3% 


4' 6" 


300 



The driving cap for steel piling costs $10 extra. 



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PILE DRIVERS 




Fig. 192. Steam or Air Pile Driver for 3-Inch Sheet Piling. 



♦Referring to downward force in table on preceding page, the 
duty of hammers is usually given in "wood" units; the sheet 
steel piling equivalents are. as follows: 

Hammers driving 2"xl2" sheeting will drive 9" sheet steel 
piling to 20' penetration. 

Hammers driving 3"xl2" sheeting will drive 12" sheet steel 
piling to 20' penetration. 

Hammers driving 4"xl2" sheeting will drive 12" sheet steel 
piling to 25' penetration. 

Hammers driving 14" round piles will drive 12" sheet steel 
piling to 40' penetration. 

Hammers driving 18" round piles will drive 15" sheet steel 
piling to 60' penetration. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

PILING 



Hardwood piles are used where the driving is difficult and the 
soft varieties where it is easy. In 1910 in New York and the 
North Central States the price was about as follows. Spruce or 
yellow pine, 12x6 inches, 30 to 35 ft. long, 10 to 11 cts. per ft.; 
spruce, 40 to 45 ft. long, 11 to 12 cts.; short leaf yellow pine, 
50 ft. long, 15 cts.; same 60 ft. long, 15 to 16 cts.; long leaf, 50 
ft. long, 17 to 22 cts.; 60 ft. long, 18 to 23 cts.; oak, 18 to 22 cts.; 
scrub oak, short lengths and odd sizes, 10 cts. and up. The charge 
for driving a pile in the vicinity of New York is about $3.00. 

Pile points, or shoes, with 4 straps cost: Square, each 95 cts. 
to $1.40; oblong, each $1.05 to $1.50; round of 6-in. diameter, each 
$1.40; 8-in., each $2.75; 10-in., each $4.25. Pile bands to prevent 
brooming are made of 1-in. iron, 2 to 4 ins. wide and cost from 
$-2.00 to $4.00 each. 

Cost of piling and piles in the construction of an ore dock for 
the Duluth & Iron Range R. R., is abstracted from an article by 
Leland Clapper, in Engineering and Contracting, July 17, 1912. 

The following tables give the time of the various classes of 
labor and of the outfits used in carrying out different parts of the 
work. The time allowed for outfit includes only the time while 
actually in use. A 40 H. P. gasoline boat did most of the towing 
and the time of its engineer is included in the tables. 

In Table I for sheet piling, the item "preparing and handling" 
includes spiking on the tongues and grooves, using about 50 
%x8-in. spikes per pile, also sharpening, loading by derrick from 
skidway to scow, and unloading at the drives. The item "waling 
and tying" covers the placing of the temporary inside guide 
timbers, the temporary outside waling timbers and all tempo- 
rary and permanent bolts and anchors. 

I.— TIME COST OF SHEET PILING (2,350 PILES). 

Hours per 100 

Preparing and Handling: Hours. Sheet Piles. 

Foreman 370 15.58 

Carpenters 520 21.89 

Skilled labor 1,630 70.73 

Common labor 4,950 208.40 

Engineer 340 14.31 

Tug and crew 40 1.68 

Derrick scow 250 10.53 

Driving : 

Foreman 590 24.84 

Skilled labor 1,890 79.57 

Common labor 2,160 90.94 

Engineer 830 34.94 

Drivers 570 24.00 

Cutting Off: 

Common labor 1,700 71.57 

Waling and Tying: 

Foreman 760 32.00 

Carpenters 2,380 100.20 

Skilled labor 6,330 266.49 

Common labor 13,370 5 °£-2° 

Engineer 1,960 82.52 

Tug and crew 40 1-68 

Derrick scow 1.040 43. iS 

Drivers 570 24.00 



PILING 



Table II for round piles includes only those piles in the dock 
proper. The item "pointing and handling" includes sorting, point- 
ing, rafting and delivering to drivers. The cutting- includes the 
removing of the old pile heads. 

II.— TIME COST OF ROUND PILE WORK (163,500 PILES). 

Hours per 

100 Lin. Ft. 

.0122 

.2135 

1.4213 

1.4579 

.0793 

.2135 

.4087 

.4087 

1.6287 

1.6409 

.4026 



Pointing and Handling: Hours. 

Foreman 20 

Engineer 350 

Skilled labor 2,330 

Common labor 2,390 

Derrick scow 130 

Team 350 

Driving: 

Foreman 670 

Engineer 670 

Skilled labor 2,670 

Common labor 2,690 

Pile driver 660 

Cutting Off Piles: 

Foreman 130 

Skilled labor 600 

Common labor 3,180 



.0793 
.3660 




No. 5 Hammer Driving Wemlinger Piling. 



The standard dovetailed sheet-piling of the Southern Pacific 
Railway used by Mr. Kruttschmitt in closing breaks on the 
Mississippi levees, is described as follows in the Reclamation 
Record. 

"The main body of each pile is composed of a 4xl2-in. plank 
with the lower end adzed to a slope of about 15 degrees with 



464 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

the horizontal, so as to force the piling in driving against the 
preceding one. On one edge of the body is nailed two strips made 
of 1-in. boards, having their exterior edges in the plane of the 
face of the pile, and their interior edges beveled so as to form a 
trapezoidal groove between them with a larger base adjacent to 
the body of the pile. This larger base is made about 2 inches 
in length, the shorter base about 1 inch in length. On the other 
edge of the main body of the pile is nailed a single strip made of 
1-in. boards and so beveled as to permit it to slip snugly between 
the beveled opening on the adjacent pile. The strips are nailed 
to the main pile with lOd wire nails spaced 6 ins." 

The cost of making 1 sq. ft. of this piling would be about 
as follows: 

1 4"xl2"xl2" plank at $30 per M., B. M $0.12 

3 2"x l"xl2" planks at $30 per M., B. M 015 

6 lOd wire nails at $2.20 per keg 002 

Yi hour of carpenter at 50 cents per hour 125 



Total $0,262 

Wemlinger Sheet Steel Filing- illustrated in Fig. 193 costs, 
f. o. b. New York, as follows: 





WITH SHORT CLIPS. 




Type. 


Thickness. 


Price per Sq. Ft. 


Extra per Clip 


1-A 


ft" 


$0.24 


$0.14 


2-A 


7/64" 


.28 


.15 


3-A 


Vs" 


.29 


.16 


4-B 


7/64" 


.285 


.16 


5-B 


Vs" 


.32 


.17 


6-B 


5/32" 


.34 


.18 


7-B 


ft" 


.37 


.19 


8-C 


ft" 


.42 


.20 


9-C 


I" 


.45 


.21 


10-C 


.55 


.22 




WITH FULL 


LENGTH CLIPS. 








Price per Square 


Type. 


Thickness. 


Foot, Including Clip. 


11-B 


7/64" 


$0.34 




12-B 


Vs" 


.36 




13-B 


5/32" 


.39 




14-B 


P 


.42 




15-C 


.48 




16-C 


y 4 " 


.54 




17-C 


r- 


.62 




1S-D 


.64 




19-D 


Yt" 


.73 




20-D 


ft" 


.87 





Wakefield Filing- is suitable for light or medium heavy work. 
It has been used with great success on small sewers. The spe- 
cial cap necessary for use in driving costs $10. 

The cost of Wakefield sheeting complete and ready for driving 
for Lincoln Park improvement, Chicago, 1911, was as follows: 



PILING 465 

1,784 Pieces 6-in. Sheeting, 24 ft. Per piece 

Labor $1,682.31 $0.94 

Hardware 115.96 .07 

Lumber 7,457.12 4.18 

Total $9,255.39 $5.19 

200 Pieces 6-in. Sheeting, 28 ft. 

Labor $ 188.60 $0.94 

Hardware 130.00 .07 

Lumber 974.00 4.87 

Total $1,292.60 $5.88 

94 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 12 ft. 

Labor $ 88.36 $0.94 

Hardware 8.74 .09 

Lumber 294.22 3.13 

Total $ 391.32 $4.16 

105 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 14 ft. 

Labor $ 98.70 $0.94 

Hardware 9.45 .09 

Lumber 383.25 3.65 

Total $ 491.40 $4.68 

428 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 18 ft. 

Labor $ 402.32 $0.94 

Hardware 38.52 .09 

Lumber 2,011.60 4.70 

Total $2,452.44 $5.73 

1,742 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 24 ft. 

Labor $1,637.48 $0.94 

Hardware 156.78 .09 

Lumber 10,922.34 6.27 

Total $12,716.60 $7.30 

200 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 28 ft. 

Labor $ 188.00 $0.94 

Hardware 18.00 .09 

Lumber 1,462.00 7.31 

Total $1,668.00 $8.34 

Total cost of 4,553 pieces $28,267.75 

Summary: 

Total cost of labor $ 4,285.77 

Total cost of hardware 477.45 

Total cost of lumber 23,504.53 

$28,267.75 

lackawanna Steel Piling-, illustrated in Fig. 194, costs, f. o. b. 
cars Pittsburgh, about 1.5 cents per lb. It comes in any length 
up to 70 ft. and its other dimensions are as follows: 

Thick- Weight per Dist. Center Weight 

ness of Square Foot to Center of per Lineal Width of Joint 

Web, Ins. of Wall, Lbs. Joints, Ins. Foot, Lbs. Over All, Ins. 

A B C 

% 40.00 12% 42.500 3 45/64 

% 35.00 12% 37.187 3 45/64 

% 21.50 7 12.54 153/64 



466 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

This piling drives easily. In a test a 50-ft. length was driven 
47 ft., under a 5-ton hammer striking 90 blows, with a penetra- 
tion of 1 inch at the last blow. 



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Fig. 194. 123,4-Inch Piling, %-lnch and i/ 2 -!nch Web. 



TEST OP DRIVING STEEL SHEET PILING, CLEVELAND, O. 

One place on the short line of the L. S. & M. S. R. R. around 
Cleveland, Ohio, required tunneling under the grounds of a manu- 
facturing plant. The tunnel was to have two standard grade 
tracks at an elevation of about 50 ft. below yard level of this 
plant. The wash test borings taken at this point showed: 

Below 
Grade 

Yard level to 5 ft Slag and cinders. 

5 ft. below to 20 ft , Yellow clay and gravel. 

20 ft. below to 30 ft Fine gravel. 

30 ft. below to 40 ft Coarse gravel. 

40 ft. below to 50 ft Fine sand. 

50 ft. below to 55 ft Coarse sand and gravel. 

55 ft. down Hard pan (blue clay). 

The fine sand, 40 to 50 ft., was in the nature of quicksand, and 
there was a surcharged load at the sides. . 

The engineers of the Lake Shore R. R. decided on steel sheet 
piling. This work required 60 ft. penetration. Five bars of 
12% -in. x y 2 -in. Lackawanna steel sheet piling, weighing 40 lbs. 
per sq. ft. and 50 ft. long were ordered for this test. These 
bars were driven by a No. 1 Vulcan hammer, weighing 10,150 
lbs., total striking part 5,000 lbs. with a 42-in. stroke. In general 
the record was as follows: 

No. 1 Pile (experimenting, etc. Accurate record not taken.) 

Blows 

No. 2 Pile 20 min. actual driving time 1.136 

No. 3 Pile 23Ve min. actual driving time 1,572 

No. 4 Pile 35 min. actual driving time 2,284 

No. 5 Pile 20% min. actual driving time 1.283 

No. 5 pile was followed down to 10 ft. below the surface of 
the ground in 18% minutes, with 1,153 blows. All five bars were 
driven to the surface of the ground, making a penetration of 
50 ft. 

Jones & Laugnlin Piling 1 , illustrated in Fig. 195, costs about 1.5 
Cts. per lb., f. o. b. Pittsburgh. It is made in any length. 



467 



No. 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 



Size 
(Ins.) 
12x5 
12x5 
15x6 
15x6 
15x6 



Wt. per Sq. Ft. 
(Lbs.) 
35.00 
36 25 
37.20 
39.75 
42.25 




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Fig. 197. 



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. 198. Interior View of Chicago Avenue Pumping Station, Show- 
ing Interlocking Steel Sheeting Driven Alongside of Pumps 
Which Were in Continuous Operation. 
468 



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PILING 471 

The Bush Terminal Co. of Brooklyn, N. Y., decided in 1910 to 
substitute steel for wood sheet piling in the construction of 
the foundation pits of their new buildings. Each of the 288 
reinforced concrete columns in these buildings requires the 
digging of a foundation pit 10 ft. x 12 ft. x 12 ft. deep. In 
excavating some of the first of these pits, the sheeting was of 
2xl0-in. wood piling which cost $1.00 per horizontal foot, in- 
cluding rangers, bracing and removal, making a cost per pit of 
about $44. This wood was good for only 2 or 3 drivings, an 
average of 2%. 

Two hundred and fifty tons of steel piling similar to the 
above, of the 6-in. x 12- ft. section, weighing 11 lbs. per ft., were 
purchased. This quantity was sufficient for about 40 pits, and it 
has already been re-used over 14 times, and is yet in very good 
condition. The bracing consists of 2 sets of 6x8-in. rangers with 
one cross bar of the same dimensions, but it has been found that 
lighter bracing can be used. This piling was driven by hand, 
with wooden mauls for about one-half the distance, and with 
iron sledges for the remainder, a special cap being employed. 
It was pulled by hand, also, with a wooden beam for a lever. 

The average cost of 40 pits sheathed with steel piling has been 
$14.63 for driving and $4.84 for pulling, or about 2% cts. and 1 
ct. per sq. ft., respectively. The' steel piling cost $222 per pit, 
or 43 cts. per sq. ft. For the 14 times it has been re-used, this 
makes a total cost as follows: 

Steel material . . $222.00 

Driving 14 times 205.00 

Pulling 14 times 68.00 

Total for 14 pits $495.00 

Average cost of 1 pit 35.30 

This shows a saving over wood of about $9 per pit, or 20 per 
cent, and the steel material is still available for future use. 

The above matter has been compiled from an article by Mr. 
F. T. Lewellyn in Engineering Record. 

The table on following page has been abstracted from the 
Carnegie Steel Co.'s booklet, "Steel Sheet Piling." 



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472 



PILING 473 

JACKSON'S INTERLOCKING STEEL SHEETING. 

Costs about 1.5 cts. per lb. "base." 

STYLE No. 1. 

Composed of 15-inch, 33-lb. Channels, 7 Weie . ht 4 « lh <, npr „ n ft 
and 15-inch, 42-ib. I-Beams. J weignt, 49 lbs. per sq. ft. 

or 

12-inch, 20%-lb. Channels, and 12-inch, 7 weie-ht 40 lh<? npr^n ft 
3iy 2 -lb. I-Beams. 'j weight, 40 lbs. per sq. ft. 

STYLE No. 2. 

Composed of 5-inch, 6%-lb. Channels. ? w . .. 

and 9-inch, 21-lb. I-Beams. j Weight, 33 lbs. per sq. ft. 

Furnished with or without wood filling. 

STYLE No. 3. 

Composed of standard 12-inch, 31%-lb.l 

I-Beams, with patented Interlocking !• Weight, 34 lbs. per sq. ft. 
Clips, J 

or 
9-inch, 21-lb. I-Beams, with patented \„ r . . . „„ „_ 

Interlocking Clips. J Weight, 30 lbs. per sq. ft. 

This material is classified under freight schedules as "Struc- 
tural Steel." Can be furnished in any length. 



CONCRETE FILES. 




Fig. 200. Fig. 201. Fig. 202. Fig. 203. 



Fig. 204. 



Fig. 200. A core and cylindrical casing are first driven to the 
required depth. 

Fig. 201. The core is now removed and a charge of concrete 
dumped to the bottom of the casing. 

Fig. 202. The core is now used as a rammer, to compress this 
concrete into the surrounding soil. The process is repeated until 
the base is about 3 feet in diameter. 

Fig. 203. The enlarged base being completed the casing is filled 
to the top with wet concrete. 

Fig. 204. The final step is to withdraw the cylindrical casing 
from the ground. The completed Pedestal Pile, consisting of a 
monolithic concrete column 17 inches in diameter surmounting a 
broad base 3 feet in diameter, is thus left in the ground. 



474 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Concrete piles may be divided into two classes, those molded 
and hardened before driving and those molded in place. There 
are several patented methods of driving and molding piles in 
place, some presenting advantages over others under different 
conditions to be met in the work and soil. The Simplex pile em- 
ploys a cylinder to which is fitted a cast iron or steel point; 
when the pile has been driven to the required depth the cylinder 
is filled with concrete and is then pulled out, leaving the point at 
the bottom and the wet concrete, settling, completely fills the 
hole. The Pedestal pile is constructed by driving a cylinder and 




Fig. 205. Two views of the foot of an experimental Pedestal Pile. 
The large irregular projection is a stone which was 
cemented into the foot. 



core together. When the required depth is reached the core is 
withdrawn, some concrete is poured in and the core is then used 
as a tamper to compress the concrete below the cylinder into the 
ground to form an enlarged bearing foot or "pedestal." 

It is evident that in soft, water bearing ground or in ground 
below water the above methods cannot be used or, if used in 
very soft ground, there cannot be any certainty that a .perfect 
pile has been made, and the result at best must be doubtful. 
Such conditions are met satisfactorily and well by the Raymond 
method. A tapering shell and core are driven in the ground 
together. The Shell is left in the ground and filled with concrete. 
In any of the above methods reinforcing steel may be introduced 
as required. These piles are all controlled by the patentees 
or those licensed by them, who take contracts for doing the work 
themselves. Mr. Gillette gives costs for the Simplex, 10 cents 
per lineal foot, which should also be about the cost of the 
pedestal pile. 

The John Simmons Co. are supplying sectional casings in 
lengths of 4 ft. to 20 ft. The sections are fitted together as the 
driving proceeds by means of an interior sleeve; the pile may be 
driven with a cast point, or if without a point the dirt or sand 




Fig. 206. Raymond Pile Core and 
Shell. The Shell Shown to the 
Right of Core Appears as It 
Would Be When in Posi- 
tion in the Soil. 





Fig. 208. Ripley Combination Wood and Concrete Pile. 

475 




Cost Ihon Point Driving Form. /Uligator Point Drmms fori*. 

Operation Finished Piie . Operation . Finished Pile . 



/Vote: d/f concrete pi/es can be FSinfbreea'jf des/recf. 



Standard Simpley Comcpete P/les. P' 17 - 1907 - 



Fig. 209. 



r ^0^^ ^ r ^^==^=\ 




fW/reMesh 



Reinforcing Bars 



Fig. 211. End Cross Section for Al! Piles. 

476 



PILING 



477 



may be jetted out, the concrete in either case being poured in 
when the pile has reached the required depth. The particular 
advantage of this pile is that it can be used where the head 
room is limited. The cost of casing ranges from 83 cts. a foot to 
$2.75, depending upon the sizes (9-in. to 12-in.) and the length 
of the pieces. 

Cast piles may be made in any section, circular, square, tri- 
angular, or corrugated. They are reinforced with bars or mesh 
or with bars and mesh, or with bars and hoops or even with 
built-up sections, as I-beams; in short, piles are reinforced just 
as columns. They are driven in the same way as are wooden 
piles. 

Piles are cast in .horizontal molds like bearm, or in vertical 




Fig. 212. Chenoweth Machine for Manufacturing Reinforced Con- 
crete Piles 60 Feet Long, 14 to 16 inches in Diameter. 

molds like columns. They are allowed to set hard before forms 
are removed and to harden thoroughly for 30 days before being 
driven. Often an iron pipe is molded in the pile at its center 
throughout its length for use of a water jet to help in the driving. 

Mr. Gillette gives costs of making and driving 48 piles, 30 
ft. 6 ins. long, 14 in. x 14 in. at butt, and 9 in. x 9 in. at tip, as 
$1.63 per lin. ft., admittedly a high cost. The co'st per lin. ft. 
of pile for the Atlantic City, N. J., board walk is given as $1.41. 
This, too, is a high cost, as the piles were of more or less com- 
plicated construction. They were jetted down, no driving being 
done. 

The Chenoweth pile is reinforced with rods and wire mesh, the 
rods are wired to the mesh, the concrete is then spread flat on 
the mesh, and all are rolled together on a machine built for 
the purpose. Piles up to 61 ft. in length can be made on this 
machine. They are driven with a regular pile driving machine, 



478 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



preferably, as is the case with all concrete piles, with a machine 
having a steam hammer. Mr. Gillette gives the cost of this pile 
as $1.50 per lin. ft. in place. 

Another rolled pile is the Ripley Combination pile, in which 
concrete roinforced with wire mesh is rolled around a wooden 




Fig. 213. Cast Iron Point Driving Form Ready to Start Driving. 
Point in Position and Form Being Lowered. 



pile. The concrete in this case is useful to strengthen the pile 
and, particularly, to protect it from the action of the teredo or 
marine borer, for in docks having a concrete superstructure 
of girders and beama, the joint of the girder and wood and con- 
crete pile would be a difficulty, tending rather to the making of a 
weak joint at a critical point of the structure. 



PIPE 





APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. 






Standard 


Sewer Pipe: 










1 Weight 


Depth 


Annular 


Av.* 


Calibre. 


Thickness, 


per P oot, 


of Sockets, 


Space, 


Price 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Pounds. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


per Foot. 


3 


% 


7 


i% 


% 


$0,075 


4 


% 


9 


1% 


% 


.075 


5 


% 


12 


1% 


% 


.12 


6 


% 


15 


1% 


% 


.12 


8 


% 


23 


2 


% 


.165 


9 


it 


28 


2 


1 


.24 


10 


% 


35 


2% 


.24 


12 




45 


2V 4 


y 2 


.30 


15 


1% 


60 


2% 


y 2 


.405 


18 


l& 


85 


2% 


y 2 


.57 


20 


l% 


100 


3 


y 2 


.675 


21 


1% 


120 


3 


y 2 


.90 


22 


i% 


130 


3 


y 2 


.90 


24 


i% 


150 


3% 


y 2 


.975 


27 


2 


224 


4 


% 


1.71 


30 


2% 


250 


4 




2.09 


33 


2% 


310 


5 


i& 


2.69 


36 


2y 2 


350 
Double St 


5 
rength Pipe. 


i% 


3.01 






Weight 


Depth 


Annular 


Av.* 


Ca,libre, 


Thickness, 


per Foot, 


of Sockets, 


Space, 


Price 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Pounds. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


per Foot. 


15 


1% 


75 


2y 2 


y 2 


$0,473 


18 


1% 


105 


2% 


y 2 


.685 


20 


1% 


130 


3 


y 2 


.833 


21 


1% 


148 


3 


y 2 


1.11 


22 


1 5/6 


160 


3 


y 2 


1.11 


24 


2 


185 


3% 


% 


1.20 


27 


2% 


260 


4 


% 


2.07 


30 


2% 


310 


4 


% 


2.53 


33 


2% 


340 


5 


i% 


3.19 


36 


2% 


400 


5 


i% 


3.57 




APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. 




Deep 


and Wide 


Sockets, Standard. 








Weight 


Depth 


Annular 


Av.* 


Calibre, 


Thickness, 


per Foot, 


of Sockets, 


Space, 


Price 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Pounds. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


per Foot. 


4 


% 


10 


2 


y 2 


$0.0775 


5 


% 


14 


2y 2 


% 


.124 


6 


% 


16 


2% 


% 


.124 


8 


% 


25 


2% 


% 


.1705 


10 


7s 


36 


2% 


% 


.248 


12 


1 


46 


3 


% 


.31 


15 


1% 


65 


3 


% 


.419 


18 


1% 


86 


3% 


% 


.589 


20 


1% 


107 


3y 2 


% 


.697 


21 


1% 


130 


3% 


% 


.93 


22 


1% 


145 


3% 


% 


.93 


24 


1% 


150 


4 


% 


1.007 



following page are for standard length pipe in carload lots, delivered at New York, 
and are the average prices for 1913. 

For pipe in 3 ft. lengths, with standard sockets, prices are approximately the same 
as the corresponding prices for pipe with deep and wide sockets. 

For 3 ft. lengths with deep and wide sockets the prices are approximately equal 
to the given prices for deep and wide socket pipe plus the difference between deep 
and wide socket and standard socket pipe. 

479 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. 





Deep and Wide Sockets, Double 


Strength. 








Weight 


Depth 


Annular 


Av.« 


Calibre, 


Thickness, 


per Foot, 


of Sockets, 


Space, 


Price 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Pounds. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


per Foot 


15 


1% 


76 


3 


% 


?0.486 


18 


1.% 


107 


3% 


% 


.703 


20 


1% 


135 


3% 


% 


.855 


21 


1% 


148 


3% 


% 


1.14 


22 


1 5/6 


165 


3% 


% 


1.14 


24 


2 


190 


4 


% 


1.235 



DRAIN TILE. 

QUANTITY OF PIPE IN MINIMUM CARLOAD OF 24,000 LBS. 



No. Standard, Double 
Inches. Feet. Strength. 



3 . . 


.. 3,500 




4 .. 


.. 3,000 




5 .. 


. . 2,000 




6 . . 


. . 1,700 




8 .. 


. . 1,100 




9 .. 


. . 1,000 




10 . . 


700 


320 


12 . . 


.. 600 


240 


15 . . 


.. 450 


192 


18 .. 


.. 308 


160 


20 .. 


.. 234 


136 


24 .. 


... 160 


100 


27 .. 


.. 110 


90 


30 .. 


100 


75 


36 .. 


75 


65 




DRAIN TILE HARD BURNED AND VITRIFIED. 





, List 

Per 


Price N 

Ys, Ts, Ells and 


Approximate 
Weight 


Size, Inches. 


1,000 Feet. 


Curves, Each. 


per 1,000 Feet. 


. 2 


$14.00 




$.07 


3,000 


2% 


15.00 




.075 


3,500 


3 


18.00 




.09 


4,000 


4 


24.00 




.12 


7,000 


5 


36.00 




.18 


10,000 


6 


45.00 




.225 


13,000 



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TABLE 130. — STANDARD. DIMENSIONS OF PIPE. 

High Pressure Service. 
Classes E, F, G, H. 



2 




Qo5 


+2 


a> 










<B 


9) 




CD 


01 


X 










e 


S 




*J3 


X 


o 










s 


cS 




»fi 


o 


oa 










cS 


5 _ 




J3 


xn 












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"3 5 


02 


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CD 


5 s 














ca 




m 

CO 


s 

aj 


ft 












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3 


< ■ 


5 


Q 










% 






Pipes and Specials. 


a 


b 


C 


R 




6 


E-F 


7.22 


8.02 


4.00 


1.50 


1.75 


.75 


1.10 


6 


6 


G-H 


7.38 


8.18 


4.00 


1.50 


1.85 


.85 


1.10 


6 


8 


E-F 


9.42 


10.22 


4.00 


1.50 


1.85 


.85 


1.10 


8 


8 


G-H 


9.60 


10.40 


4.00 


1.50 


1.95 


.95 


1.10 


8 


10 


E-F 


11.60 


12.40 


4.50 


1.75 


1.95 


.95 


1.10 


10 


10 


G-H 


11.84 


12.64 


4.50 


1.75 


2.05 


1.05 


1.10 


10 


12 


E-F 


13.78 


14.58 


4.50 


1.75 


2.05 


1.05 


1.10 


12 


12 


G-H 


14.08 


14.88 


4.50 


1.75 


2.20 


1.20 


1.10 


12 


14 


E-F 


15.98 


16.78 


4.50 


2.00 


2.15 


1.15 


1.10 


14 


14 


G-H 


16.32 


17.12 


4.50 


2.00 


2.35 


1.35 


1.10 


14 


16 


E-F 


18.16 


18.96 


4.50 


2.00 


2.30 


1.25 


1.15 


16 


16 


G-H 


18.54 


19.34 


4.50 


2.00 


2.55 


1.45 


1.15 


16 


IS 


E-F 


20.34 


21.14 


4.50 


2.25 


2.45 


1.40 


1.15 


18 


18 


G-H 


20.78 


21.58 


4.50 


2.25 


2.75 


1.65 


1.15 


18 


20 


E-F 


22.54 


23.34 


4.50 


2.25 


2.55 


1.50 


1.15 


20 


20 


G-H 


23.02 


23.82 


4.50 


2.25 


2.85 


1.75 


1.20 


20 


24 


E-F 


26.90 


27.90 


5.00 


2.25 


2.85 


1.70 


1.20 


24 


30 


E 


33.10 


34.10 


5.00 


2.25 


3.25 


1.80 


1.50 


30 


30 


F 


33.46 


34.46 


5.00 


2.25 


3.50 


2.00 


1.55 


30 


36 


E 


39.60 


40.60 


5.00 


2.25 


3.70 


2.05 


1.70 


36 


36 


F 


40.04 


41.04 


5.00 


2.25 


4.00 


2.30 


1.80 


36 



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488 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

WOOD STAVE PIPE. 

Key to Table of Dimensions and Prices Following. 

A — Machine banded fir stave pipe, f. o. b. ships tackle, Portland 
or Seattle. Pipe packed and crated for export. 

B — Pipe made of Oregon or Douglas fir, with 1% in. shell. 
Lengths of pipe from 8 to 16 ft, with not more than 10% less 
than 10 ft. Inserted joint couplings made of the pipe (slip 
joint), one end of pipe being trimmed off for 3 ins., forming a 
tenon, the other end to be reamed to receive tenon. The wire 
gauge used to be W.-M. Standard. No. 4 being 0.225 and No. 2 
being 0.263 inches in diameter. (B 1) — Wood sleeve coupling to 
be of same class of material as the pipe sections, and not less 
than 6 ins. in length. No sap wood allowed in couplings. Coup- 




Fig. 217. Thirty-six Inch Continuous Wooden Stave Pipe for 
Irrigation System. 



lings to be spirally wound with wire having a spacing not 
greater than one-half of spacing of wire on pipe. (B 2) — Indi- 
vidual band coupling to be made of staves and in same manner 
as wood sleeve coupling, except that individual bands of round 
mild steel of size designated shall be used for the banding. 
Each band to be headed and threaded and supplied with nut and 
washer, and a malleable cast iron or drop forged shoe to be used 
in cinching the bands. The wire used shall be galvanized and 
have a strength of not less than 60,000 pounds per square inch. 
The prices given are f. o. b. cars, Portland, Ore. 

C— Fir pipe of 1% in. staves, with 8 in. sleeve couplings, each 
with three individual % in. round mild steel bands. 



PIPE 489 

D — Similar pipe to C, but with steel adjustable clamp couplings. 
Weight per foot approximately the same as C. 

E — Similar to C but with V2 in. bands (spaced as shown in 
table) instead of spirally wound wire and shipped "knocked 
down." The weight of the lumber used would be about 2,200 lbs. 
per thousand board feet of lumber, and the weight of the bands 
per thousand lineal feet of pipe as shown in the table. 

F — Pipe similar to E but with steel couplings similar to 
those used in D. The prices of pipe under C, D, E and F are 
given f. o. b. cars, dock, Tacoma. 

G — Redwood pipe, machine banded, built in sections of ran- 
dom lengths of from 8 to 20 ft. Wire having tensile strength 
of 60,000 to 65,000 lbs. per sq. in. shall be spaced with a safety 
factor of 4. The staves shall be beveled and further provided 
with a small tongue and groove. Prices f. o. b., dock, San 
Francisco. 

H — Continuous redwood stave pipe, shipped "knocked down." 
Lengths of staves to be from 10 to 20 ft. with about 30% of 
12 ft. stock. Ends of staves to have metallic tongues made 
from l%x% in. band iron. Bands spaced with a factor of safety 
of 4, to be round mild steel with malleable iron shoes. The 
rods to have a tensile strength of 58,000 to 65,000 lbs. per sq. in. 
Prices f. o. b. dock, San Francisco, Cal. 





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P^9H ^>owo^c 



The following table shows the approximate weight of machine 
banded pipe per lineal foot, banded for a head of 150 feet, and 
the number of feet of pipe that can be loaded on a car. 



Size of Pipe 


Approx. Wt. per Ft. 


Number of 


(Inches) 


(Pounds) 


Feet in Carload 


2 


2% 


9,000 


3 


3% 


6,500 


4 


4y 4 


5.500 


6 


7y 2 


'3,500 


8 


9 7 /s 


2,500 


10 


121/2 


1,500 


12 


14 y 2 


1,000 


14 


17 


850 


16 


22 


700 


18 


26 


500 


20 


33 


500 


24 


50 


400 



It is possible to use standard cast iron water pipe fittings 
on machine banded wooden stave pipe, but the size and weight of 




218. Twenty-four Inch Machine Banded Wooden Stave Pipe, 
Laid in Place, for Irrigation System. 



such fittings make their use undesirable. Lighter cast iron fit- 
tings, built with smoother hubs, are especially designed for 
wooden pipe. The approximate weights of the smaller sizes are 
as follows: 



492 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Crosses 


Tees 


Ells 


Bends 


Ins. 


Lbs. 


Ins. 


Lbs. 


Ins. 


Lbs. 


Ins. Lbs. 


2x2x2x2 


33 


2x2x2 


25 


2 


14 


4-45° 37 


3x3x3x3 


54 


3x3x3 


43 


3 


23 


6-30° 48 


4x4x3x3 


72 


3x3x2 


57 


4 


44 


6-45° 52 


4x4x4x4 


88 


4x2x2 


55 


6 


62 


6-20° 46 


6x6x4x4 


121 


4x3x3 


58 


8 


82 


8-20° 51 


6x6x6x4 


124 


4x4x3 


57 






8-30° 62 


6x6x6x6 


133 


4x4x4 


71 








8x8x4x4 


143 


6x2x4 


87 








8x4x8x4 


164 


6x4x4 


91 








8x8x6x4 


147 


6x6x4 


100 








8x8x6x6 


166 


6x6x6 


113 








8x8x8x8 


197 


6x6x8 

8x8x4 
8x8x6 
8x8x8 


133 
122 
135 
155 









When quotations on wooden stave pipe are requested, the fol- 
lowing information should be furnished the manufacturer of pipe: 

1 — Purpose for which pipe is to be used. 

2 — Inside diameter and length of pipe required. 

3 — Head on pipe or pressure under which it is to be used. As 
the banding varies according to the head, it is necessary to state 
the lengths of pipe under different heads, or else furnish a pro- 
file of the line. 

The prices given usually include the couplings. 

PATENT CLAMP COLLAR. 

A Clamp Collar is meritorious for various reasons and advan- 
tages: On dredge pipe, when pipe can be connected without the 
aid of block and fall, and other power devices, by simply abutting 
the ends of sections of pipe together and bringing the Clamp Col- 




lar around the point and connecting up same by means of thread 
and nut, thereby making a perfectly tight joint; for its use in 
taking out a single section at any place in the line without dis- 
turbing .any other portion of the line; in dredge and hydraulic 



PIPE 493 

pipe that is worn thin on the under side, making it necessary to 
turn the pipe so as to get the strongest portion of the pipe 
underneath, where the greatest wear is encountered. 

All that is necessary is to slacken the nuts on the Clamp Col- 
lar at the end of each section, thereby leaving it loose to be 
turned to such a position as is desired. A section of pipe fre- 
quently becomes worthless and in order to replace a section with 
a new one, other portions of the adjacent main do not have to be 
disturbed, as the section can be put in place, thereby repairing 
the break, disturbing only such portion as is useless. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



PIPE COVERINGS 



ASBESTOS. 

These asbestos coverings are made for pipes % in. to 1% in. 
inside diameter, ranging in ^4 in. sizes; for pipes iy 2 in. to 5 in. 
inside diameter, ranging in % in. sizes; for pipes 5 in. to 10 in. 
inside diameter, ranging in 1 in. sizes; for pipes 10 in. to 20 in. 
inside diameter, ranging in 2 in. sizes, and for 24 in. and 30 in. 
pipes. All pipe coverings are supplied in sections of 3 ft. long, 
canvased and with bands. 

Following is a price list, on which there is about 77 per cent 
discount: 



PRICE LIST SECTIONAL PIPE COVERINGS AND FITTINGS. 



Standard Thicknesses. 



Inside 
Diam. 

of 
Pipe, 
Inches. 

I 

1 

1% 

1% 

2 

2% 

3 

3% 

4 



Price per 

Lineal Ft. 

$0.22 

.24 

.27 

.30 

.33 

.36 

.40 

.45 

.50 

.60 

.65 

.70 

.80 
1.00 
1.10 
1.20 
1.30 
1.85 
2.10 
2.35 
2.60 
2.85 
3.30 
4.00 



Elbows. 
$0.30 
.30 
.30 



.42 

.48 

.54 

.60 

.72 

.90 

1.30 

1.80 

2.40 

3.00 

3.60 



Tees. 
$0.36 



.36 

.42 

.48 

.54 

.60 

.75 

.90 

1.20 

1.60 

2.20 

3.00 

3.80 

4.60 



Crosses. 

$0.48 

.48 

.48 

.48 

.48 

.54 

.60 

.70 

.80 

.95 

1.10 

1.50 

2.00 

2.80 

3.60 

4.40 

5.20 



Globe 

Valves. 

$0.54 

.54 

.54 

.54 

.54 

.60 

.78 

.96 

1.20 

1.50 

1.85 

2.25 

2.80 

3.60 

4.40 

5.30 

6.20 



Flange 
Covers. 
$0.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.60 
.70 



1.00 
1.30 
1.60 
1 90 
2.20 
2.50 
2.90 



All pipe coverings are supplied in sections 
three feet long canvased and with bands. 
For irregular flanges or fittings larger than 
10 inches use our Magnesia Cement or 
Asbestos Cement Felting. 



* All magnesia coverings above 12 inches furnished in seg- 
mental form; other coverings in sectional form in all sizes. 
Subject to discount. 



PIPE COVERINGS 



PRICE LIST SECTIONAL PIPE COVERINGS. 
Extra Thicknesses. 











3-Inch 


Inside 








Thick 


Diameter 


iy 2 -Inch 


2-Inch 


Dbl. Stand. 


Broken 


of Pipe, 


Thick per 


Thick per 


Thick per 
Lineal Ft. 


Joint per 
Lineal Ft. 


Inches. 


Lineal Et. 


Lineal Ft. 


y 2 


$0.46 


$0.75 


$0.65 


$1.20 


% 


.49 


.80 


.70 


1.35 


i 


.52 


.85 


.75 


1.40 


1% 


.56 


.90 


.80 


1.45 


i j /6 


.60 


. .95 


.85 


1.55 


2 


.64 


1.00 


.90 


1.65 


2% 


.70 


1.05 


1.00 


1.75 


3 


.76 


1.15 


1.10 


1.90 


3% 


.82 


1.25 


1.20 


2.05 


4 


.88 


1.35 


1.40 


2.20 


4% 


.94 


1.45 


1.50 


2.35 


5 


1.00 


1.55 


1.60 


2.50 


6 


1.10 


1.70 


1.80 


2.70 


7 


1.20 


1.85 


2.25 


2.90 


8 


1.35 


2.00 


2.50 


3.15 


9 


1.50 


2.20 


2.70 


3.40 


10 


1.65 


2.40 


2.90 


3.65 


*12 


1.85 


2.70 


4.10 


4.10 


14 


2.10 


3.00 


4.60 


4.60 


16 


2.35 


3.30 


5.10 


5.10 


18 


2.60 


3.60 


5.60 


5.60 


20 


2.85 


4.00 


6.00 


6.00 


24 


3.30 


4.50 


7.00 


7.00 


30 


4.00 


5.50 


8.40 


8.40 



* All magnesia coverings above 12 inches furnished in 
mental form; other coverings in sectional form in all sizes. 
Subject to discount. 



496 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



PIPE LINE TOOLS 



Lead furnace, pot, bar, grate and ladle on two wheels with 
handle and stand. Of heavy boiler plate with wrought iron 
wheels. 



fe® 





as 


3*3 


OS 
CS o 


dfi 


ri5 


aj" 


^ 


Q 





Q 


u 


18 


13% 


7% 


200 


24 


15 


11 


450 


30 


18 


14 


850 



10 



O.Q 



$22.50 $16.75 

26.25 22.50 

33.75 28.00 



Calking Tools. Calking hammers, 3 to 4 lbs., handled, $1.00. 

Set of 5 calking tools, % in., f s in., % in., -ft in. arid % in. 
and 1 yarning iron, weight 9 lbs., price 24c lb. 

Cold chisels of %-in. octagon steel, per lb., 20c. 

Diamond points, per lb., 18c. 

Dog chisels handled, 2%, 3, 3% and 4 lbs., 26c per lb. 

Dog diamonds, handled, 4 lbs., each $1.20. 

Bursting wedges, 8 inches long, iy 2 in. bit, weight 2 lbs., 20c 
per lb. 

Asbestos joint runners range from $1.00 for % in. square for 2, 
3 and 4 in. pipe to $9.25 for 1% in. square for 48 in. pipe. 

Sewer Builders' Mauls — Net prices for mauls for sewer build- 
ers, etc., with selected hickory handles and iron bound head 
range from $1.40 each for 6x8 and 6x9 in. sizes to $1.50 each 
for 7x9, $1.60 for 7x10 and $1.70 for 8x10 in. 

Manhole Covers — Current prices, f. o. b. New York for man- 
hole covers are 3V 2 to 4 cents per lb. for standard shapes. 



SMALL TRENCH TOOLS. 

Weight, 
Pounds. 

Mauls 22 

Maul, Rough J || 

Steel Shoes, open end 20 

Steel Shoes, box . 25 

Cast Steel Plank Drawer 20 

Galvanized Cement Bucket 10 

Oval Brick Pails, 11" depth, all iron 





Per 


'ach. 


Dozen. 


12.28 


$25.20 


1.08 


11.80 


1.20 


12.80 


1.31 


15.00 


1.69 


18.00 


2.44 






8.40 


1.35 





PIPE LINE TOOLS 




Fig. 220. 
"DUNN" ALL IRON BRACES (STANDARD). 



Length 

of 
Brace 


With iy 2 " Screw and iy 2 " Pipe. 






Weight 




Closed 


Length of 


per Dozen 


Per Dozen 


Overall. 


Screw. 


Pounds. 


Complete. 


16" . 


11" 


212 


$23.00 


18" 


12" 


220 


23.00 


21" 


14" 


240 


24.00 


24" 


14" 


252 


24.00 


27" 


16" 


270 


26.00 


30" 


16" 


280 


26.00 


3' 


18" 


300 


27.00 


3y 2 ' 


18" 


312 


28.00 


4' 


18" 


325 


29.00 


With 2" 


Screw and 2" 


Pipe — Extra Heavy Pattern. 


3' 


18" 


542 


$51.00 


3y 2 ' 


18" 


564 


52.00 


4' 


18" 


586 


53.00 


4%' 


18" 


608 


54.00 


6' 


18" 


630 


55.00 



Safety limit of extension 6 
in. to 10 in., according to 
length of brace. 

Sizes given are over all and 
when closed. Special sizes 
made to order. 

Discount 20 per cent f. o. b. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 



Fig. 221. Laying 48-inch 
Water Main at Buffalo, N. Y., 
Width of Cut, 5i/ 2 ft. Size of 
Brace Used, 4J/ 2 ft. (Closed). 




HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

PLOWS 



GENERAL PURPOSE PLOWS. 



Catalogue 


No. of 








No. 


Horses. 


Type. 


Capacity. 


Price. 


B-C 


1 


Light 


5 xlO" 


$6.50 


10-O 


1 


Heavy 


5%xll" 


7.20 


19 


2 or more 


Medium 


6^x12" 


8.00 


20 


2 or more 


Medium 


7 xl3" 


8.40 


82 


2 


Light 


7%xl3" 


8.40 


83 


2 or more 


Medium 


7y 2 xl4" 


8.80 


84 


2 or more 


Heavy 


9 xl6" 


10.20 


For wheel 


add $1.00, for 


jointer add 


$1.50, for rolling coul 


add $12.50. 












Fig. 222. Contractors' Two or Four Horse. 
205 Pounds. 



Weight with Wheel, 



Fig. 
222 



RAILROAD OR GRADING PLOWS. 
(Suited for Very Heavy Grading.) 



Horse. 
2 to 4 
4 to 8 



Deep. 
5" to 9' 



Wide. 
12"xl5' 



Weight, 
Pounds. 

205 

310 



Price. 

$10.00 
23.33 



Points for No. 1, price 30c, and for No. 99, price $3.35 each. 

Subsoil Plow. (Fig. 224.) A two-horse plow with a capacity 
from 10 to 14 inches deep, fitted with wheels and adjustable 
handles; weight 143 lbs., price $11.60. 

Pavement and -Pick Plows. (Fig. 225.) Pavement pick plow 
for 4 to 6 horses; weight 280 lbs., price $16.67. Extra points 
$3.33 each. 

Pavement Plow, 4 to 6 horses, adapted for tearing up cobble 
stones and macadam pavement; weight 255 lbs., price $21.00. 




Fig. 223. Four to Eight Horse. Weight, with Shoe, 310 Pounds. 




Fig. 224. Two Horse Subsoil Plow. 




Fig. 225. Four or Six Horse. Weight, 280 Pounds. 



500 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Bull Hog Rooter Plow. (Fig. 226.) Very strong and suited for 
the heaviest kind of work; weight 290 lbs., price $25.50. 




Fig. 227. Side Hill Plow. 



Side Hill Plow. (Fig. 227.) For two or more horses, equipped 
with a shifting clevis, cuts 5 to 8 inches deep and 12 to 15 inches 
wide; weight 126 lbs., price $11.00. 

The life of a heavy plow is 4 to 5 years where more than four 
horses are used; the cost of repairs may be 25 cents per work- 
ing day. 

RAILROAD OR GRADING PLOWS. 











Extra 


No. of 


Weight, 


Cut, 


Price, 


Points, 


Horses. 


Pounds. 


Inches. 


Bach. 


Each. 


2 to 4 


150 


10 


$19.50 


$4.25 


4 to 6 


175 


10 


22.00 


4.25 


6 to 8 


230 


12 


26.00 


5.15 


12 to 14 


280 


12 


35.00 


5.75 



Contractors' or township plows, right or left hand, cutting a 
furrow 10 ins. wide and from 6 ins. to 12 ins. deep, and weighing 
145 lbs., can be bought for $16.50 each. A heavier plow, weigh- 
ing 205 lbs., costs $20 each. Extra points are not included in 
above price, but can be bought for $2.25 each extra. Road plows, 
all steel, with cast iron beam, cutting 12 ins. and weighing 170 
lbs., can be bought for $21. Rooter or hard pan plows weighing 
305 lbs. cost $30 each. 




Fig-. 228 — Steel Beam Plow. 



POST HOLE DIGGERS 



Post Hole Diggers and Augers — Net prices at Chicago for post 
hole diggers and augers are as follows: 



Post Hole Diggers. 

Length Wt. to 

Blade, Dozen, 

Inches. Pounds. 

Eureka, standard pattern 9 110 

Eureka, heavy pattern 9 140 

Hexagon 9 120 

Champion 6 140 

Post hole augers with blades 6 in., 7 in., 8 
bought for $1.00 each. 



Price, 
Each. 


Price 
per 
Doz. 


$0.72 

1.05 

.84 

.60 


$7.20 

10.50 

8.40 

6.00 


or 9 in. 


can be 




Fig. 229. Using Post Hole Augers to Dig Holes for Posts for Office 
Building, Forest Hills. 



502 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

POWER 



(See Boilers.) 

Mr. Wm. O. Webber, a consulting engineer of Boston has pub- 
lished some very interesting and most important figures to show 
the comparative cost of gasoline, steam, gas and electricity for 
small powers. His data have been compiled on the basis of 
yearly operation, the year comprising 3,080 hours, and for pur- 
poses of work in the Northern climate these will have to be modi- 
fied to suit the special case in point. I have, however, ab- 
stracted the tables without attempting to change them. 

I.— COST OF GASOLINE POWER. 

Size of plant in 

horsepower 2 6 10 20 

Price of engine in 

place $150.00 $ 325.00 $ 500.00 $ 750.00 

Gasoline per B. H. 

P. per hour % gal. % gal. 1/6 gal. . % gal. 

Cost per gallon....? 0.22 $ 0.20 $ 0.19 $ 0.18 

= cost per 3,080 

hours $451.53 $ 924.00 $ 975.13 $1,386.00 

Attendance at $1 

per day 308.00 308.00 308.00 308.00 

Interest, 5% 7.50 16.25 25.00 37.50 

Depreciation, 5%.. 7.50 16.25 25.00 37.50 

Repairs, 10% 15.00 32.50 50.00 75.00 

Supplies, 20% 30.00 65.00 100.00 150.00 

Insurance, 2% 3.00 6.50 10.00 15.00 

Taxes, 1% 1.50 3.25 5.00 7.50 

Power cost $824.03 $1,371.75 $1,498.13 $2,016.50 

To these figures should be added charges on space occupied, as 
follows: 

"Value of space oc- 
cupied $100.00 $ 150.00 $ 200.00 $ 300.00 

Interest, 5% $ 5.00 $ 7.50 $ 10.00 $ 15.00 

Repairs, 2% 2.00 3.00 4.00 6.00 

Insurance, 1% 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 

Taxes, 1% 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 

Total annual 
chargefor 
space $ 9.00 $ 13.50 $ 18.00 $ 27.00 

Totfil cost per 

annum ...... .$833.03 $1,385.25 $1,516.13 $2,043.50 

Cost of 1 horse- 
power per annum .„„.„ 
10-hour basis.... 416.51 239.87 151.61 102.17 

C ° St power per hour 0.1352 0.0780 0.0492 0.0331 



II.— COST OF ELECTRIC CURRENT. 

The costs for the electric current which are used in this table 
are figured from the discount table shown as follows: 

Base price = 13 V^c per KW. hour. Discounts on Monthly Bill. 

Monthly Bill. Discounts. Monthly Bill. Discounts. 

$ 5 10% $100 to $125 40% 

10 to $ 20 15% 125 to 150 45% 

20 to 25 20% 150 to 115 50% 

25 to 50 25% 175 to 200 55% 

50 to 75 30% 200 to 500 60% 

75 to 100 35% 500 and over 65% 

For 2-horsepdwer plant: 
3,080 hrs. X 2 H. P. X 0.746 



5,604.10" KW. hr. per annum 
sz v /o iiimc. 
len 

5,604.1 X $0,135 = $756.55, annual cost without discount. 
Monthly bill = $63. Discount = 30%. 
$756.55 X 70% = $529.56 = Annual cost. 

For 6-horsepower plant: 

3,080 hrs. X 6 H. P. X 0.746 X $0,135 X 45% 



86% Efflc. 
Monthly cost = $180. Discount = 55% 
For 10-horsepower plant: 

3,080 X 10 X 0.746 X 0.135 X 40% 



= $976.00 



= $1,425.( 



$2,450.00 



87% 

Monthly cost =$298. Discount =60% 

For 20-horsepower plant: 

3,080 X 20 X 0.746 X 0.135 X 35% 

88.5% 

Monthly cost = $585. Discount = 65% 

Size of plant in H. P 2 6 10 20 

Cost of motor in place $ 83.00 $118.00 $216.00 $270.00 

With wiring, etc 100.00 130.00 240.00 300.00 

Cost of electricity, 3,080 hrs.$529.56 $976.00 $1,425.00 $2,450.00 

Attendance 20.00 30.00 50.00 50.00 

Interest, 5% 5.00 6.50 12.00 15.00 

Depreciation, 10% 10.00 13.00 24.00 30.00 

Repairs, 5% 5.00 6.50 12.00 15.00 

Supplies, 1% 1.00 1.30 2.40 3.00 

Insurance, 2% 2.00 2.60 4.80 6.00 

Taxes, 1% 1.00 1.30 2.40 3.00 



Total cost per annum. .$573.56 $1,037.20 $1,532.60 $2,572.00 

Cost of 1 H. P. per annum, 

10-hour basis $286.78 $172.86 $153.20 $128.60 

Cost of 1 H. P. per hour $0.0928 $0.0558 $0.0497 $0.0417 



504 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

III.— COST OF GAS POWER. 

Illuminating' gas used, 760 B. T. U. No estimate is made on 
the cost of gas power using producer gas, as it would not pay to 
put in a gas producer for so small a unit. 

$1.50 per 1,000 cu. ft. of gas less 20%, if paid in 10 days = 
$1.20 net, gas 760 B. T. U. 

Size of plant in H. P 2 6 10 20 

Engine cost if in place $200.00 $375.00 $550.00 $1,050.00 

Gas per H. P. in feet 30 25 22 20 

Value of gas consumed. 3,080 

hours $221.76 $554.40 $843.12 $1,478.00 

Attendance, $1 per day 308.00 308.00 308.00 308.00 

Interest, 5% 10.00 18.75 27.50 52.50 

Depreciation, 5% 10.00 18.75 27.50 52.50 

Repairs, 10% 20.00 37.50 55.00 105.00 

Supplies, 20% 40.00 75.00 110.00 210.00 

Insurance, 2% 4.00 7.50 11.00 21.00 

Taxes, 1% •. 2.00 3.75 5.50 10.50 

Power cost $615.76 $1,023.65 $1,387.62 $2,237.50 

Annual charge for space 9.00 13.50 18.00 27.00 

Total cost per annum. .$624.76 $1,037.15 $1,405.62 $2,264.50 

Cost of 1 H. P. per annum, 

10-hour basis $312.28 $172.86 $140.56 $113.22 

Cost of 1 H. P. per hour $0.1014 $0.0561 $0.0456 $0.0367 



IV.— COST OF STEAM POWER. 

Size of plant in H. P 6 10 20 

Cost of plant per H. P $250.00 $220.00 $200.00 

Fixed charge, 14% 35.00 30.80 28.00 

Coal per H. P. hour, in lbs 20 15 12 

Cost of coal at $5 per ton $154.00 $103.00 $ 82.50 

Attendance, 3,080 hours 75.00 50.00 30.00 

Oil waste and supplies 15.00 10.00 6.00 



Cost 1 H. P. per annum, 10-hr basis.$279.00 $194.80 $146.50 

Cost of 1 H. P. per hour $0.0906 $0.0832 $0.0475 

Mr. Webber has elsewhere observed the fact that a gas engine 
of single cylinder type, which will operate on % gal. of fuel per 
H. P. at full load will perhaps require over a gallon of H. P. 
at a 10% load; and a small steam engine, which will run on 5 
pounds of coal per H. P. per hour at full load may need 15 
pounds at *4 load. 

Mr. W. O. Webber has also given, in the Engineering Magazine, 
some interesting detailed figures on the cost of steam plant in- 
stallation, which are given in the following table: 



POWER 505 

COST OP INSTALLATION OF A 10-HORSEPOWER STEAM 
PLANT. 

Land for engine and boiler room, 300 sq. 

ft. @ $1 $300.00 

Boiler and engine room building, 300 sq. ft. 

@ $1.50 450.00 

Chimney, 10"x40' 400.00 



$1,150.00 



10-horsepower boiler 241.00 

Boiler foundation and setting, 3,900 C. B. 

500 F. B 160.00 

Blow-off tank 31.00 

Damper and regulator 75.00 

Injector tank 10.00 

Water meter 40.00 

Piping for same 20.00 

Pump and vacuum 122.00 

Feed water heater 40.00 

Pipe covering 50.00 

Engine, 7 by 10 $184.00 

Foundation for same 60.00 

Steam separator 35.00 

Oil separator 25.00 

Piping 95.00 

Freight and cartage 30.00 



789.00 



$2,378.00 



COST OF INSTALLATION OF A 60-HORSEPOWER STEAM 
PLANT. 

Land for engine and boiler room $2,500.00 

Buildings for engine and boiler room , 2.500.00 

Chimney 1,200.00 

80-horsepower boiler $ 790.00 

Ash pan for boiler (below high tide level) . 120.00 

Boiler and engine settings 1,282.00 

Blow-off tank 31.00 

Damper regulator 75.00 

Injector tank 10.00 

Water meter 60.00 

Piping for same 22.13 

Pump and receiver 146.50 

Feed water heater 70.40 

Pipe covering 70.75 



Engine, 12 by 30 $1,065.00 

Pan for engine flywheel 72.00 

Steam separator 60.00 

Oil separator 41.80 

Piping, freight and cartage 1,026.41 



Shafting in place $ 550.00 

Belting in place 285.00 



2,677.78 



2,265.27 



835.00 
$11,977.99 



$11,977.99 -=-60 = $199.63 per H. P. 



506 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Mr. Wm. Snow has contributed to the engineering press some 
extremely useful tables of the various costs of steam plant for 
different sizes of installation. 
Dollars. 
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 



100 
fe 80 




i — • 


^ 


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K 


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"'O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 

Horsepower. 

Fig. 230 — Approximate Yearly Costs of Steam Power, 150 Days, 10 

l-lours per Day, Simple Condensing. Plotted from 

Data Compiled by Wm, E. Snow. 

From his figures we have compiled the following three dia- 
grams, which show graphically the effect of size of plant upon 
the various elements of cost. 



FIRST COST AND COST OF OPERATING POWER PLANTS 
FOR DRIVING NORTH RIVER TUNNELS OF PENN- 
SYLVANIA RAILROAD, NEW YORK CITY. 

(Extract from a paper entitled "The New York Extension of 
the Pennsylvania Railroad North River Tunnels," by B. H. M. 
Hewett and W. L. Brown, Proceedings American Society of Civil 
Engineers, Vol. XXXVI, p. 690.) 

Two power plants were constructed, one on each side of the 
river. The plants contained in the two power houses were al- 
most identical, there being only slight differences in the details 
of arrangement due to local conditions. A list of the main 
items of the plant at one power house is shown in Table I. A 
summary of the first cost of one plant is given in Table II. 

In order to give an idea of the general cost of running these 
plants, Tables III and IV are given as typical of the force em- 



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POWER 509 

ployed and the general supplies needed for a 24-hour run of one 
plant. Table III gives a typical run during the period of driving 
the shields, and Table IV is typical of the period of concrete 
construction. In the latter case the tunnels were under normal 
air pressure. Before the junction of the shields both plants 
were running continuously; after the junction, but while the 
tunnels were still under compressed air, only one power house 
plant was operated. 

TABLE I— PLANT AT ONE POWER HOUSE. 

Description of Item. Cost. 

3 500-h.p. water-tube Sterling boilers $ 15,186 

2 feed pumps, George F. Blake Manufacturing Co 740 

1 Henry R. Worthington surface condenser 6,539 

2 electrically driven circulating pumps on river front. . . . 5,961 

3 low-pressure compressors, Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co.. 33,780 

1 high-pressure compressor, Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co.. 6,665 
3 hydraulic power pumps, George F. Blake Mfg. Co 3,075 

2 General Electric Co.'s generators coupled to Ball and 

Wood engines 7,626 

Total cost of main items of plant $ 79,572 

TABLE II — SUMMARY OF COST OF ONE PLANT. 

Total cost of main items of plant $ 79,572 

Cost of four shields (including installation, demolition, 

large additions and renewals, piping, pumps, etc.).. 103,560 
Cost of piping, connections, drills, derricks, installation 

of offices and all miscellaneous plants 101,818 

Cost of installation, including preparation of site 39,534 



Total prime cost of one power house plant $324,484 

TABLE III— COST OF OPERATING ONE POWER HOUSE FOR 
24 HOURS DURING EXCAVATION AND METAL LINING. 

Labor. Rate per Day. Amount. 

6 Engineers $3.00 $ 18.00 

6 Firemen 2.50 15.00 

2 Oilers 2.00 4.00 

2 Laborers 2.00 4.00 

4 Pumpmen 2.75 11.00 

2 Electricians 3.50 7.00 

1 Helper 3.00 3.00 

Total per day $ 62.00 

Total for 30 days $1,860.00 

Supplies. Rate per Day. Amount. 

Coal (14 tons per day) $3.25 $ 45.50 

Water 7.00 7.00 

Oil (4 gals, per day) 0.50 2.00 

Waste (4 lbs. per day) 0.07 0.28 

Other supplies 1.00 1.00 

Total per day $ 55.78 

Total for 30 days 1,673.00 

Total cost of labor and supplies for 30 days 3,533.00 



510 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

TABLE IV — COST OF OPERATING THE ONE PLANT FOR 
24 HOURS DURING CONCRETE LINING. 

Labor. Rate per Day. Amount. 

2 Engineers $3.00 $ 6.00 

2 Firemen 2.50 . 5.00 

2 Pumpmen 3.00 6.00 

1 Foreman electrician 6.00 6.00 

1 Electrician 3.00 3.00 

1 Laborer 2.00 2.00 

Total per day $ 28.00 

Total for 30 days 840.00 

Supplies. Rate per Day. Amount. 

Coal (14 tons per day) $3.15 $ 44.10 

Oil (4 gals, per day) 0.50 2.00 

Water 13.00 13.00 

Other supplies 2.00 2.00 

Total per day $ 61.10 

Total for 30 days 1,833.00 

Total cost of labor and supplies for 30 days 2,673.00 



PUMPS 



I have taken the following classification of pumps from 
Turheaure and Russell's "Public Water Supplies": 

Pumps may be classified in various ways, but for the consid- 
eration of their mechanical action they may be best considered 
under the following heads: 

1. Displacement-pumps. 

2. Impeller-pumps. 

3. Impulse-pumps. 

4. Bucket-pumps. 

The various subdivisions of the classification are shown in 
table below: 

j Double 
Ac Lion t Single 



(Piston f Inside-packed 
Class pJun "e r Outside-packed 
I Plunger [ Center-packed 



Recipro- 
eating ' 



[ Single ■ 
' Power -{ Duplex 
L Triplex 



Type 



rAnnlioation I High-pressure 
f Application £ compound 



Steam i 



[Direct-acting 
^Arrangemenl i Crank & flywheel 
L Compensator 

i svrir.a,,!,-,, / Direct-acting 
k Hydraulic [ Crank and fl y. W heel 



Arrangement {S r S£ tal 



t-= i Surface (suction) 
Rotary [ use [ Submerged or deep well 

Air-displacement f Screw 
Steam-vacuum j Chain 
Continuous-flow *S U pump 

^Double-acting 



Impeller 

Continuous applica- 
tion through some 
mechanical agency 
or medium 



f Impeller {gf-^ 

, r>o^ (Side suction 
Centrifugal J Case { DouD i e suction 

Arrangement 



Horizontal 
Vertical 



f Water 
Jet -! Steam 
[Air 



Impulse (as name implies) — Water-ram 

{Wheel 
Band 



512 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. 

The centrifugal pump (Figs. 233-236) has been developed and 
perfected during the past seven years, so that it is now recog- 
nized as a simple, reliable pump of great range. 

The principal trouble with a centrifugal pump, especially 
when the pump is at a substantial height above the water, is in 
starting it. When the pump sucks it must be reprimed and 
started again. Therefore, if the amount of water to be handled 




Fig. 233. Submerged Type. 



is not as great as the minimum capacity there will be many 
stops and knock-offs to prime. Before starting. up a steam pump, 
especially in cold weather, it should be well warmed up by live 
steam from the end of a hose in order to thaw out any ice that 
may have formed in the cylinders and to give the iron parts a 
chance to expand gradually. 

Iron Vertical Centrifugal Pumps, submerged or suction type, 
furnished complete with short shaft and coupling, one bearing, 
pulley for connecting shaft and discharge elbow, are used exten- 
sively for irrigation purposes, sewage pumping, and for any 
place where a pump may be placed in a pit. Suitable for ele- 
vating water 50 to 60 feet. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 
TABLE 136— IRON VERTICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. 



Shipping Wt. 

(Lbs.) Price Complete 



ctfcss.^! fins en z 

nc5 o 3 & >• o ■&>. a 

O fa 02 CB 02 BQ 

70 2' 9" 120 135 $ 20.00 $ 30.00 

120 3' 4" 198 250 32.00 50.00 

260 3' 6" 235 340 47.00 73.00 

470 4' 0" 380 495 55.00 85.00 

735 4' 7" 605 785 70.00 105.00 

1,050 4' 7" 740 1,050 85.00 140.00 

3,000 5' 5" 1,430 1,925 165.00 275.00 

4,200 6' 0" 2,640 3,000 210.00 350.00 

4,200 3' 9" 2,000 2,500 185.00 325.00 

10,000 V 0" 6,000 7,000 470.00 790.00 

10,000 6' 6" 2,900 3,300 420.00 710.00 

* Refers to low-lift pumps for elevations up to 25 feet. 

Iron Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps for belt drive. A pump 
used extensively for all purposes. 

TABLE 137 — IRON HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS.' 











|B 




a 






<3~ 


.A 
&2 


. <u 

£=3 


to 


ni 


c3 3 


5 


ffi H 


3* 


1% 


.058 


5x 6 


2 


.10 


7x 8 


3 


.22 


7x 8 


4 


.30 


8x10 


5 


.45 


10x10 


6 


.59 


12x12 


10 


1.52 


20x12 


12 


2.00 


24x14 


12 


2.00 


20x12 


IS 


4.50 


36x18 


18 


4.50 


30x16 







u 


cs 


CS 03 




+j 








ft 


H '-s 


fafi 





£ 




bo 




>^. 


> 


o3~ 


ft 


bD 




s- 


c 




<H,2 


>> 


02 


C^ 









'0 s 


.H 

Ph 


*l 


U 
O 


SI 


© 







£<3 


>H 


cS 3 


O 


■5^ 




5 


3 

xn 


mi 


H° 


gft 


E 


02 


£ 


1Y2 


2 


70 


.058 


6x 6 


17x31 


175 


$ 22.50 


2 


3 


120 


.10 


Sx 8 


23x37 


350 


37.50 


3 


4 


260 


.22 ■ 


8x 8 


25x39 


415 


55.00 


4 


5 


, 470 


.30 


10x10 


29x41 


615 


65.00 


5 


6 


735 


.45 


12x12 


34x54 


940 


82.50 


6 


8 


1,050 


.59 


15x12 


37x55 


1,180 


100.00 


10 


12 


3,000 


1.52 


24x22 


51x69 


2,610 


197.50 


12 


15 


4,200 


2.00 


30x14 


63x71 


3,615 


250.00 


12 


12 


4,200 


2.00 


20x12 


51x59 


2,800 


250.00 


18 


20 


10,000 


4.50 


40x16 


93x103 


9,000 


650.00 


18 


20 


10,000 


4.50 


30x16 


66x72 


5,800 


575.00 


24 


24 


15,000 


6.50 


48x20 


90x98 


10,800 


1,075.00 


24 


24 


15,000 


6.50 


48x36 


94x137 


13,000 


1,500.00 



* Low-lift pumps for elevations up to 25 feet. 

Thje above pump, fitted with a direct connected vertical steam 
engine costs: 4 in. side suction, 4x4 in. engine $210.00; weight, 
1,290 lbs. 5 in. side suction, 5x5 in. engine, $224.00; weight, 1,440 
lbs. 6 in. side suction, 6x6 in. engine, $238.00; weight, 1,570 lbs. 

Double Suction Iron Pumps, built extra heavy for elevating 
water to great heights. 



DOUBLE SUCTION IRON PUMPS. 



w 


o 

3 


go 


5 


02 


u w 


iy 2 


2 


70 


2 


3y 2 


120 


3 


3% 


260 


4 


5 


470 


5 


6 


735 


6 


7 


1,050 


10 


11 


3,000 


12 


13 


4,200 


18 


20 


10,000 



tin 


<%" 


ft 


to 




M 


>> 


02 


c~» 






5* 


u 
o 
o 


1 


O 

'u 


.058 


7x 8 


20x30 


290 


$ 30.00 


.10 


8x 8 


26x35 


510 


45.00 


.22 


8x 8 


27x38 


615 


67.50 


.30 


10x10 


33x40 


900 


87.50 


.45 


12x12 


37x49 


1,530 


125.00 


.59 


15x12 


43x51 


1,730 


175.00 


1.52 


24x12 


57x73 


3,325 


387.50 


2.00 


30x14 


69x82 


5,500 


560.00 


4.50 


40x16 


90x80 


9,300 


1,025.00 



Direct Connected Dredging- Pumps, complete with suction and 
discharge elbow, flap valve and steam primers, lubricator and 
oil cups. Cast iron impellor. The shipping weight and the price 
may vary 20 per cent from the averages given in table. 



TABLE 138— DIRECT CONNECTED DREDGING PUMPS. 






a 






k,A 


<H 










o 






0) TO 


O 






gw 










6-d 








S 5 




a 






trO 


s— 


,_, 




P^ 










-a 02 




w 




lis 

goo 


cS 

n 

o 


to 
<u 

A 

<B 

a 

'So 

c 
H 


Size of 
Cylinders 

§ ° ■ 


csstd 


55 

(fi 03 

ai-d 

^ o 
*02 
M 


SS 

'3 


o 


4 


15 


Single 


5 


5 


30 


2 


1,600 


$ 224.00 


4 


20 


Single 
Double 


6 


6 


30 


2 


1,800 


240.00 


4 


25 


5 


5 


30 


2 


2,000 


328.00 


6 


15 


Single 


6 


6 


60 


4 


2,500 


285.00 


6 


20 


Single 


7 


7 


60 


4 


2,700 


316.00 


6 


25 


Double 


6 


6 


60 


4 


3,000 


415.00 


8 


15 


Single 


9 


9 


125 


6 


4,750 


501.00 


8 


20 


Double 


7 


7 


125 


6 


5,800 


567.00 


8 


25 


Double 


8 


8 


125 


6 


6,500 


723.00 


10 


15 


Single 


10 


10 


200 


8 


7,500 


645.00 


10 


20 


Double 


9 


9 


200 


8 


9,500 


822.00 


10 


25 


Double 


10 


10 


200 


8 


10,500 


1,000.00 


12 


15 


Single 


12 


12 


300 


10 


10,000 


892.00 


12 


20 


Double 


10 


.10 


300 


10 


12,800 


1,069.00 


12 


25 


Double 


12 


12 


300 


10 


16,000 


1,485.00 



Belt Driven Sand and Dredging- Pumps, complete except for 
pipe or hose. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



s~ 



2 $108.00 

4% 155.00 

6 245.00 

8 310.00 

L0 435.00 

TABLE 140— WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS AND PRICES OF 
DIRECT ACTING STEAM PUMPS. 







TABLE 139- 


-BELT DRIVEN ] 




c 


u^ 


Kh 


03 








(D W 


a> 


O 








ft-a 


a 


cd 




o* 


1& 

si 


ai o 

-am 


'3 


■d 


be 

1 


& 


<H U 


.^ 


o 1 -; 


>> 






ok 


£S 


2d 


S* Q3 


bo 


60 

o 
"3 


A 

S'-d 


"3 W 






.So 


nj 


S3 




o 


n3q-i 


s6 


U 


Q ro 


o 


M^ 


P 


CO 


4 


4 


30 


4, 


12x12 


1,200 


6 


6 


60 


8 


18x12 


1,850 


8 


8 


125 


15 


24x12 


3,600 


10 


10 


200 


25 


30x14 


4,550 


12 


12 


300 


30 


40x16 


8,000 





a 

<3X 

m 




4) 


0) 

X 


Sri. 
I* 


bo.S 
X 


60 


© 










o 


a ^ 


u '- 






o" 


Size of Cyl., 


ca 


^ 




o <o 


'« 


'£ 


* 


inches 


£. 


ra 


fc 


h 


1 


9 




5% 


10 


192 


100 


1,500 


$ 219.00 


2 


6 


9 


5% 


10 


192 


100 


3,100 


402.00 


3 


14 




10% 


10 


750 


500 


5,400 


543.00 


4 


14 




10 


15 


792 


500 


6,400 


600.00 


5 


12 


is y 2 


10% 


10 


753 


500 


8,200 


810.00 


fi 


12 


17 


10 


15 


792 


500 


9,500 


927.00 


7 


17 




14 


15 


1,500 


1,000 


13,000 


1,215.00 


8 


14 


20 


14 


15 


1,500 


1,000 


16,000 


1,530.00 


9 


20 


29 


14 


18 


2,250 


1,500 


27,000 


2,820.00 


10 


19 


30 


15 


24 


3,000 


2,000 


40,000 


4,080.00 


11 


10 




6 


10 


220 


150 


3,500 


260.00 


12 


10 




7 


10 


300 


225 


4,000 


450.00 


13 


12 




8% 


10 


485 


325 


4,300 


550.00 


14 


14 




10 % 


10 


635 


425 


6,500 


750.00 


15 


10 


16 


sy 2 


10 


485 


325 


7,300 


900.00 


16 


12 


17 


8% 


15 


635 


425 


9,600 


1,150.00 


17 


12 


17 


10% 


15 


855 


600 


11,000 


1,320.00 


18 


14 


12 


12 


15 


1,200 


800 


15,200 


1,500.00 


19 


4y 2 




3% 


4 


56 


38 


300 


75.00 


20 


5% 




4% 


5 


106 


70 


500 


95.00 


21 


6 




5% 


6 


172 


115 


660 


125.00 


22 


6 




7% 


6 


295 


195 


950 


180.00 


23 


7% 




6 


10 


256 


170 


1,200 


210.00 


24 


IVz 




7 


10 


352 


235 


1,500 


275.00 


25 


9 




8% 


10 


522 


350 


1,900 


350.00 


26 


12 




10% 


10 


760 


505 


4,300 


550.00 


27 


12 




12 


10 


1,045 


695 


5,100 


650.00 



No. 1 is a piston pump, suitable for general service for 150 lbs. 
water pressure, where the water contains small quantities of grit 
or foreign material or where there is a long suction lift and no 
foot valve. 



PUMPS 



517 



No. 2 is a pump of the compound piston pattern for general 
service for 150 lbs. A saving of 30 to 35 per cent in coal may- 
be expected from the use of compound steam cylinders. 

No. 3 is a piston pattern pump, suitable for the same service 
as No. 1. 

No. 4 is a plunger and ring pump used in general water supply 
boiler feeding, etc. 

No. 5 is a compound plunger and ring pump for general service. 
No. 6 is of the same type as No. 5. 

No. 7 is a plunger and ring pump for general service. 
No. 8 is a plunger and ring pump for general service. 
Nos. 9 and 10 are either piston or plunger and ring pumps with 
semi-rotative steam valves. These are suitable where fuel 
economy is essential or where a large amount of water has to 
be pumped. 

Nos. 12 to 18, inclusive, are packed plunger pumps, suitable 
for rough and heavy service, where the water contains consider- 
able quantities of sand and grit, and where the working pressure 
to be pumped against is over forty pounds per square inch, and, 
as in mine work, where it is impor- 
tant that moving parts can be re- 
packed quickly. 

Nos. 19 to 27, inclusive, are piston 
pumps for contractors' use where the 
total i water pressure to be pumped 
against is not over 35 to 50 lbs. per 
square inch. 

PULSOMETEE. 

A very well known steam operated 
vacuum pump is the one illustrated 
in Fig. 237. It consists of two bottle 
shaped cylinders with the necessary 
valve inlet and outlet pipes. The 
operation of this pump is sustained 
by alternate pressure and vacuum. 
Steam, cushioned by a layer of air 
automatically admitted, is brought to 
bear directly upon the liquid in the 
pump chambers and forces it out 
through the discharge pipe; the sub- 
sequent rapid condensation of the 
iV ,|« steam, effected by the peculiar con- 

^^-jBR BBl~ struction of the pump, forms a 

* Jjatss? vacuum in the working chambers, 

into which atmospheric pressure 
forces a fresh supply of liquid 
through the suction pipe. This action is maintained quite auto- 
matically, and is governed by a self-acting valve ball in the 
neck of the pump, which obeys the combined influences of steam 
pressure on one side and vacuum on the other. The valve ball 




Fig. 237. 



518 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



oscillates from its seat in the entrance to one chamber to its 
seat in the entrance to the other chamber, thereby distributing 
the steam. 

This pump will do all classes of rough service raising water 
up to 75 feet elevation. It has no piston, no packing, no oil, 
and seldom breaks down, but is very uneconomical of steam. 

TABLE 141 — PULSOMETER PUMPS. 

Capacity in Gals, per Price, 
Size of Pipe (Ins.)Min. at Different Eleva- f. o. b. ~ 

tions and Boiler H. P. New York £ 



c3 


ID 


o 


m 


fe 


ft 


fc 


fc 


W 


■3 » 


M 


U 


CO 


P 
H2 


5 


n 


o 

K3 


in 


ffi 


S8 




1 


2 


% 


1% 


i% 


20 


17 


13 


4 


$ 68 


$ 71 


95 


3 


% 


2 


2 


60 


50 


38 


5 


90 


95 


140 


4 


. y 2 


2y 2 


2% 


100 


80 


65 


6 


135 


142 


295 


5 


% 


3 


3 


180 


160 


115 


9 


158 


168 


430 


6 


% 


3y 2 


3% 


300 


265 


200 


12 


203 


217 


570 


7 


% 


4 


4 


425 


375 


275 


15 


248 


270 


745 


8 


i 


5 


5 


700 


625 


450 


25 


360 


396 


1,375 


9 


i% 


11 


6 


1,000 


900 


650 


35 


450 


/495 


2,100 


10 


2 


8 


8 


2,000 


1,800 


1,400 


70 


900 




3,800 




Fig. 238. Emerson Pumps Fighting Three 
Miles of Quicksand at Gary, Ind. 



PUMPS 



519 



Each pump is furnished complete with either basket or mush- 
room strained steam and release valve connection, and pump hook 
for suspending when necessary, but no piping. 

A pump working on similar principles, but which may be 
slightly more economical in steam consumption and works 
against greater heads, is illustrated in Figs. 238 and 239. The 
main differences are in the steam distribution, which, in this type, 
is governed by a simple engine, and in the necessity of oil for 




Fig. 



A Junior Emptying a 
Cofferdam. 



lubrication. These pumps will work, admitting 30 per cent of 
air or 25 per cent of grit, and a continuous run of four months 
has been recorded. They are especially valuable in quicksand 
and wherever the quantity of water is variable. The cost of 
repairs is nominal. 

These pumps are made in two types; the standard consists of 
two vertical cylinders, each with a discharge and suction valve, 
topped by one simple, three-cylinder horizontal engine, with the 
necessary air cocks, lubricator and condenser piping, but no 
Bteam, suction or discharge pipe is supplied. 



THr-TcoVlQ 

s * 

5 „ t- ■* co c- <n in 

rhQ 03 r-l eD Oi CO rH 



«*2 f VT "FT tHO»co-*"*«o 



§ ^ £? *3 VT "FT ^"Onoho, 

ft CO t> o o L 00O00OOI 

H N 0> O f 'SIB£) »° c - ° ^ ! 

m bo 



eh * .K« 



HNlOl 



cqeqooeooji 

d 'H HNMiCOl 



rS ^ X I tp t- •rr cq co c- 

a h S3; 



f (Nfflt- 



O 00 >-l i-i 00 t- 



'■a w 



ffl 9 



EH 5 



<j T1 ^ I *JT 'XT t-CO--< — -- ~ 

£] w (j I d il HNM<oa 

in 



loioioooio 

"SIBf) NHNOOl- 



ft 

S-^ UOHOIIS eo^iotoooo 



CO 



PUMPS 



521 



The Junior consists of a single cylinder, a steam piston valve, 
suction valve, discharge valve, condenser pipe, check valve and 
stop cock, and is furnished with the patented foot valve and quick 
cleaning strainer. 

Capacity 

in Gals. ^-Greatest-^ 

r- Size of Pipes (Ins.)— ^ per Dimensions. 

Cat. No. Steam. Suction. Dis'ge. Minute. Br'dth. H'ght 

A V 2 3 2V 2 100 14 y 2 47 

B % 4 3 150 17 y 2 47 

C % 5 4 200 21 47 



Weight. 
Lbs. Price. 
219 $100 
290 125 

410 175 



Capacities stated in table in gallons per minute and per hour 
are .calculated on a head or lift of 20 feet. These capacities 
diminish at the rate of about 6 per cent for each 10 feet of addi- 
tional head up to 100 feet, the highest lift. 

A Double Acting- Force Hand Pump for filling tank wagons 
from, brooks or other water sources has a capacity, with one 
man pumping, of one to two barrels per minute. Maximum total 
lift and force, 50 feet; maximum lift 25 feet, cylinder diameter 
5 inches, stroke 5 inches, capacity per stroke 0.85 gallons. Suc- 
tion hose 2 inches, discharge hose 1 inch; price of pump, with 
strainer, hose-couplings and clamps, but no hose, $8.00. 

lift and Force Diaphragm Pump, No. 3, one man pumping, 
capacity, 4,000 gallons per hour; price, with 15 feet of hose, 
$42.00; with 20 feet of hose, $48.00. No. 4, two men pumping, 
capacity 6,000 gallons per hour; price, with 15 feet of hose, 
$61.50, with 20 feet of hose, $70.00. Diaphragm pumps are suited 




Fig. 240. 



for general construction work, where the pumping is inter- 
mittent and the amount of water to be raised is small. The life 
of the pump depends on the care it is given and the amount of 



522 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

grit the water contains. In very gritty water a diaphragm 
wears out in two or three weeks. These cost $1.30 each; extra 
strainers, which are sometimes broken by careless handling, cost 
$1.35 each. A set of brass hose-couplings costs $3.00. 

lift and Force Diaphragm Pump, No. 6, capacity 1,000 gallons 
per hour with one man working; weight 50 lbs.; price, with 10 
feet of suction and 25 feet of connection hose, $54.00. No. 8, 
4,000 gallons per hour with two men pumping; weight, 270 lbs.; 
price, $104.50. No. 10, 6,000 gallons per hour with two men 
pumping; weight, 395 lbs.; price, $139.75. Pumps alone, No. 6, 
$25.00; No. 8, $70.00; No. 10, $90.00. Pumps, with 20 feet of 
suction hose and 200 feet of connection hose, No. 6, $123.50; No. 8, 
$200.00; No. 10, $276.00. 

The above pumps are especially suitable in mining prospecting 
or for any work where the water contains as much as 50 per cent 
of solids. These pumps will handle grout and quicksand. 

A Diaphragm Pump, known as No. 3 Contractors' Mud Pump 
(Fig. 240), with double diaphragms, and a gasoline engine rated 
at 3 H. P., and having a speed of 500, all mounted on a truck, 
equipped with 15 feet of 3 inch spiral wire suction hose and 25 
feet of discharge hose, with brass couplings and strainer, tools, 
etc., costs $300.00. The capacity of this pump is from 6,000 to 
8,000 gallons per hour of water containing a considerable amount 
of sand, sewage and gravel. It is guaranteed for one year; 
weight, 1,000 lbs.; space occupied 2 feet by 5 feet. 

Suction or Bilge Pump, consisting of a tin pipe with a plunger 
worked by hand. 

2 in. diameter, per foot $0.45 

2 % in. diameter, per foot 50 

3 in. diameter, per foot 55 

3 y 2 in. diameter, per foot 60 

4 in. diameter, per foot 65 

Pumps less than 5 feet long charged as 5 feet. 

Special Pump — Fig. 241 is a sectional view of the Marsh Steam 
Pump, and shows the steam valve in position, the steam and 



Fig. 241. The Improved Marsh Steam Pump. 

water pistons, manner of packing, etc. The steam valve is made 
of brass, and though nicely fitted, moves freely in the central 



PUMPS 



523 



bore of the steam chest. It has no mechanical connections with 
other moving parts of the pump, but is actuated to admit, cut 
off and release the steam by live steam currents, which alternate 
with the reciprocations of the piston. Each end of the valve is 
made to fit the enlarged bore of the steam chest, and it is due 
to those enlarged valve heads, which present differential areas to 
the action of steam, and the perfect freedom of the valve to 
move without hindrance from other mechanical arrangements or 
parts, that the flow of steam into the pump is automatically 
regulated. Because the pump is so regulated it can never 
run too fast to take suction; or, should the water supply give out 
when the throttle valve is wide open, no injury can occur to the 




Fig. 242. Standard Side Suction Volute Pump. 



moving parts. The steam valve does not require setting. The 
steam piston, as shown, is double, and each head is provided with 
a metal packing ring, the interior space constituting a reservoir 
for live steam pressure, supplied by the live steam pipe through 
a drilled hole shown by dotted lines. At each end of the steam 
cylinder are similar holes leading to each end of the steam chest, 
which, together with the centrally drilled hole and the space be- 
tween the piston heads, constitute positive means for tripping or 
reversing the valve with live steam. 



Size. 







Inches 






Gallons 


Horse- 


Floor 


Weight. 




per Hour. 


power. 


Space. 


Lbs. 


Price. 


200 


36 


7x12 


40 


$11.50 


400 


60 


8x16 


75 


14.00 


500 


75 


10x22 


145 


25.00 



524 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

RAILS AND TRACKS 



The price of rails at Pittsburg and other centers varies from 
$27 to $35 per ton. f 

The following prices were current in the summer of 1910 on 
lots of 500 tons and over with the necessary fastenings, f. o. b. 
car at works, Chicago: 

Standard quality No. 1 Bessemer rails, $28 per gross ton. 

Standard quality No. 1 open hearth rails, $30 per gross ton. 

Angle bar splices, 1.50 cts. per lb. 

Spikes, 1.85 cts. per lb. 

Bolts with square nuts, 2.45 cts. per lb. 

Bolts with hexagon nuts, 2.60 cts. per lb. 

The prices mentioned contemplate furnishing rails in 30-ft. 
lengths with 10 per cent of shorts, diminishing by even feet 
down to 24 feet. Where rails are required in 60-ft. lengths, add 
$2 per ton to the above prices. If ordered in lots less than 
500 tons down to carloads, there is an additional cost of $2 per 
ton to the prices mentioned above. 

Other quotations on light rails at Chicago are as follows: 

Per Ton 

40 to 45-lb $27.00 

30 to 35-lb 27.75 

16, 20 and 25-lb 28.00 

12-lb 29.00 

The following quotations are per gross ton delivered at Chicago: 

Relaying rails,- standard sections $23.00 to $25.00 

Old iron rails 14.00 to 19.50 

Old steel rails, less than 3 ft. . . . 12.50 to 17.50 

The A. S. C. E. rail sections are most generally used and their 
dimensions are as follows: 

Wt. Rail Base Tread Wt. Rail Base Tread 

(Lbs. per Yd.) (Ins.) (Ins.) (Lbs. per Yd.) (Ins.) (Ins.) 

8 1ft If 55 4ft 2% 

12 2 1 60 4% 2% 

14 2ft 1ft 65 4ft 2 13/32 

16 2% 1 11/64 70 4% 2ft 

20 2% 1 11/32 75 41f 2 15/32 

25 2% lVn 80 5 2y 2 

30 3y 8 lli 85 5ft 2ft 

35 3ft 1% 90 5% 2% 

40 3V 2 1% 95 5ft 2{i 

45 31£ 2 100 5% 2%. 

50 3 7s 2% 

One flat car will hold about 60 rails of 80 lbs. section. 

The ordinary R. R. rails are classified about as follows: 

I. Pit for main track on a standard railroad. 
II. Sides worn from curves but perfectly smooth. 
III. In good condition but with battered ends which can be cut 

off and the bolt holes rebored. 
IV. Fit only for sidings. 



oo^ososenen^eoeototo-H^ W *!f^ °* r trf' 

ocnostosiosiooiocnoa^bsottoo pounas per yd. 



'ui'ui'ai'm'w'ui'ui . . . 

pbbbopo*-' , > oeo >* kenas<,oo w • • Bectlon N °- 

HHHHMHH 



eo co co eo co eo eo co co eo eo co eo co eo co eo eo eo Number of t>airs 
esosososososos *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*. *.*.*. ot splice Dars. 



tnoioioooooioioiCToiCToioicnoioioi Number of bolts. 1-3 

w 

ooooooooooooooooooo H 

OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS 03 Number Of SpikeS t^ 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.OOOO h} £ 

02 L 

(opo^oi^frwwMMHoppopppo Weight of splice H S 

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS bars, gr. tons. Kg 

S*uS*SS*-:SS22***bbb-Weisht of bolts, § § 

«7!*.H'00O3Os*.-q-q©©C5C3encncn-4-a-j gr. tons. CO 72 

■ m s 

tsMfotsiflfsjojjMHMHMpopppp^eight of spikes, S S 

oooooooooooooo-qeo-qenencnoo-q-q*.*.*. or*, tons ^s 

oooooooie*oo(B»eoH-q«a»wco &1 " •- , -'" - 53 

F g 

toto.-oo^^p505t n _*.cotobsh- - h-«[-ppp Total weight of H H 

to os -a en -q os en m co en ?o oo oo -q oo oo to ^ co lasieningss, gr. £ q 

en tons. g W 

toH>^©»oo-3-ao5en*.weototoh->t-*i->i-» We jp. n t of rails > 

en^o_to_*._05 0o©toen-3pi-ipitoooen*.to *vei & iiL uj. idiis, £ 

Uco©U'ts*.en^oo©h^to*.H'©bo'-ah-'en £*• tons, m 

M OS © tO 5fi CO -q H» OS © *• «0 CO *. © OS h-» *— J 

MM- Mh- . ^ 

cototoi-i©cooo-qo3enen*.eotototoi-«i-'i-'Total Weight Of Q 

cop^ptsseocn^i-qtopH^cooseoposCTeo rails and fast- 

eo^*.entcooen©oo©^q«otooo*.coo50*. eninSTS. ST. ton S. 
C0tO-q-qO5<OtOb0«oenCO-qi-'M00*.COl-'© c ' s °' 6 ' «.««=• 



r**<M° 


o< ©<5 

..* p s9l 


30 f 

sr 

y in 

feet 

ft. 


&"o r 


3-<r§ 



PiPsS 

O 3 «" 
S> ft 

3 M CO 

© © 
to tn " 

© 3* N- 
O O 



CD £ » 

£.5 n 

■a 



526 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



FISHPLATES AND BOLTS REQUIRED FOR ONE MILE 
SINGLE TRACK 



Complete 
Length of Rail. Joints. 

All 21 feet 503 

All 24 feet 440 

All 26 feet 406 

All 28 feet 377 



Complete 
Length of Rail. Joints. 

All 30 feet 352 

90 per cent., 30 feet ) ocg 
10 per cent., shorter J 



Each joint consists of two plates and four bolts and nuts. 
Therefore the number of plates required is twice as many as 
the number of complete joints, and the number of bolts required 
is four times as many. If six bolts are required for a joint, 
then the number of bolts will be six times the number of 
complete joints. 

RAILROAD SPIKES. 
Size 



Meas- 
ured Average Number 
Under per Keg of 
Head, v 200 Pounds. 
6 x& 320 

375 
400 
450 
530 
680 
600 
720 
1000 
800 
900 
1190 
1240 
1342 



Ties 2 Feet between 
Centers, 4 Spikes 
per Tie Needed per Mile. 
6600 pounds'— 32 kegs 
5870 pounds — 30 kegs 
5170 pounds — 26 kegs 
4660 pounds — 23% kegs 
3960 pounds — 20 kegs 
3110 pounds — 15% kegs 
3520 pounds — 17% kegs 
2910 pounds — 14% kegs 
2090 pounds — 10% kegs 
2200 pounds — 11 kegs 
2350 pounds — 12 kegs 
1780 pounds — 9 kegs 
1710 pounds — 8% kegs 
1575 pounds — 7% kegs 



Rail Used, 
Weight 
per Yard. 

45 to 100 
40 to 56 
35 to 40 

25 to 35 



12 to 16 



PERMANENT SWITCHES. 



Wt. 
of rail, 

lbs. per Length of 
rd. switch points. 



yarc 
12 
16 
20 
20 
25 
25 
30 
30 
35 
35 
40 
40 
40 
45 
45 
45 
50 
50 
50 
60 
60 
60 



5'0" 
5'0" 
5'0" 
7' 6" 
7' 6" 

r 6" 

V 6" 
10' 0" 

V 6" 
10' 0" 
10' 0" 
12' 0" 
15' 0" 
10' 0" 
12' 0" 
15' 0" 
10' 0" 
12' 0" 
15' 0" 
10' 0" 
12* 0" 
15' 0" 



Number and 
style of frog. 

4" 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

4 

5 

4 

5^ 

5 

6 

7 

5 

6 Cast filled 

7 K. and 
5 [ bolted 
6 
7 
5 
6 
U 



Weight of 

complete 

switch, 

pounds. 

215 

260 

310 

360 

425 

470 

485 

585 

550 

665 

740 

885 

990 

840 
1005 
1125 

920 
1105 
1240 
1070 
1295 
1455 



Price. 

$21.40 
23.10 
25.20 
27.50 
29.85 
31.08 
32.00 
35.05 
34.00 
37.15 
38.40 
43.25 
46.85 
42.00 
47.25 
51.45 
43.05 
48.70 
53.15 
47.25 
53.75 
61.20 



RAILS AND TRACKS 



527 



If switches of 25-lb. rails or over are provided with low target 
stand instead of ground throw, $3.00 extra per switch. 

If provided with, banner stand and high target, $6.00 extra. 

Portable Tracks are used mainly for industrial purposes, espe- 
cially in plantations, mines, handling lumber, quarries, wharves, 
power and industrial plants, but many times in general con- 
tractors' work the use of such track is economical because of 
its light weight, compactness, and portability. Portable track 
is usually shipped "knocked down" to save freight charges. 

PORTABLE TRACK. 



Gauge 






Weight 


Price 


of 


-J Weight of Rail- 


per Foot 


per Foot 


Track, 


Pounds 


Kg. 

per Meter. 


of Track, 


Track 


Inches, 


per Yard. 


Pounds. 


Complete. 


20 


9 


4.5 


8.5 


$0,315 


21% 


9 


4.5 


8.5 


0.315 


24 


9 


4.5 


9 


0.315 


20 


12 


6 


11 


0.371 


21% 


12 


6 


11 


0.371 


24 


12 


6 


11.50 


0.371 


30 


12 


6 


12 


0.420 


36 


12 


6 


14 


0.476 


20 


16 


8 


15 


0.476 


21% 


16 


8 


15 


0.476 


24 


16 


8 


15.50 


0.476 


30 


16 


8 


16 


0.515 


36 


16 


8 


17 


0.581 


21% 


20 


10 


17.5 


0.515 


24 


20 


10 


18 


0.515 


30 


20 


10 


19 


0.581 


36 


20 


10 


20 


0.630 



The above prices, etc., are for track in sections of 15' (or 5 m.) 
with 5 ties. 

Section of 7' 6" (or 2.5 m.) length, $0.15 extra per foot, with 3 
ties. 

Curved section, $0.25 extra per foot. 

Note. — All material for 21%" gauge of track for outside flanged 
wheels. 

TABLE 144 — PORTABLE SWITCHES. 



Price. 

$16.80 
16.80 
16.80 
16.80 
18.90 
18.90 
21.00 
47.25 
18.90 
18.90 
21.00 
47.25 
26.25 
26.25 
38.35 
63.00 
21.00 



Gauge 


Weight 










of 


of Rail, 










Track, 


Pounds per 


Length, Radius 


, wt., 


Inches. 


Yard. 


Description. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Pounds. 


20 


9 


Right 


9 


12 


200 


20 


9 


Left 


9 


12 


200 


24 


9 


Right 


9 


12 


205 


24 


9 


Left 


9 


12 


205 


20 


12 


Right 


9 


12 


250 


20 


12 


Left 


9 


12 


250 


20 


12 


Symmetric 


9 


12 


240 


20 


12 


3 way 


9 


12 


370 


24 


12 


Right 


9 


12 


255 


24 


12 


Left 


9 


12 


255 


24 


12 


Symmetric 


9 


12 


245 


24 


12 


3 way 


9 


12 


375 


24 


12 


Right 


15 


30 


350 


24 


12 


Left 


15 


30 


350 


24 


12 


Symmetric 


15 


30 


535 


24 


12 


3 way 


15 


30 


600 


20 


16 


Right 


9 


12 


345 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 
TABLE 144— PORTABLE SWITCHES— (Continued). 



Gauge Weight 












of 


of Rail, 












Track 


, Rounds per 


Length, 


Radius 


Wt., 




Inches. Yard. 


Description. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Pounds. 


Price. 


20 


16 


Left 


9 


12 


345 


$21.00 


20 


16 


Symmetric 


9 


12 


330 


23.10 


20 


16 


3 way 


9 


12 


510 


52.50 


24 


16 


Right , 


9 


12 


350 


21.00 


24 


16 


Left 


9 


12 


350 


21.00 


24 


16 


Symmetric 


9 


12 


335 


23.10 


24 


16 


3 way 


9 


12 


515 


52.50 


24 


16 


Right 


15 


30 


430 


31.50 


24 


16 


Left 


15 


30 


430 


31.50 


24 


16 


Symmetric 


15 


30 


420 


33.60 


24 


16 


3 way 


15 


30 


675 


73.50 


24 


20 


Right 


9 


12 


410 


23.10 


24 


20 


Left 


9 


12 


410 


23.10 


24 


20 


Symmetric 


9 


12 


395 


26.25 


24 


20 


Right 


15 


30 


550 


34.65 


24 


20 


Left 


15 


30 


550 


34.65 


24 


20 


Symmetric 


15 


30 


520 


37.80 


21V 


t 12 


Right 


8 


12 


225 


21.00 


21V 


s 12 


Left 


8 


12 


225 


21.00 


21V 


s 12 


Symmetric 


8 


12 


220 


23.10 


21V 


s 12 


3 way 


8 


12 


350 


50.40 


21V 


s 16 


Right 


8 


12 


310 


23.10 


2iy 


5 16 


Left 


8 


12 


310 


23.10 


21V 


s 16 


Symmetric 


8 


12 


300 


25.20 


21V 


i 16 


3 way 


8 


12 


460 


54.60 



Note. — All material for 21%" gauge of track is for outside 
flanged wheels. 

TURNTABLES. 

Turntables for industrial cars using rail weighing up to about 
20 lbs. per yard, cost from $25.00 to $175.00 and weigh from 
300 to 3,000 lbs. Their capacity ranges from 2 to 7 tons. 




Fig. 242a. Standard Bail-Bearing Turntable. 

DEPRECIATION. 

Rails in general lose value from the following causes: 

1. Through loss of weight due to corrosion. 

2. From becoming bent and unfit for smooth operation. 

3. From the weakening effect of attrition or wear. 

The first of these causes depends partly upon the climatic 
conditions and partly upon the nature of the traffic that goes 
over the rails. Refrigerator cars containing a large amount of 



RAILS AND TRACKS 529 

brine are very deadly to steel rails because the brine leaking 
slowly upon the rail tends to keep it more or less saturated 
with a salt solution which rapidly combines with the iron to 
form hydrated iron oxide or rust. 

The second cause outlined above obtains principally on con- 
tractors' light rail, where the rail is too light for the track and 
where the ties are spaced too far apart. If contractors would 
appreciate the fact that a rail which has been thoroughly kinked 
is fit only for scrap and that it need not be kinked at all if 
the ties are properly spaced, their depreciation on ordinary 
equipment of this kind would be much less than it usually 
averages, and there would be the collateral advantage of fewer 
derailments. Today the habit is growing among contractors 
to use a rail of heavier section than formerly, and also to space 
the ties nearer together. These ties should never be more 
than three ft. apart and seldom more than 30 in. A good 
weight of rail for narrow gauge track is 40 lbs. 

Mr. Thos. Andrews has published the results of some exam- 
inations of the loss of weight per annum of 11 rails of known 
age and condition under mail train traffic in England. The 
first ten of these were in the open and the eleventh, with a life 
of 7 years, was in a tunnel. The average wear and life of each 
are given in the following table: 

Average Loss of 
__ Wt. per Annum, 

Time Life. Pounds per Yard. 

22 years 260 

24 years 0.310 

23 years 0.130 

23 years 0.130 

21 years 0.480 

25 years 0.420 

17 years 0.320 

18 years 0.280 

18 years 0.280 

19 years 0.630 

21 years, average (10) 0.324 

7 years 2.800 

Cost of Bail Unloading 1 . Mr. S. A. Wallace gives the following 
costs for unloading 70-lb., 33-ft. rail by dropping it off the sides 
of cars. The cars unloaded were 3 Gondola cars containing 281 
rails, and 1 fiat car containing 113 rails, a total of 394 rails. 
The time consumed was 3 hours and the cost as follows: 

18 men at $1.10 per day $ 7.59 

3 foremen at $50.00 per month 1.84 

Work train 25.00 

Total $34.43 

This gives a cost of 8.7 cts. per rail, or $27.84 per mile of 
track. 

Under favorable circumstances ninety 85-lb. rails were un- 
loaded from a flat car in 45 minutes at the following cost: 



530 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Train service . $ 1.56 

Labor 1.05 

Total for 90 rails $ 2.61 

This gives a cost of 2.9 cts. per rail, or of $9.30 per mile of 
track. 

Contractors' light track of 30-lb. rail with 36-in. gauge was 
laid on a grading job in 1909. Teams and drivers cost 55 cts.; 
labor, 15 cts., and foreman, 35 cts. per hour. The rail and ties, 
which latter were of 6x6-in. spruce, 5 ft. long, were gathered 
from various places on' the work and hauled by horses an 
average distance of 1,500 ft. to the site of the track; 1,000 ft. 
of track, including 2 complete switches, with ties 4 ft. apart, 
were laid, at a total labor cost of $56.65, or $0,057 per ft. 

1,500 lin. ft. of track, including two switches, similar to above, 
were laid on another job in five days at the following cost: 

1 foreman at $3.50 $ 17.50 

8 men at 1.50 60.00 

1 man at 2.00 10.00 

1 man at 1.75 8.75 

1 team at 5.00 25.00 

$121.25=$0.081/ft. 

The labor cost of unloading and setting up industrial track 
in buildings under construction' is about 3 cts. per lin. ft. of 
track. It costs about the same to move such track from floor 
to floor and set up again. 

PARTICULARS REQUIRED FOR INQUIRIES AND ORDERS. 

In order to facilitate the making up of offers and estimates 
and to save time and unnecessary correspondence, buyers should 
always answer the following questions as completely as possible: 

Por Rails. State weight per yard, name of mill rolling the 
rail and number of section (both of which can be found on web 
of rail), or send sketch of section or a short sample piece. Also 
state drilling of same; distance from end of rail to center of first 
hole and distance from center of first hole to center of second 
hole, and diameter of holes. 

Por Switches. Besides the foregoing, state gauge of track, 
length of switch points, number or angle of frog, style of frog, 
kind of groundthrow or switchstand, radius desired, whether 
right, left, two-way or three-way, and whether for wooden ties 
or mounted on steel ties. 

Por Crossing's. Besides rail section, drilling and gauge, as 
above, for all tracks, that are to be connected by the crossing, 
state angle of crossing, curvature, if any, and style of crossing. 

For Turntables. Besides rail section, drilling and gauge, as 
above, state weight of car, including load to be turned, its 
wheelbase (wheelbase is the distance from center to center of 
axle on one side of the car), diameter of wheels, and whether 
turntable is to be used inside or outside of buildings, and portable 
or permanent. 



RAILS AND TRACKS 



531 



Por Wheels and Axles. State gauge of track, diameter of 
wheels, diameter of axles, outside or inside journal and dimen- 
sions, load per axle, width of tread, height of flange. 

RAIL BENDERS AND TRACK TOOLS. 
Jim Crow Benders cost as follows: 
No. For Rail, Lbs. Weight, Lbs. Price. 

1 100 225 $17.00 

2 75 178 15.00 

3 56 87 11.25 

4 30 63 9.25 

5 20 r 48 7.75 

Roller Rail Benders cost as follows: 

No. For Rail, Lbs. Weight, Lbs. Price. 

3 61 to 70 400 $ 70.00 

4 71 to 80 470 90.00 

5 81 to 90 520 115.00 

6 91 to 100 830 200.00 

Track Tools — Net prices at Chicago for track tools are as fol- 
lows: 

Per Lb. 

Mauls, 6, 8, 10 and 12 lbs $0.05 % 

Chisels, iy 2 , 4% and 5 lbs 12 

Punches, 4, 4% and 5 lbs 12 

Railroad track tongs, 17 lbs., pair 07 V 2 

Rail forks, each 15 lbs 07 




Capacity 
(Inches) 

y 2 



Fig. 243. 

RAIL PUNCHES. 
Holes Up to Weight 



(Inches) (Pounds) 

% 250 

1 350 

1 1% 500 

Extra dies and punches, $4.00 to $8.00. 



Price. 

$ 90.00 
131.65 
169.00 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



RAIL DRILLS. 

Weight, 65 lbs. Price $30.00. 

Guard Bails. The cost of a 15-ft. guard rail with the proper rail 
braces, new, is about as follows: 



-Pounds per Yard- 



Price, $10.30 $9.30 $8.30 $7.30 $6.30 $5.30 $4.80 $3.80 $2.80 $2.30 
Weight, 450 410 370 330 290 240 200 150 100 80 




Fig, 244. 
SPRING RAIL FROGS, 15' LONG. 



-Pounds per Yard- 



Price, $51.00 
Weight, 1600 



3 


3 
o 
PM 


3 
O 


3 
O 


3 
O 


o 

OS 


o 

00 


o 
t- 


o 


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us 


7.50 
L450 


$44.50 
1300 


$41.00 
1170 


$38.00 
1060 


$35.50 
950 



FROGS, 8', WITH 5' PLATE. 



-Pounds per Yard- 



Price, $24.00 $22.00 $20.50 $19.50 $18.50 $17.50 $16.50 $14.50 $13.50 
Wt., 640 570 500 460 415 375 330 260 230 



RAILS AND TRACKS 

For additional length of frog- add per foot of frog: 

90c 75c 65c 50c 45c 33c 30c 

SWITCHES, STANDARD GAUGE, 4' 8%". 

15' Switch, 4 Tie Bars, 10 C. I. Braces, 10 Slides. 
Pounds per Yard 



Price, $43.00 $40.00 $38.00 $34.50 $33.00 $31.00 
Wt., 1300 1200 1075 975 850 725 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



RAKES 



Two-Man Bakes. Two-man rakes, used in leveling broken 
stone, sell at the following net prices, for quantities, at Chicago: 

Per Doz, 

10-tooth $21.25 

12-tooth 23.75 

14-tooth 26.25 

Asphalt or Tar Hakes. Asphalt or tar rakes made of solid 
steel, with drop shank, strap ferrules, 5-ft. selected white ash 
handles and 18-in. square iron shanks, sell at a net price, for 
quantities, at Chicago, of $12.85 per doz. 



REFRIGERATING PLANT 



On large jobs where a camp of considerable size is maintained 
a refrigerating plant would often be very satisfactory. A 3-h. p. 
motor and air compressor with a direct expansion system and 
brine tank auxiliary for storage will take care of a box 9x6x11 
ft., containing \y z tons of perishable foods. The first cost of 
such an equipment would be about $1,000.00 and the operating 
cost of electricity about $20.00 per month. 



, Weight, Pounds. 



i£ 



Cubic Feet Free 
S o « £ Air P er Minute 
5 S ^ at 80 Pounds 

^ £s- ER Pressure. 



Piston Stroke, 
CT •*■ Inches. 



S Length Over All, 



i£ S£ & 









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55 55 

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536 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



On Pierson & Son's work on the East River tunnels for the 
Pennsylvania Railroad 200,000 rivets were required in each of 
2 caissons. The record day's work on the caisson was 1,496 
rivets by a gang with a Boyer riveter working from a regularly 




Fig. 245. Imperial Type E Riveting Hammer. For Driving Rivets 

up to %-inch Diameter. 
suspended scaffold. One extra man worked in the gang. 1,200 
rivets were the ordinary day's work. All rivets had to be tightly 
driven so as to render work absolutely water tight. 

Steel Rivets.* The following prices for steel rivets were f. o. b. 
Pittsburgh and were minimum on contracts for large lots; the 




Fig. 246. Riveting Hammer at Work. 

manufacturers charged the usual advances of $2.00 to $3.00 per 
ton to the small trade. The terms were net cash f. o. b. mill: 

Structural rivets, %-in. and larger, 2.15 cts. base. 

Steel Rivets, f The following prices for steel rivets were f. o. b. 
mill at Pittsburgh: 

Structural rivets, %-in. and larger, 1.90 cts. base; cone head 
boiler rivets, %-in. and larger, 2 cts. base; %-in. and {i-in. take 
an advance of 15 cts., and %-in. and rV-in. take an advance of 
50 cts.; lengths shorter than 1-in. also take an advance of 50 cts. 

* Engineering-Contracting, Apr. 6, 1910. 

t Engineering-Contracting, Apr. 5, 1911. 



ROAD MACHINES 



(See Grading Machines) 

EOAD CONSTRUCTION PLANT OF THE BOARD OF ROAD 
COMMISSIONERS OF WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 

(From Engineering-Contracting, Nov. 9, 1910.) 
Borne years ago Wayne County, Michigan, adopted a plan for 
the construction of good roads throughout the county. In accord- 
ance with this plan a board of county road commissioners, 
reporting to the county supervisors, was appointed to handle 
and disburse all money appropriated for county road purposes. 
A definite systematic plan of road construction covering a period 
of years was adopted, and work under this plan has now been 
under way for four years. The work of the commissioners is 
extensive, covering, as it does, the main highways leading into 
the city of Detroit and the main highways radiating from the 
smaller communities in the county. One feature of especial 
interest in the work of the commissioners is the comparatively 
large mileage of concrete paved roads that have been constructed. 
Of this type of road about 15 miles have been completed or are 
under way at the present time. Most of the road work has been 
done by day labor, at times as many as 250 men being in the 
employ of the commission. 

In its road work the board has eliminated all hand and horse 
labor wherever the same or better results could be achieved by 
machinery. Stone, cement and sand are hauled in trains of from 
two to six cars holding seven ton loads by road engines. Water 
is piped and pumped by gasoline engines wherever possible. 
Plowing and grading are done behind an engine. Concrete is 
mixed in a mechanical batch mixer which travels under its own 
power and from which a long crane projects over the work, on 
which a clamshell bucket travels with the mixed material. The 
accompanying figures taken from the fourth annual report of the 
road commissioners for the year ending Sept. 30, 1910, show the 
original cost of the plant used by the commissioners in their 
road work: 

Hauling and Grading Machinery and 
Equipment: 

Steam engines 2 $ 4,870.00 

Road rollers 4 9,607.00 

Seven-ton Stone dump wagons 24 6,780.00 

Top boxes for same 24 432.00 

Tongues for same 1 16.00 

Sprinkling wagons 12 2,229.00 

Team dump wagons 4 440.00 

Graders 2 425.00 

Scarifier 1 424.79 

Plows 3 61.75 

Tool wagons 4 190.00 

Tool boxes 2 8.50 

Scrapers, Doan 3 15.00 

Scrapers, steel 2 9.50 

Scrapers, hand 1 1.00 

Scrapers, wheeled 4 100.00 

$25,609.54 
537 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Concrete Equipment: 

Concrete mixers 2 $ 3,475.00 

Platform for same 1 23.15 

Concrete carts 6 114.00 

Wheelbarrows 37 130.27 

Road forms 7 45.90 

Road irons, 25 feet long 3 17.50 

Trowels 2 1.50 

Galvanized cylinder 1 2.50 

Floats, steel 1 .95 

Wire screens 1 1.50 

Name plates 2 27.50 

2-in. black lead pipe, feet, 5,367 302.17 

Canvases for protecting concrete 24 433.93 

Tarpaulins, 20x30 2 78.00 

Tarpaulins, 12x15 2 23.40 

Water tanks, stationary 2 15.00 

Hydrant reducer 1 4.75 

Special goose-neck reducer 1 1.20 

Hose 15.00 

Tampers, various sizes 9 6.75 

Iron pins 48 12.00 

T-squares (grading bars) 9 9.00 



Maintenance Equipment: 
Street sweeper (and extra broom).. 

Road drag 

Scythe and snath 

Tar kettles, 100 gallons 

Wire and splint brooms 


1 
1 
3 

! 14 
. 14 
. 15 

. set 




4,740.97 

238.00 

15.63 

5.25 

220.00 

8.40 

14.00 


Barrel spouts 


.90 


Blacksmithing Outfit and Tools: 
Post drill 




502.18 
10.50 


Ratchet drill 

Breast drill 

Drill bits 


6.75 
3.75 
4.15 
16.80 




10.80 




4.60 




.50 


Hacksaw 


1.00 



Shovels and Handled Tools: 

Shovels, L. H 87 

Shovels, D. H 67 

Shovels, scoop 7 

Spades, garden 7 

Spades, tiling 20 

Stone forks 17 

Picks : 47 

Grub hoes 2 

Mattocks 14 

Stone rakes 5 

Post hole digger 1 

Hoes 3 

Crowbars 4 



48.40 


5.25 


4.88 


18.90 


30.69 


30.75 


1.00 


11.20 


3.75 


1.50 


2.75 


2.40 



ROAD MACHINES 539 

Concrete Tile Making Equipment: 

Molds, 8-in 5 $ 87.50 

Molds, 12-in 7 153.50 

Top rings, 8-in 5 4.00 

Top rings, 12-in 3 2.85 

Bottom rings, 8-in 36 18.00 

Bottom rings, 12-in 72 46.90 

Irons for bending reinforcement 1 2.00 

Pallets 200 27.12 

$ 341.87 

Camp Equipment: 

Mess and bunk tents 2 $ 104.86 

Outhouse tents 2 3.92 

Tent cover, 20x30, with poles 1 42.14 

Canvas fences 2 7.35 

Cots 18 16.02 

Pads for cots 15 18.75 

Comforters 18 17.64 

Pillows IS 8.82 

Pillow-cases 18 2.25 

B blankets 18 28.62 

G blankets 18 10.62 

Towels 12 1.25 

Dishes, cutlery, pots, kettles, cooking 

utensils and other camp equipment.. .. 98.93 

$ 361.17 
In addition to the above the commissioners own the following: 

Cost. 

Carpenters' tools $ 32.73 

Miscellaneous 131.96 

Engineering and office equipment 1,025.97 

Cement testing apparatus 55.05 

The total original cost of the plant and property was $33,185.38. 
The depreciation for 1909 was placed at $3,850.88 and the depre- 
ciation for 1910 at 15 per cent was placed at $4,400.18. 

ROAD-MAKING- PLANT. 

The following is the approximate cost of a road-making plant, 
operating in the State of Missouri: 

Six dump cars and 200 ft. of trackage for use in quarry. .$ 600.00 

Crusher, 11 in. by 18 in., 25 tons per hour capacity 775.00 

Bin — 3 sections 350.00 

Elevator — 14 ft 150.00 

Revolving screen — 30 in., 4 ft. long 125.00 

Two traction engines — 20 h. p 3,000.00 

One 10-ton steam roller — 15 h. p 2,500.00 

One 6-horse grader 200.00 

Six dump wagons — 1% cu. yds 600.00 

Twelve hand drills, 12 picks, 12 crowbars, 24 shovels.... 50.00 

One road plow, $5 — 11 in. cut, 4 horse 20.00 

Six wheelers, No. 2 — 12 cu. ft. capacity 200.00 

Six drags, No. 2 — 4% cu. ft. capacity 40.00 

Sprinkling wagon, No. 3 — 600 gals, capacity 325.00 

$8,935.00 
Moving the plant 12 miles overland and setting it up at a new 
quarry cost $500. After the move, the plant, new to begin with, 
which had only been used to build four miles of 16-ft. roadbed, 
cost $200 for new fittings and repairs, which, for six months' 
use, is an annual depreciation on plant of 5 per cent of the cost. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



ROOFING SLATE 



Market Price. Quotations are named per "square," or 100 sq. 
ft. of roof surface, in carload lots of the sizes most generally 
used, f. o. b. quarry station: 

Per 100 Sq. Ft. 

Vermont, sea green $ 3.50 to $4.10 

Pennsylvania, Bangor Ribbon 3.50 to 4.00 

Maine, Brownsville No. 1 5.00 to 7.75 

Maine, Brownsville No. 2 4.50 to 6.00 

No. 1 red 10.50 to 12.00 

Unfading green 4.00 to 5.50 

Genuine Bangor 4.00 to 6.50 

Pen Argyle 4.00 to 5.50 



ROLLERS 



A reversible horse roller of the latest type, with two rolls 
having a total face width of 5 ft., is manufactured in sizes from 
3% to 10 tons of y 2 -ton variation and is sold for $70.00 per ton. 
The diameter of the rolls varies from 4% ft. on the lightest 
rollers to 6 ft. on the heaviest. 

A steel reversible horse road roller having two rolls of a 
total width of 5 ft. comes in the following sizes and prices: 

3y 2 -ton $230.00 

4-ton 260.00 

4%-ton 290.00 

5-ton 325.00 

5%-ton 355.00 

or about $65.00 per ton. 

Horse Lawn Rollers in 3 to 5 sections, weighing 500 to 1,500 
lbs., cost 3% cts. per lb. 

HAND ROLLERS 



Diameter 


Length 


Sections- 


"Weight 




(Ins.) 


(Ins.) 


(Ins.) 


(Lbs.) 


Price 


15 


24 


3 


200 


$ 8.00 


20 


24 


3 


300 


12.00 


20 


24 


2 


300 


12.00 


24 


24 


2 


450 


17.75 


24 


24 


3 


450 


17.75 



Rollers 50 to 300 lbs. heavier than any of the above, 4 cts. per 
lb. extra. 

HORSE ROLLERS 





Diameter 


Length 


No. 


Face 


Weight 


Price 


No. 


(Ins.) 


(Ft.) 


Sections 


(Ins.) 


(Lbs.) 


Each 


80 


36 


4 


4 


12 


3,000 


$141 


81 


36 


5 


5 


12 


3,500 


161 


Xtt 


36 


6 


6 


12 


4,000 


180 


83 


48 


3% 


3 


15 


4,000 


186 


84 


48 


5 


4 


15 


5,000 


228 


85 


48 


6 V* 


5 


15 


6,000 


270 


86 


54 


3% 


3 


15 


6,000 


276 


87 


54 


5 


4 


15 


8,000 


363 


88 


54 


6% 


5 


15 


10,000 


450 



A standard steam-driven road roller with a double cylinder 
engine, having two speeds, which can be thrown out of gear 
and used for motor power (for which purpose a set of extra 
driving attachments are necessary), is made in three sizes. It 
has a differential gear and a hand wheel steering device, and is 
constructed entirely of steel, with the exception of wheels and 
engine bed, which are of cast iron. 



Weight 
Price 



10 Tons 
$2,500 



12 Tons 
$2,650 



15 Tons 

$2,850 



Another standard steam roller of improved type whose points 
of superiority lie in the extra large steam dome, the fly wheel 



542 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

and crank shaft mounted so as not to obstruct the view, differ- 
ential gear, two speeds, and a very accessible boiler, also has a 




Fig. 247. Cast Iron Reversible Road Roller 



sloping crown sheet which assists in keeping this part covered 
with water when working head-on down hill. 

"Weight 10 Tons 12 Tons 15 Tons 

Price $2,400 $2,800 $3,300 

A 10-ton steam road roller which is convertible into a traction 
engine has the following advantages: a short wheel base allowing 




Fig. 248. Iroquois 5-Ton Tandem. 



ROLLERS 543 

short turnings, a spring differential gear, a friction clutch for 
gradual application of power, a steam-operated friction steering 
mechanism, S^xlO-in. cylinder. Simple engine, $2,000.00; com- 
pound engine, $2,100.00. 

Extra traction engine wheels and equipment, $110.00. 

Another 10-ton road roller convertible into a traction engine, 
which has a boiler of the return flue type and a friction steering 
device, costs $2,400.00. The front roll of this roller, when 
detached and fitted with a pole, which is included in the above 
price, can be used as -a horse roller. 

A 5-ton tandem roller (Fig. 248), with a vertical boiler and an 
engine of the double cylinder plain slide valve type, costs 
$1,600.00. Power steering device, $50.00 extra. 

Cost of maintenance and Operation of Steam Kellers. The 
following table shows the cost of maintenance and operation of 
the six steam road rollers owned by the city of Grand Rapids, 
Mich. The figures have been taken from the annual report of 
the City Engineer for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1911. 



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544 



ROLLERS 



545 



Repairs on two rollers of the convertible type during the first 
season of operation cost $86.00; $77.00 of this was for one roller 
which had not been kept in good shape and $9.00 was for the 
other roller, which was operated by a particularly efficient 
engineer. 

In 1905, on 16 steam rollers belonging to the Massachusetts 
Highway Commissioners, each roller averaged 90.3 working days 
per year and the average cost of repairs was $1.12 per day per 
roller. 

In 1906 the total days' work of 16 rollers under the control of 
the Massachusetts Highway Commission was 1,719.5, an average 
of 107.5 days per roller per season. Total cost for maintenance 
of these rollers was as follows: 

$1,725.00 for practically rebuilding two rollers which had been 
in active service about ten years, and an average of $53.14 each 
on 14 others. The total cost of repairs on 16 rollers was, there- 
fore, $2,468.96, or an average of $154.31 each. 

In 1907 the above 16 rollers did 1,808 days' work, an average 
of 113 days per roller per season. Two rollers were practically 
rebuilt for $1,888.00 and ordinary repairs on the 14 others cost 
.$651.69. The total average cost was, therefore, $158.73. 

Mr. Thomas Aitken, the English author, states that the repairs 




Fig. 249. American Motor Road Roller (Left Side View). 



on a roller up to the 14th year were small, with the exception 
of new driving wheels and repairs to the firebox and tubes. All 
repairs amounted to an average of $55.00 a year. At this time 
heavy repairs, costing $850.00, were needed. The total cost per 
year during a life of 25 years, of 100 working days each, is 
$105.00, or 5% of the first cost. The rear wheels of a roller 
lasted 7 years, during which time they consolidated 60,000 tons of 
road metal. 



546 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

A motor road roller of the 3-wheeled type (Fig. 249), operated 
by gasoline or denatured alcohol, is made in five sizes at the 
following prices: 

Price f. o. b. 
Size. Factory 

7-ton $2,250 

8-ton 2,300 

10-ton 2,500 

12-ton 2,650 

15-ton 3,000 

The 10-ton or larger sizes will haul a scarifier, grader or road 
plow. 

This machine has a trussed frame made of heavy steel plates, 
which carries the engine, thereby eliminating a great defect 
found in steam rollers, that of making the boiler act as the 
frame. 

Some of the advantages over the steam roller claimed for this 
machine by the manufacturers are: 

1. No smoke, steam, sparks or soot blowing about. 

2. No daily water supply needed. 

3. No daily coal supply needed. 

4. No nightly banking of fires. 

5. No time lost raising steam. 

6. Licensed engineer not necessary. 

7. No laying up for boiler repairs. 

The great disadvantage is the unreliability of all gasoline 
engines. However, in situations where coal transportation is 
expensive, a motor roller is the proper machine to use, as it has 
a tank capacity for 10 to 20 hours' fuel, and can trail a tank 
wagon carrying a month's supply. 



ROPE 



Wire Rope. The first wire ropes were constructed largely of 
iron wire, but the modern wire rope is made of variously 
manipulated and treated carbon steels. The usual classifications 
are: 

Iron. 

Crucible steel. 

Extra strong crucible steel. 

Plow steel. 

The so-called Iron is a mild Bessemer or Basic steel of from 
60,000 to 100,000 lbs. per square inch tensile strength; the 
Crucible Steel is a carbon open hearth steel of from 160,000 to 
200,000 lbs. per square inch tensile strength; the Extra Strong 
Crucible Steel ranges in strength from 200,000 to 240,000 lbs. 
per square inch, and the Plow Steel ranges from about 240,000 
lbs. per square inch up. 

Up to May 1, 1909, the breaking strengths of wire rope man- 
ufactured in the United States were based upon the strength of 
the individual wires in the rope, but since that time all manu- 
facturers have adopted strength figures compiled from results 
of actual tests. 

There are a vast number of arrangements possible in wire rope 
construction, but the usual construction is one in which a number 
of wires are built up on a hemp core. 

Discounts. The standard discounts, Dec, 1913, were 47% and 
2Y2% from list for galvanized, and 55% and 2V 2 % for the bright. 

TRANSMISSION, HAULAGE OR STANDING ROPE. 




Fig. 250. 6 
Strands — 7 
Wires to the 
Strand — One 
Hemp Core. 



Six strands of seven wires each built on a 
hemp core make what is known as haulage rope. 
This is one of the oldest types and was formerly 
largely used for power transmission, but now its 
use is largely confined to mines, for slope haulage 
systems embodying endless and tail rope applica- 
tions, on coal docks, in oil well drillings, and, 
when galvanized, as guys for derricks. It will 
stand considerable abrasion and rough handling, 
but is stiff, and its use, therefore, is limited. 



548 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

PRICES TRANSMISSION, HAULAGE OR STANDING ROPE. 

(Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910) 

6-Strands — 7 Wires to the Strand — One Hemp Core 

SWEDES IRON 



•o c 


o 

2 ft 


u 

II 


AS 
» 

g- 5 
2® 

B 4 




. 
c r ° 


Proper 
Working 
Load in 
tons of 
2,000 Lbs. 


e ® 

si si 


n 


$0.51 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


32 


6.4 


16 


12 


.43 


1% 


4% 


3 


28 


5.6 


15 


13 


.36 


1% 


4 


2.45 


23 


4.6 


13 


14 


.30 


1% 


3% 


2 


19 


3.8 


12 


15 


.24 


1 


3 


1.58 


15 


3 


10.5 


16 


.18V 2 


% 


2% 


1.20 


12 


2.4 


9 


17 


.14 


% 


2% 


.89 


8.8 


1.7 


7.5 


18 


.12 


t* 


2% 


.75 


7.3 


1.5 


7.25 


19 


.10 


% 


2 


.62 


6 


1.2 


7 


20 


.08% • 


ft 


1% 


.50 


4.8 


.96 


6 


21 


.06% 


% 


1% 


.39 


3.7 


.74 


5.5 


22 


.05% 


ft 


1% 


.30 


2.6 


.52 


4.5 


23 


.04 y 2 


% 


1% 


.22 


2.2 


.44 


4 


24 


.03% 


1% 


1 


.15 


1.7 


.34 


3.5 


25 


.0314 


9/32 


% 


• 12% 


1.2 


.24 


3 






CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL 






11 


$0.60 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


63 


12.6 


11 


12 


.51 


1% 


4% 


3 


53 


10.6 


10 


13 


.43 


1% 


4 


2.45 


46 


9.2 


9 


14 


.36 


1% 


3% 


2 


37 


7.4 


8 


15 


.29 


1 


3 


1.58 


31 


6.2 


7 


16 


• 22% 


% 


2% 


1.20 


24 


4.8 


6 


17 


.17 




2% 


.89 


18.6 


3.7 


5 


18 


.14% 


it 

% 


2% 


.75 


15.4 


3.1 


4% 


19 


.12 


2 


.62 


13 


2.6 


4% 


20 


.10 


ft 


1% 


.50 


10 


2 


4 


21 


.08 


% 


1% 


.39 


7.7 


1.5 


3% 


22 


.06% 


ft 

% 


1% 


.30 


5.5 


1.1 


3 


23 


.051/2 


1% 


.22 


4.6 


.92 


2% 


24 


.04% 


ft 


1 


.15 


3.5 


.70 


2% 


25 


.04 


9/32 


7 /s 


.12% 


2.5 


.50 


1* 




EXTRA 


. STRONG CRUCIBLE 


CAST ! 


STEEL. 




U 


$0.75 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


73 


14.6 


11 


12 


.64 


1% 


4% 


3 


63 


12.6 


10 


13 


.53 


1% 


4' 


2.45 


54 


10.8 


9 


14 


.44 


1% 


3% 


2 


43 


8.6 


8 


15 


.35 


1 


3 


1.58 


35 


7 


7 


16 


.27 


% 


2% 


1.20 


28 


5.6 


6 


17 


.20 


% 


2% 


.89 


21 


4.2 


5 


18 


.17 


ft 


2% 


.75 


16.7 


3.3 


4% 


19 


.14% 


% ' 


2, 


.62 


14.5 


2.9 


4% 


20 


.12 


ft 


1% 


.50 


11 


2.2 


4 


21 


.09% 


% 


1% 


.39 


8.85 


1.8 


3% 


22 


• 07% 


ft 


1% 


.30 


6.25 


1.25 


3 


23 


.06 


% 


1% 


.22 


5.25 


1.05 


2% 


24 


• 05% 




1 


.15 


3.95 


.79 


2% 


25 


.05 


9/32 


% 


• 12% 


2.95 


.59 


1% 











ROPE 






549 








PLOW STEEL. 


















<H 




u -o 


0) 

.a 

■SB 




to « 

3 a 


u 
.2 c 

cr 


■ 0) . 


g'|y£ 


ah _o 


Proper 
Working 
Load in 
Tons of 
2,000 Lbs. 


o a <o 
.5 w 

gowk 


11 


$0.90 


vt 


4% 


3.55 


82 


16.4 


11 


12 


.76 


4y 4 


3 


72 


14.4 


10 


13 


.62 


i% 


4 


2.45 


60 


12 


9 


14 


.51 


i% 


3% 


2 


47 


9.4 


8 


15 


.41 


i 


3 


1.58 


38 


7.6 


7 


16 


.32 


% 


2% 


1.20 


31 


6.2 


6 


17 


.24% 


% 


2% 


.89 


23 


4.6 


5 


18 


.21 


« 


2% 


.75 


18 


3.6 


4% 
4% 


19 


.17 y 2 


% 


2 


.62 


16 


3.2 


20 


.14% 


ft 


1% 


.50 


12 


2.4 


4 


21 


• 11% 


% 


1% 


.39 


10 


2 


3% 


22 


.09 


ft 


1% 


.30 


7 


1.4 


3 


23 


.06 % 


% 


1% 


.22 


5.9 


1.2 


2% 


24 


.06 


ft 


1 


.15 


4.4 


.88 


21/4 


25 


.05% 


9/32 


% 


• 12% 


3.4 


.68 


1% 






MONITOR PLOW STEEL. 






11 


$1.05 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


90 


18 


11 


12 


.88 


1% 


4y 4 


3 


79 


16 


10 


13 


.72 


\l 


4 


2.45 


67 


13 


9 


14 


.58 


3% 


2 


52 


10 


8 


15 


.48 


1 


3 


1.58 


42 


8.4 


7 


16 


.37 


% 


2% 
2% 


1.20 


33 


6.6 


6 


17 


.28% 


% 


.89 


25 


5 


5 


18 


.24% 


H 


2% 


.75 


20 


4 


4% 
4% 


19 


.20% 


% 


2 


.62 


17% 


3.5 


20 


.17 


ft 


1% 


.50 


13 


2.6 


4 


21 


.13% 


y 2 


1% 


.39 


11 


2.2 


3% 


22 


• U% 


ft 


iy* 


.30 


7% 


1.5 


3 


23 


.08 34 


% 


1% 


.22 


6% 


1.3 


2% 



All ropes not listed herein and composed of more than 7 and less 
than 19 wires to the strand, with the exception of 6x8, take 19 
wire list. 

Add 10 per cent to list prices for wire center or galvanized rope. 




Fig. 251. 6 
Strands — 19 
Wires to the 
Strand — One 
Hemp Core. 



STANDARD HOISTING ROPE. 

Six strands of nineteen wires each make a 
hoisting rope which has a wider and more varied 
application than any other type. It combines 
both flexibility and wearing service and is used in 
mining shafts, for operating the cages and eleva- 
tors, derricks, coal and ore handling machines, 
logging, dredges, skip hoists, conveyors, etc. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

PRICES STANDARD HOISTING ROPE. 

(Standard Streng-ths, Adopted May 1, 1910) 

Strands — 19 "Wires to the Strand — One Hemp Core 

SWEDES IRON 



.a 






So 




rt od 
o c o 


in 

dj-^'d too 
ages co 




eg 


03 0> 

3 ft 




5« 




G~| o 


o>?o OO 


gase 


00 


$1.70 


2% 


8% 


11.95 


Ill 


22.2 


17 





1.40 


2% 


7% 


9.85 


92 


18.4 


15 


1 


1.17 


2% 


7% 


8 


72 


14.4 


14 


2 


.95 


2 


6% 


6.30 


55 


11 


12 


2% 


.88 


1% 


5% 


5.55 


50 


10 


12 


3 


.80 


1% 


5% 


4.85 


44 


8.8 


11 


4 


.65 


1% 


5 


4.15 


38 


7.6 


10 


5 


.57 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


33 


6.6 


9 


5% 


.49 


1% 


4% 


3 


28 


5.6 


8.5 


6 


.40 


1% 


4 


2.45 


22.8 


4.56 


7.5 


7 


.33 


1% 


3% 


2 


18.6 


3.72 


7 


8 


.26 


1 


3 


1.58 


14.5 


2.90 


6 


9 


.20 


7 /s 


2% 


1.20 


11.8 


2.36 


5.5 


10 


.16 


% 


2% 


.89 


8.5 


1.70 


4.5 


10% 


.12 


% 


2 


.62 


6 


1.20 


4 


10% 


.10 


& 


1% 


.50 


4.7 


.94 


3.5 


10% 


.08% 


% 


1% 


.39 


3.9 


.78 


3 


10a 


.07% 


t 


1% 


.30 


2.9 


.58 


2.75 


10b 


.07 


1% 


.22 


2.4 


.48 


2.25 


10c 


.06 3/ 4 


A 


1 


.15 


1.5 


.30 


2 


lOd 


.06% 


% 


% 


.10 


1.1 


.22 


1.50 






CRUCIBLE 


CAST i 


STEEL. 






00 


$2.10 


2% 


11 


11.95 


211 


42.2 


11 





1.75 


2% 


9.85 


170 


34 


10 


1 


1.44 


2% 


7% 


8 


133 


26.6 


9 


2 


1.16 


2 


6% 


6.30 


106 


21.2 


8 


2y 2 


1.02 


1% 


5% 


5.55 


96 


19 


8 


3 


.90 


1% 


5% 


4.85 


85 


17 


7 


4 


.77 


\1% 


5 


4.15 


72 


14.4 


6.5 


5 


.66 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


64 


12.8 


6 


5y 2 


.56 


1% 


4% 


3 


5 6 


11.2 


5.5 


6 


.46 


1% 


4 


2.45 


47 


9.4 


5 


7 


.38 


1% 


3% 


2 


38 


7.6 


4.5 


8 


.31 


1 


3 


1.58 


30 


6 


4 


9 


.24 


% 


2% 


1.20 


23 


4.6 


3.5 


10 


.19 


% 


2% 


.89 


17.5 


3.5 


3 


10% 


.14 


% 


2 


.62 


12.5 


2.5 


2.5 


10% 


.12 


A 


1% 


.50 


10 


2 


2.25 


10% 


.11 


% 


1% 


.39 


8.4 


1.68 


2 


10a 


.10 


A 


1% 


.30 


6.5 


1.30 


1.75 


10b 


.09% 


% 


1% 


.22 


4.8 


.96 


1.50 


10c 


.09% 


A 


1 


.15 


3.1 


.62 


1.25 


lOd 


.09 


% 


% 


.10 


2.2 


.44 


1 



ROPE 
EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL. 



u 


o 


Is 


3 <D 


o be™ 


oso 


per 
jrking 
ad in 
ns of 
00 Lbs 


fc-< to 


3 ft 




8« 








gage 


00 


$2.55 


2% 


8% 


11.95 


243 


48.6 


ii 





2.10 


2y 2 


7% 


9.85 


200 


40 


10 


1 


1.70 


2% 


7% 


8 


160 


32 


9 


2 


1.34 


2 


6% 


6.3 


123 


24.6 


8 


2y 2 


1.25 


1% 


5% 


5.55 


112 


22.4 


8 


3 


1.10 


1% 


5y 2 


4.85 


99 


19.8 


7 


4 


.94 




5 


4.15 


83 


16.6 


6.5 


5 


.80 


1 % 


4% 


3.55 


, 73 


14.6 


6 


5% 


.68 


1% 


4% 


3 


64 


12.8 


5.5 


6 


.56 


1% 


4 


2.45 


53 


10.6 


5 


7 


.46 


1% 


3% 


2 


43 


8.6 


4.5 


8 


.37 


1 


3 


1.58 


34 


6.80 


4 


9 


.29 


% 


2% 


1.20 


26 


5.20 


3.5 


10 


.22 


% 


2% 


.89 


20 2 


4.04 


3 


10% 


.16% 


% 


2 


.62 


14 


2.80 


2.5 


io y 2 


.14 


A 


1% 


.50 


11.2 


2.24 


2.25 


10% 


.12 y 3 


% 


* 1% 


.39 


9.2 


1.84 


2 


10a 


.11 % 


ft 


1% 


.30 


7.25 


1.45 


1.75 


10b 


.11 


1% 


.22 


5.30 


1.06 


1.50 


10c 


.10% 


A 


1 


.15 


3.50 


.70 


1.25 


lOd 


.10% 


% 


% 


.10 


2.43 


.49 


1 



PLOW STEEL. 



00 


$3.00 


2% 


8% 


11.95 


275 


55 


11 





2.50 


2% 


7% 


9.85 


229 


46 


10 


1 


2.00 


2% 


7% 


8 


186 


37 


9 


2 


1.58 


2 


6% 


6.3 


140 


28 


8 


2% 


1.46 


1% 


5% 


5.55 


127 


25 


8 


3 


1.30 


1% 


5% 


4.85 


112 


22 


7 


4 


1.08 


1% 


5 


4.15 


94 


19 


6.5 


5 


.93 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


82 


16 


6 


5% 


.79 


1% 


4% 


3 


72 


14 


5.5 


6 


.65 


1% 


4 


2.45 


58 


12 


5 


7 


.54 


1% 


3% 


2 


47 


9.4 


4.5 


8 


.43 


1 


3 


1.58 


38 


7.6 


4 


9 


.34 


7 /s 


2% 


1.20 


29 


5.8 


3.5 


10 


.26 


% 


2% 


.89 


23 


4.6 


3 


10% 


.19 


% 


2 


.62 


15.5 


3.1 


2.5 


10% 


.16 


ft 


1% 


.50 


12.3 


2.4 


2.25 


10% 


.14 


1% 


.39 


10 


2 


2 


10a 


.13 


A 


1% 


.30 


8 


1.6 


1.75 


10b 


.12% 


I 


1% 


.22 


5.75 


1.15 


1.50 


10c 


.12% 




.15 


3.8 


.76 


1.25 


lOd 


.12 


% 


% 


.10 


2.65 


.53 


1 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 
MONITOR PLOW STEEL 



1 

0> 

■d 


o' 

u 
o 

a 

1 
S 

Ph 


w 

O) 

o 

c 

C 

Sh 

s 


.5 
« 

o 

c 

O! 

t-l 

03 

d« 

3f5 


4) 
ft 

Xi 
to 

* . 

£ ° 


0>O 

o to 


o 
tow 

5 c 

ss 

o CO 

(D'OO 
ftaJ© 


.2 a; co 


ri 




£S 


£c 


GO 


fto 


o oo 


S t-'o 


H 


13 


5 


u M 


ftfc. 
<3 


°^ 


Ph 


5^ 


00 


$3.45 


2% 


8% 


11.95 


315 


63 


ii 





2.80 


2% 


7 7 / 8 


9.85 


263 


53 


10 


1 


2.50 


2% 


7% 


8 


210 


42 


9 


2 


1.85 


2 


6% 


6.30 


166 


33 


8 


2% 


1.75 


17s 


5% 


5.55 


150 


30 


8 


3 


1.60 


1% 


5% 


4.85 


133 


27 


7 


4 


1.30 


1% 


5 


4.15 


110 


22 


6% 


5 


1.10 


IS 


4% 


3.55 


98 


20 


6 


5% 


.90 


' 4% 


3 


84 


17 


5% 


6 


.75 


1% 


4 


2.45 


69 


14 


5 


7 


.62 


1% 


3y 2 


2 


56 


11 


4% 


8 


.50 


1 


3 


1.58 


45 


9 


4 


9 


.39 


% 


2% 


1.20 


35 


7 . 


3% 


10 


.31 


% 


2% 


.89 


26.3 


5.3 


3 


10% 


.22% 


% 


2 


.62 


19 


3.8 


2% 


io y 2 


.19 


A 


1% 


.50 


14.5 


2.9 


2% 


10% 


.17 


y 2 


iy 2 


.39 


12.1 


2.4 


2 


10a 


M 


4 


i% 


.30 


9.4 


1.9 


1% 


10b 


i% 


.22 


6.75 


1.35 


iy 2 


10c 


• 13% 


•ft 


i 


.15 


4.50 


.9 


i% 


lOd 


.13 


% 


% 


.10 


3.15 


.63 


i 



All ropes not listed herein and composed of strands made up of 
more than 19 and less than 37 wires, take 37 wire list. 

Add 10% to prices for wire center or galvanized rope. 

"Where the requirements are severe, we recommend Monitor 
rope. It is the strongest and most efficient rope produced. 

"It is indispensable for heavy dredging, logging, stump pulling, 
derricks, coal and ore hoisting service." 



EXTRA FLEXIBLE STEEL HOISTING 
ROPE. 

Eight strands of nineteen wires each make 
an extra flexible rope whose application is 
confined to a somewhat limited field. . It is 
used on derricks and in similar places where 
sheaves are of very small diameter, and in 
flexibility is about on a par with the 6x37 
construction, differing only in the fact that 
it is not quite as strong, owing to its large 
hemp center. 




Fig. 252. 
Strands — 19 
Wires to the 
Strand — One 
Hemp Center. 



ROPE 553 

LIST PRICES EXTRA FLEXIBLE STEEL HOISTING ROPE. 

Standard Strengths Adopted May 1, 1910. 

Eight Strands — 19 Wires to the Strand — One Hemp Core. 

CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL. 



So 

+J Si 

3° 


u <u 


COO 

3 CUM 

s< 


ta« 

0,0 U 


eggs 

•< 


•5.5° 


Diameter 
of Drum 
Sheave i 
Ft. Advi 


?0.73 


11 


4% 


3.19 


58 


11.6 


3.75 


.62 


4y 4 


2.70 


51 


10.2 


3.5 


.51 


' 1% 


4 


2.20 


42 


8.4 


3.2 


.42 


1% 


3% 


1.80 


34 


6.8 


2.83 


.34 


1 


3 


1.42 


26 


5.2 


2.5 


.27 


% 


2% 


1.08 


20 


4 


2.16 


.21 


% 


2% 


.80 


15.3 


3.06 


1.83 


.16 


% 


2 


.56 


10.9 


2.18 


1.75 


.14 


£ 


1% 


.45 


8.7 


1.74 


1.5 


.12 


% 


IS 


.35 


7.3 


1.46 


1.33 


.11 




.27 


5.7 


1.14 


1.16 


■ 10% 


% 


1% 


.20 


4.2 


.84 


1 


.IO14 


a 


1 


.13 


2.75 


.55 


.83 


.10 


Vi 


% 


.09 


1.80 


.36 


.75 




EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL. 




$0.88 


1% 


4% 


3.19 


66 


13 


3.75 


.75 


1% 


4% 


2.70 


57 


11 


3.5 


.62 


1% 


4 


2.20 


47 


9.4 


3.2 


.51 


1% 


3% 


1.80 


38 


7.6 


2.83 


.41 


1 


3 


1.42 


29.7 


5.9 


2.5 


.32 


% 


2% 


1.08 


23 


4.6 


2.16 


.25 


% 


2% 


.80 


17.6 


3.5 


1.83 


.18% 


% 


2 


.56 


12.4 


2.5 


1.75 


.16 


ft 


1% 


.45 


' N 10.1 


2 


1.5 


.14 


% 


1% 


.35 


8 


1.6 


1.33 


.13 


ft 


1% 


.27 


6.30 


1.26 


1.16 


.12% 


% 


1% 


.20 


4.66 


.93 


1 


.12 


ft 


1 


.13 


3.05 


.61 


.83 


•11% 


% 


% 


.09 


2.02 


.40 


.75 






PLOW STEEL. 






$1.03 


11 


4% 


3.19 


74 


14.8 


3.75 


.87 


4% 


2.70 


64 


12.8 


3.5 


.72 


\l 


4 


2.20 


52 


10.4 


3.2 


.60 


3% 


1.80 


43 


8.6 


2.83 


.48 


1 


3 


1.42 


33 


6.6 


2.5 


.38 


% 


2% 


1.08 


26 


5.2 


2.16 


.29 


% 


2% 


.80 


20 


4 


1.83 


.21 


% 


2 


.56 


14 


2.8 


1.75 


.18 


ft 


1% 


.45 


11.6 


2.32 


1.50 


.16 


* 


1% 


.35 


8.7 


1.74 


1.33 


.15 


1% 


.27 


6.90 


1.38 


1.16 


.14 


% 


1% 


.20 


5.12 


1.02 


1 


.13% 


ft 


1 


.13 


3.35 


.67 


.83 


.13% 


% 


% 


.09 


2.25 


.45 


.75 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



MONITOR PLOW STEEL. 



^ <H 



®+5 

.2 o 

tn o 

4-> « 


02 

• ii 


03 

, <»2 

3 aj£ 


+j o 


4P 


Go « 


C , C2 

C3l . 


03 <P 

3 a 


.2 c 
Q ,rt 


!h (B rj 




ft0Q5w 
<3 




§5££ 


1.19 


1% 


4% 


3.19 


80 


16 


3.75 


.98 


1% 


4% 


2.70 


68 


13 


3.5 


.82 


1% 


4 


2.20 


56 


11 


3.2 


.68 


1% 


3y 2 


1.80 


46 


9.2 


2.83 


.55 


1 


3 


1.42 


36 


7.2 


2.5 


.43 


% 


2% 


1.08 


28 


5.6 


2.15 


.34 


% 


2% 


.80 


22 


4.4 


1.83 


.25 


% 


2 


.56 


15 


3 


1.75 


.22 


& 


1% . 


.45 


12 


2.4 


1.5 


.19 


. % 


i% 


.35 


9.5 


1.9 


1.33 



Add 10% to list prices for galvanized rope. 



SPECIAL FLEXIBLE HOISTING ROPE. 

Six strands of thirty-seven wires each make a 
special flexible rope which is largely used on 
electric travel cranes and for large dredge ropes. 
It permits the use of fairly small sheaves and 
bends over them easily. This rope comes in 
diameters of %-in. variation, but is much better 
in the larger size than the extra strong on 
account of the smaller hemp core. 




Fig. 253. 6 
Strands — 37 
Wires to the 
Strand — One 
Hemp Core. 



LIST PRICES SPECIAL FLEXIBLE HOISTING ROPES 

(Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910) 

Six Strands — 37 Wires to the Strand — One Hemp Core 

CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL. 



J" 
$2.30 
1.92 
1.60 
1.35 
1.05 

.89 
.79 
.65 
.55 
.46 



03 

^2 
.2 c 


03 

Sh <X> jh 




c°| 
x 5fcJ 

o C 


2% 


8% 


11.95 


200 


2y 2 


7% 


9.85 


160 


2% 


7y 8 


8 


125 


2 


6y 4 


6.30 


105 


1% 


5% 


4.85 


84 


1% 


5 


4.15 


71 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


63 


1% 


4% 


3 


55 


1% 


4 


2.45 


45 


1% 


3y 2 


2 


34 



OJ 1-1 03 o 

40 
32 
25 
21 
17 

14 
12 
11 



°oS 



2S5«! 

g 3 <u . 



3.75 
3.5 
3.2 
2.83 



ROPE 555 

CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL— Continued. 













A CO 

.K..H© 

f* O 


<H * 


So 

t, o 


to 

u G> 


03 


+j O 

SJyfc 


0R00 


5 to . 




to 4> 
2 a 


S5 


3 a>£ 


■Si 


< 






| .37 


■ 1 


3 


1.58 


29 


6 


2.5 


.28 


7 /s 


2% 


1.20 


23 


5 


2.16 


.23 


% 


2M 


.89 


17.5 


3.5 


1.83 


.18 


% 


2 


.62 


11.2 


2.2 


1.75 


.15 


ft 


1% 


.50 


9.5 


1.9 


1.5 


.13 


y 2 


1% 


.39 


7.25 


1.45 


1.33 


.12% 


1 


1% 


.30 


5.5 


1.1 


1.16 


.12 


1% 


.22 


4.2 


.84 


1 




EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST 


STEEL 




$2.80 


2% 


8% 


11.95 


233 


47 




2.35 


2y 2 


7 7 /s 


9.85 


187 


37 




1.90 


2% 


7% 


8 


150 


30 




1.55 


2 


6y 4 


6.30 


117 


23 




1.28 


1% 


5% 


4.85 


95 


19 




1.07 


1% 


5 


4.15 


79 


16 




.95 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


71 


14 


3.75 


.78 


1% 


4% 


3 


61 


12 


3.5 


.65 


18 


4 


2.45 


50 


10 


3.20 


.55 


3% 


2 


39 


8 


2.83 


.44 


1 


3 


1.58 


32 


6.4 


2.5 


.34 


% 


2% 


1.20 


25 


5 


.2.16 


;27 


% 


2% 


.89 


19 


3.8 


1.83 


.21 


% 


2 


.62 


12.6 


2.5 


1.75 


.171/2 


A 


1% 


.50 


10.5 


2.1 


1.5 


.15 


y 2 


1% 


.39 


8.25 


1.65 


1.33 


.14 


ft 


58 


.30 


6.35 


1.27 


1.16 


.13 


% 


.22 


4.65 


.93 


1 






PLOW STEEL. 






$3.30 


2% 


8% 


11.95 


265 


53 




2.75 


2% 


?* 


9.85 


214 


43 




2.20 


2% 


8 


175 


35 




1.80 


2 


6% 


6.30 


130 


26 




1.50 


1% 


5% 


4.85 


108 


22 




1.25 


1% 


5 


4.15 


90 


18 




1.10 


1% 


4% 


3.55 


80 


16 


3.75 


.91 


1% 


414 


3 


68 


14 


3.5 


.75 


1% 


4 


2.45 


55 


11 


3.2 


.64 


iy 8 


3% 


2 


44 


9 


2.83 


.51 


1 


3 


1.58 


35 


7 


2.5 


.40 


7 /s 


2% 


1.20 


27 


5 


2.16 


.31 


% 


2% 


.89 


21 


4 


1.83 


.24 


% 


2 


.62 


14 


3 


1.75 


.20 


1% 


1% 


.50 


11,5 


2.3 


1.5 


.17 


y 2 


1% 


.39 


9.25 


1.85 


1.33 


.16 


1 


1% 


.30 


7.2 


1.4 


1.16 


.15 


iy 8 


.22 


5.1 


1 


1 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



MONITOR PLOW STEEL. 



O 
01 <D 

3 ft 


(V 


Pi 

5 eH 




sflg 
fa3 


Proper 
Working- 
Load in 
tons of 
2,000 Lbs 


u £ w 
<H o "£ 

2 a cc t, 


$3.75 


2% 


8% 


11.95 


278 


55 




3.15 


2% 


7% 


9.85 


225 


45 




2.50 


2% 


7y 8 


8 


184 


37 




2.10 


2 


6y* 


6.30 


137 


27 




1.75 


1% 


5% 


4.85 


113 


23 




1.45 


1% 


5 


4.15 


95 


19 




1.25 


1% 


5S 


3.55 


84 


17 


3.75 


1.05 


1% 


3 


71 


14 


3.50 


.86 


58 


4 


2.45 


58 


11 


3.20 


.75 


3% 


2 


46 


9.2 


2.83 


.59 


1 


3 


1.58 


37 


7.4 


2.50 


.46 


% 


2% 


1.20 


29 


5.8 


2.16 


.36 


% 


2% 


.89 


23 


4.6 


1.83 


.27 


% 


2 


.62 


16 


3.2 


1.75 


.23 


ft 


1% 


.50 


12% 


2.5 


1.50 


.20 


y 2 


i% 


.39 


9.75 


1.9 


1.33 


.18% 


ft 


w 


.30 


7.50 


1.5 


1.15 


.17% 


% 


.22 


5.30 


1.06 


1 



Ropes composed of strands made up of more than 37 wires 
10% to list price of 6x37. 




Fig. 254. S i X 
Strands of 42 Wires 
Each (252 Wires in 
All) — 7 Hemp Cores. 



TILLER ROPE OR HAND ROPE. 

The 6x6x7 construction is known as tiller 
rope and is the most flexible rope manufac- 
tured. Its first applications were to the 
steering gear of boats, but its greatest ap- 
plication today is for hand rope on ele- 
vators. This is made up of six strands of 
forty-two wires each and seven hemp cores 
and comes in diameters of T^-in. variation. 



PRICES TILLER ROPE OR HAND ROPE 











Approx. 


— List Price 


per Foot — 






Weight 




Crucible 


Diameter 


Circumference 


per Foot 


Iron 


Cast Steel 


in Inches 


in Inches 


Lbs. 


$0.33 


$0.43 


1 


3 


1.10 


.27 


.36 


% 


2% 


.84 


.22 


.30 


% 


2y 4 


.62 


.17 


.24 


% 


2 


.43 


.14 


.20 


ft 


1% 


.35 


• 11% 


.17 


% 


m 


.28 


.10 


.15 


ft 


.21 


.09 


.14 




i% 


.16 


.08 


.12% 


ft 


i 


.11 


.07% 


.11 


k 


% 


.07 



ROPE 557 

The wires are very fine. Care should be taken not to subject 
it to much abrasive wear. 

It is used to a limited extent for steering lines on yachts and 
motor boats. Galvanized Crucible Cast Steel Yacht Rope, 6 
strands, 19 wires to the strand, 1 hemp core, is preferred by 
many for motor boats. 

% and %-in. diameter Iron Tiller or Hand Rope is used for 
starting and stopping elevators. This rope is also called Elevator 
Shipper Rope. 

Tiller Rope of tinned or galvanized iron or steel is furnished 
if required. For this rope add 10% to the foregoing list prices. 

FLATTENED STRAND ROPE. 

Flattened Strand Ropes are used for heavy derricks, hoists, 
etc., where great flexibility and long life are required. They are 
made in a variety of types and steels. Those with an odd number 
of oval strands are particularly difficult to splice. The best type 





Fig. 255. 

is that composed of 6 triangular shaped strands of wire, each 
strand made up of 12 large outside steel wires, 1 large triangular 
inside iron wire, with 12 smaller round steel wires between. 
This comes in the various iron and steels, but we give prices 
and capacities of Monitor plow steel rope only. 



! HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

FLATTENED STRAND ROPE 
Type A — 5 Strands, 28 Wires to the Strand, One Hemp Core 
Type B — 6 Strands, 25 Wires to the Strand, One Hemp Core 







x!<=> 




+j 


,fl© 


to«H 


^ 


m -a 




£ 


+JO 


C ° 


& 


-MO 


c o 


A 


> <o 




too 




to 


too_^ 




to 


a to 




ft 




li 

■2 j 


'3 


S5<M~ 




'3 






o 

ft 




o 


to 

§£ ■ 


j5 


o 


Hi 

s3& 


3 o 




s-^oi 


ado 


^ 


t,H m 


p,do 






3 


ft.Sj 


ooo 
ft 


ftg 

ft Q, 
< 


ft-- 2 


ooo 
£p<M 
ft 


3 a 


p H.„ 


2% 


$2.85 


210 


42 


8.00 


231 


46.2 


9.20 


12 


2 


2.25 


166 


33.2 


6.30 


183 


36.6 


7.25 


11 


1% 


2.08 


133 


26.6 


4.85 


146 


29.2 


5.60 


9 


\l 


1.56 


110 


22 


4.15 


121 


24.2 


4.75 


sy 2 


1.37 


98 


10.6 


3.55 


108 


21.6 


4.00 


8 


1% 


1.12 


84 


16.8 


3.00 


92 


18.4 


3.45 


7y 2 


1% 


.89 


69 


13.8 


2.45 


76 


15.2 


2.80 


7 


1% 


.71 


56 


11.2 


2.00 


62 


12.4 


2.30 


6 


1 


.60 


45 


9 


1.58 


50 


10.0 


1.80 


5 


% 


.49 


35 


7 


1.20 


39 


7.8 


1.38 


4y a 


% 


.375 


26.3 


5.26 


.89 


29 


5.8 


1.00 


4 


% 


.28 


19 


3.8 


.62 


21 


4.2 


.72 


3y 2 


* 


.25 


14.5 


2.9 


.50 


16 


3.2 


.58 


3 


.20% 


12.1 


2.42 


.39 


13.3 


2.7 


.45 


2% 



Type C — 5 Strands, 9 Wires to the Strand, One Hemp Core 
Type D — 6 Strands, 8 Wires to the Strand, One Hemp Core 





+j 


flo 




+j 


.£© 


to<y 


^ 


®id 




fo 


+JO 


C ° 


,c 


+JO 


s ° 


■fl 


> <D 




too 




toi 


0JCO 




to 


d »3 


B 


03 

ft 
III 

'C 

ft 


BoJ 

£° 
03 

2§» 


3 2 

O o 

p,cSo 


'3 
o 


03 


oo 

s 

ado 


'3 
o 


£o+j 






ft-.Q 


o oo 


ft(D 


ft-- 


oOO 


ftS 




«£ 




&.5p 


Sjef 


»ft 


».Sp 


SjcJ 


ft ft 


.Sq b 


p 


hi 


<i 


ft 


< 


*< 


ft 


<J 


p 


\i 


$0.88 


67 


13.4 


2.55 


73 


14.6 


2.80 


9% 


.70 


52 


10.4 


2.05 


56 


11.2 


2.30 


8 


i 


.58 


42 


8.4 


1.65 


46 


9.2 


1.80 


6% 


% 


.44 


33 


6.6 


1.24 


36 


7.2 


1.38 


6 


% 


.35 


25 


5.0 


.92 


27 


5.4 


1.00 


5% 


% 


.25 


17 y 2 


3.5 


.64 


19 


3.8 


.72 


» 


y 2 


.16% 


11 


2.2 


.40 


11.9 


2.38 


.45 



ROPE 559 

NON-SPINNING HOISTING ROPE. 

Standard strengths adopted May 1, 1910. 

Eighteen strands, seven wires each, one hemp core, 

Non-Spinning Rope is necessary in "back-haul" or single line 
derricks, in shaft sinking and mine hoisting where the bucket 
or cage swings free. That of the best type is composed of six 
strands of seven wires each, laid around hemp core and cov- 





'—- s*ife^= 


_ — - 


r^^^W^> 


' ^ 


II*^?^ r* : l " 




wL i * 


\ ■ . 


. / 


iOL/ \ -f- 


\ ■ 

\ 

\ 




l'\1 


\ 


f- 




- 








'--'V-Si- 


s ^OPil 


■- 


** ~j 


• : '**«^—^mSfe«-. 


m 


^^^MHmfej 



Fig. 256. 

ered with an outer layer of twelve strands of seven wires each, 
regular lay. It is made in Swedes iron, crucible cast steel, extra 
strong crucible cast steel, and plow steel. With a rope of this 
type the Vermont Marble Co., of West Rutland, Vt., hoisted a 
large block of marble, hanging free, 250 ft. without its making 
a half turn. (Fig. 256.) 



560 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL 




u 




<D 


^j 


01 


6c w 


+j 


o 

ft 


£ 




fa 


C 


•- m 


3° fa 


® 
O 

'u 


P 

CO c 


e§ <B » 

fti - 


4 

boPLi 


Ss-o 


J 
ET.S© 
u ° 
<va'~'- 
aco M 


sss£ 


$1.10 


1% 


5y 2 


5.50 


101.00 


20.2 


7.00 


.94 


1% 


5 


4.90 


87.60 


17.5 


6.50 


.80 


1% 


4% 


4.32 


75.00 


15.0 


6.00 


.68 


1% 


4y 4 


3.60 


62.40 


12.4 


5.50 


.56 


11/4 


4 


2.80 


51.60 


10.3 


5.00 


.46 


11/8 


3% 


2.34 


43.20 


8.6 


4.50 


.37 




3 


1.73 


33.00 


6.6 


4.00 


.29 


% 


2% 


1.44 


26.50 


5.3 


3.50 


.22 


% 


21/4 


1.02 


19.60 


3.9 


3.00 


• 16% 


% 


2 


.70 


13.10 


2.6 


2.50 


:14 


A 


1% 


.57 


10.70 


2.1 


2.25 


.121/2 




11/2 


.42 


8.10 


1.6 


2.00 


.11% 


A 


11/4 


.31 


5.80 


1.1 


1.75 


.11 


% 


iy 8 


.25 


4.60 


.92 


1.50 






PLOW STEEL 






$1.30 


1% 


51/2 


5.50 


111.10 


22.2 


7.00 


1.08 


1% 


5 


4.90 


96.30 


19.2 


6.50 


.93 


11/2 


4% 


4.32 


82.50 


16.5 


6.00 


.79 


1% 


4i/4 


3.60 


68.60 


13.7 


5.50 


.65 


1% 


4 


2.80 


56.80 


11.3 


5.00 


.54 


-1/8 


31/2 


2.34 


47.50 


9.5 


4.50 


.43 




3 


1.73 


36.30 


7.2 


4.00 


.34 


% 


2% 


1.44 


31.80 


6.3 


3.50 


.26 


% 


21/4 


1.02 


24.60 


4.9 


3.00 


.19 


% 


2 


.70 


. 15.75 


3.1 


2.50 


.16 


1% 


1% 


.57 


12.80 


2.5 


2.25 


.14 


1/2 


I1/2 


.42 


9.75 


1.9 


2.00 


.13 


I 


lVi 


.31 


6.85 


1.3 


1.75 


.121/2 


li/s 


.25 


5.55 


1.1 


1.50 



FLAT WIRE ROPE. 

Flat wire rope is composed of a number of wire ropes called 
flat rope strands of alternate right and left lay, usually of 
crucible steel placed side 
by side and sewed to- 
gether with soft Swedish 
iron or steel wire. This 
sewing wire, being softer 
than the steel strands, 
acts as a cushion and 
wears out much faster 
than the strands them- 
selves. The rope, how- 
ever, is very easily re- 
paired. As a large reel is 
not necessary for wind- 
ing it, it is used princi- 
pally where space is limited. 




Fig 



257. Flat Wire Rope Made of 
Crucible Cast Steel. 
It comes in widths of V 2 -m. variation. 



561 



% INCH THICK 
Approximate 



"Width 

and 

Thickness 

in Inches 


Weight per 

Foot 
in Pounds 


Breaking 

Stress* 

in Tons of 

2,000 Pounds 


Proper 
Working Lioad 

in Tons of 
2,000 Pounds 


Approx. 

Price 

per Pound 


y 2 x7 

%x6 

%x5% 

y 2 x5 

%x4% 


. 5.90 
5.10 
4.82 
4.27 
4.00 


89 

77 
72 
64 
60 


13 

11 

10.5 
9.25 
8.50 




$0.12 y 2 

•12% 
.12% 

• 12% 

• 12% 


%x4 

%x3% 
y 2 x3 


k 3.30 
2.97 
2.38 


50 
45 
36 


7.25 
7.00 
5.25 




• 13% 

.13% 
•13% 




% 


INCH THICK 






%x5y 2 

%x5 

%x4y 2 

%x4 
%x3% 


3.90 
3.40 
3.12 
2.86 
2.50 


55 
50 
47 
43 
38 


8 

7.5 

7 

6 

5.5 




.13% 

.13% 
.13% 
• 13% 
•13% 


%x3 

%x2y 2 

%x2 . 


2.00 
1.86 
1.19 


30 

28 
18 


4.5 

4 

2.5 




.13% 

.13% 
•13% 



Unless order distinctly specifies to the contrary, the rule for 
thickness applies to size of strand before sewing. 

"Wire rope is as flexible as new manila or hemp rope of the 
same strength, and when used as hauling, hoisting or standing 
rope is generally more durable. The working load for hoisting 
and haulage ropes should be about % the breaking strength; 
standing rope about %; in shafts and elevators from 1/7 to 1/10. 

Use the largest drums and pulleys possible, and have them 
truly aligned with the rope. To increase the capacity of hoisting 
rope increase the load but not the speed, as the wear increases 
with the latter. Do not "fatigue" the rope unnecessarily by 
repeated shocks. A wire rope should be discarded by the time 
half the diameter of the outside wire is worn away. 

Galvanized ropes have about 10 per cent less strength than un- 
galvanized, and the latter may be protected from the weather 
by the use of one of the many oil, tar or grease mixtures. 

In wire rope the outer fibres of each wire going round the 
sheaves are in tension, and the inner wires are in compression 
with a neutral point within the circumference of the rope. As 
the rope goes round the drum or sheave the result of these 
differential stresses is to produce a crawling or creeping or 
sliding of the wire upon each rope. It therefore follows that 
when thoroughly greased the life of wire rope will be very 
greatly increased. In Engineering & Mining Journal it is reported 
that the same kind of rope well oiled made 386,000 turns over 
24" pulley before breaking, as against 75,000 turns when not 
oiled; a difference in favor of oiling of over 500 per cent. In 
mine work when a rope is coated with cable compound once a 
week a steel wire rope of best grade 1%" in diameter with an 
ultimate strength of about 100 tons will last from 1 to 1% years. 

to 50% stronger than the 



* Crucible steel will average 
figures in these columns. 



562 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

To prevent kinking, the cage should be lowered to the bottom of 
the shaft and the rope removed, being allowed to hang loose 
to uncoil. 

In the Rookery Building, Chicago, 44 Swedish iron hoisting 
cables, %" diameter, of six strands of nineteen wires each, four 
cables to an elevator, have been running twelve years, without 
replacement. They are lubricated twice a year and carefully in- 
spected each month. The hand rope in the same elevators, how- 
ever, wears out very rapidly on account of the abrasion caused 
by the eye holes. 

CABLE ON BROOKLYN BRIDGE. 



.5? 


u 

V 
XJ1 


3 






o 


$ 








tuxu 


S^ 


<s 


(0 a) 




o 


1 


31 


6^ 






3<u 


U c« 


mm 


C 5 


a> o 


<v, o 




0>Q 


S 






^ 


^ 


1 


1,140 


228,329 


49,002,442 


22,142,000 


97 


6 


2 


607 


120,232 


47,840,000 


25,292,890 


212 


7.3 


3 


393 


82,099 


36,971,000 


20,345,073 


348.4 


7.6 


4 


356 


74,111 


34,134,640 


18,923,469 


255.3 


7.6 


5 


520 


111,116 


56,287,452 


33,857,669 


304.7 


8.3 


6 


509 


109,475 


58,071,000 


35,149,894 


321.1 


8.4 



The life of street railway cable is likely to range from 60 to 
115,000 miles where the cable itself is between 13,000 and 33,000 
feet long. The average of 12 cables of which we have record is 
74,017 miles. 

A cable used on a Lidgerwood Unloader Plow on the Panama 
Canal work was installed April 12, 1909, and was first broken 
May 5, 1910. In the thirteen months it unloaded 1,830 nineteen- 
car trains of spoil from Culebra. This is a record, as the pull 
on these cables ranges from 90 to 125 tons. The life of the cable 
on this work averages from 350 to 500 trains. After breaking, 
the cables are spliced and used again. 

The principal causes of destruction of wire ropes are: 

(a) The wearing of the outer surface of the outside wires. 

(b) The fatigue of the steel where the rope is worked over 
small pulleys. 

As an example of the first case, the cable on cable tramways 
is worn by the grips; therefore, use a stiff cable with large wires; 
as an example of the second case, ropes used over small blocks 
break frequently; therefore, use a rope with small wires. The 
strength of a wire rope is about 10 per cent less than the sum of 
the strengths of the wires composing the rope. 

A wire rope-way was constructed for the Plimosas Line con- 
sisting of an endless rope 20,230 feet long supported at intervals 
of from 104 to 1,935 feet on notch sheaves. "After the rope had 
been running about two years the splices commenced to "give 
way at the points where the two cable strands are inserted into 
the rope to take the place of the hemp heart. * * * When 



ROPE 563 

new rope is spliced with old the new strands stand out somewhat 
more than the old ones and the wear is very rapid. * * * A 
flexible wire rope (19 wires to the strand) can be spliced so 
that there will be little difference in the wear; but, in a rope of 
seven-wire strands made out of plow steel, at the point just 
above and below where the two steel strands are inserted into 
the core and take the place of the hemp heart, there is a spot 
(about an inch' in length) where the rope is seven strands instead 
of six on the circumference. This makes the diameter greater 
and increases the wear on the splice. * * * In a flexible rope 
the strands can be set together with a mallet so that the splice 
cannot be noticed." 

DIRECTIONS FOR SPLICING WIRE ROPE.* 

Wire rope is susceptible to the most perfect splice; a smoother 
and better splice can be put in a wire rope than in any other kind 
of rope, for the simple reason that it is made with a view to this 
purpose. It has the desired number of strands and a hemp core 
which provides a place for fastening the ends. It is a plain, 
simple process, and but the work of an hour for any one to 
learn. 

To Get the Length of the Rope to Be Spliced Endless. 

In most cases the ropes can be applied endless, and in such 
cases the ropes can be forwarded spliced ready to go on. Ropes 
ready spliced can be procured by giving the exact distance from 
center to center of shaft, and the exact diameters of the wheels 
on which the rope is to run. This measure can be got best by 
stretching a wire from shaft to shaft, marking the distance from 
center to center of shaft and carefully measuring the wire. 

In cases where the endless rope cannot be put on, the rope has 
to be put around the sheaves, hove taut by pulley blocks, and 
the splice made on the spot. See Fig. 1 in diagram of splices. 

The Necessary Tools. A hammer and sharp cold chisel for 
cutting the ends of strands; a steel point or marlin spike for 
opening strands; two slings of tarred rope with sticks for un- 
twisting rope; a pocket knife for cutting the hemp core; a 
wooden mallet and block. 

First. Put the rope around the sheaves, and heave it tight 
with block and fall. (See Fig. 1.) The blocks should be hitched 
far enough apart so as to give room between to make a 20-ft. 
splice. A small clamp may be used to prevent the lashing 
from slipping on the rope where the blocks are hitched. (See 
Fig. 1.) Next, see that the ropes overlap about 20 feet; about 
ten feet each way from the center, as shown by the arrow lines 
in Fig. 1. Next mark the center on both ropes with a piece of 
chalk, Or by tying on a small string. Now proceed to put in the 
splice, with the blocks remaining taut when it is necessary; but 
the better way is to remove the blocks, throw off the rope from 
the sheaves, let it hang loose on the shafts, and proceed with 
the splice on the ground or floor, or scaffold, as the case may be. 



Abstracted from catalogue of Broderick & Bascom Rope Co. 



564 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Second. Unlay the strands of both ends of the rope for a dis- 
tance of ten feet each, or to the center mark, as shown in Fig. 2. 
Next, cut off the hemp cores close up, as shown in Fig. 2, and 
bring the bunches of strands together so that the opposite 
strands will interlock regularly with each other. (See Fig. 3.) 

Third. Unlay any strand, A, and follow up with strand 1 of 
the other end, laying it tightly in open groove made by unwind- 
ing A, make twist of the strand agree exactly with the twist of 
the open groove. Proceed with this until all but twelve inches 
of 1 are laid in, or till A has become ten feet long. Next, cut off 
A, leaving an end about twelve inches long. 

Fourth. Unlay a strand, 4, of the opposite end, and follow 
with strand D, laying it into the open groove as before, and 




Fig. 258. 



treating this precisely as in the first case. (See Fig. 3) Next, 
pursue the same course with B and 2, stopping four feet short 
of the first set. Next, with 5 and E, stopping as before; then 
with C and 3; and lastly with 6 and F. The strands are now 
all laid in with the ends four feet apart, as shown in Fig. 4. 

Tifth and Last. The ends must now be secured without enlarg- 
ing the diameter of the rope. Take two rope slings or twisters 
(see Fig. 5) and fasten them to the rope as shown in Fig. 6; 
twist them in opposite directions, thus opening the lay of the 
rope. (See Fig. 6.) Next, with a knife, cut the hemp core about 
twelve inches on each side. Now straighten the ends, and slip 
them into the place occupied by the core; then twist the slings 
back, closing up the rope, taking out any slight inequality with 
a wooden mallet. Next, shift the slings, and repeat the operation 
at the other five places, and the splice is made. 

If the rope becomes slack, in time, and runs too loose, a piece 



ROPE 



565 



ist" for 
plicing 


Rope 
in Inches 


List for 
Splicing 


$2.50 
3.00 
3.50 


% toiy 8 
1% tol% 


$4.00 
4.50 



can be cut out and the rope tightened up. This will require a 
piece of rope about 40 feet long and two splices, one splice to 
put on the piece of rope, and the other splice to join the two 
ends together. 

COST FOR LABOR OF SPLICING ROPE TO MAKE ENDLESS. 

Diameter of Diameter of 

Rope 

in Inches 

Yi to & 

%to& 

y 2 to% 

The above charge to be in addition to the extra rope used in 
making splice. These prices apply only on wire ropes spliced 
at the works of the manufacturer. 

MANILA AND SISAL ROPE. 

Manila and sisal rope are usually classed as "regular" rope or 
rope having three strands, four strand rope, bolt rope or espe- 
cially selected long yarns and transmission rope which is of 
yarn selected and woven with great care. The prices are com- 
puted from a "base" which varies with the season and according 
to the condition of the trade; this base averages 8 cents per lb. 

The table below gives the standard sizes, weights, etc. 









MANILA 


ROPE 








Weight 


Strain 








of 200 


Borne 


Size in 






Faths. 


by New 


Circum- 


Size in 


Manila 


Manila 


ference 


Diameter 


in Lbs. 


Rope 


6 th'd 


Yi 


in. 


22 


620 


9 th'd 


& 


in. 


29 


1,000 


12 th'd 


% in. 


44 


1,275 


15 th'd fine 


% 


in. full 


50 


1,600 


15 th'd 


i 


in. 


65 


1,875 


1 % in. 


in. full 


75 


2,100 


1% in. 


% in. 


90 


2,400 


1% in. 


ft 


in. 


125 


3,300 


2 in. 


% 


in. 


160 


4,000 


2% in. 


% 


in. 


198 


4,700 


2% in. 


t* 


in. 


234 


5,600 


2 3,4 in. 


in. 


270 


6,500 


3 in. 




in. 


324 


7,500 


314 in. 


iiV 


in. 


378 


8,900 


3V2 in. 


1% 


in. 


432 


10,500 


3 % in. 


1% 


in. 


504 


12,500 


4 in. 


it 


in. 


576 


14,000 


4% in. 


in. 


648 


15,400 


4V> in. 


iy 2 


in. 


720 


17,000 


4% in. 


Irk 


in. 


810 


18,400 


5 in. 


1% 


in. 


900 


20,000 


51/2 in. 


1% 


in. 


1,080 


25,000 


6 ' in. 


2 


in. 


1,296 


30,000 


6 1/2 in. 


2% 


in. 


1,512 


33,000 


7 in. 


2V4 


in. 


1,764 


37,000 


71/2 in. 


21/2 


in. 


2,01'6 


43,000 


8 in. 


2% in. 


2,304 


50,000 


8y 2 in. 


2% 


in. 


2,590 


56,000 


9 in. 


3 


in. 


2,915 


62,000 


91/2 in. 


3y 8 in. 


3,240 


68,000 


10 in. 


3y 4 


in. 


3,600 


75,000 



Length of 


Manila Rope 


in One Pound 


55 ft. 






41 ft. 






27 ft. 






24 ft. 






18 ft. 


6 


in. 


16 ft. 





in. 


13 ft. 


4 


in. 


9 ft. 


7 


in. 


7 ft. 


6 


in. 


6 ft. 


1 


in. 


5 ft. 


1 


in. 


4 ft. 


5 


in. 


3 ft. 


8 


in. 


3 ft. 


2 


in. 


2 ft. 


9 


in. 


2 ft. 


5 


in. 


2 ft. 


1 


in. 


1ft. 


10 


in. 


1ft. 


8 


in. 


1 ft. 


6 


in. 


1ft. 


4 


in. 


1 ft. 


1 


in. 




11 


in. 




9y 2 in. 




8 


in. 




7 


in. 




ey 


in. 




5M 


in. 




5 


in. 




4y 2 in. 




4 


in. 



566 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Sisal rope has approximately the same weight as Manila. 
Manila ahout 25 per cent stronger than sisal. 
Hawser laid rope weighs about one-sixth less than 3 strand. 
The prices of rope are as follows: 

Regular Rope, & in. diameter, l%c over base. 

% in. and -fa in. diameter, lc over base. 
% in. diameter, %c over base. 
T 7 5 in. diameter and larger, base. 

Four Strand Manila, % in. diameter and under, lc over base. 
Manila Bolt Rope, 2c over base. 

Towing Hawsers, up to 18-in. circumference and any length, base. 
Tarred Sisal Lath Yarn, coarse (HO), medium (130), base. 

fine (200), %c per lb. over base. 
Tarred Sisal Fodder Yarn, 24 and 21 oz., base, 18 oz„ iy>c above 
ase. 

Drilling Cables, lc above base. 
Sand Lines, lc above base. 
Jute Rope (unoiled) — 

% in. diameter and larger, base. 

tV in. diameter and larger, %c above base. 

TABLE 146 — MANILA TRANSMISSION ROPE. 













Smallest 




Approximate 


Approximate 


Length in 


Diam. 


Diam. 


Wt 


in Lbs. 


Breaking 


Ft. Required 


of 


Inches 


per 


100 Ft. 


Strength 


for Splice 


Sheave 


% 




20 


4500 


8 


28 


% 




26 


6125 


8 


32 






34 


8000 


10 


36 


iy 8 




43 


10125 


10 


40 


i% 




53 


12500 


10 


46 


i% 




65 


15125 


12 


50 


iy 2 




77 


18000 


12 


54 


i% 




90 


21125 


12 


60 


i% 




104 


24500 


12 


64 


2 




136 


32000 


14 


72 



Price lie to 15 y 2 cents per pound. 



2 m "35«s .'.*'. *i. - .._.*£* .s^yss* 



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568 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Mr. George J. Bishop in 1897 made some records to determine 
the life of manila rope in pile driving. The drum of the engine 
and the sheave on the top of the leads were 14" in diameter. The 
sheave at the front of the pile driver was 10". The; hammer 
weighed 10,000 lbs. The rope was of three different makes of IY2" 
diameter. Common manila three-ply rope made the best showing. 
The length of rope was 125', and its weight ranged from 74 to 
95 lbs.; average 85 lbs., or nearly 0.7 lbs. per foot. The price 
of the rope was 6*£ cents per lb., or $5.53 per average rope. Ten 
ropes were used up in driving 1,335 piles to an average penetra- 
tion of 20'; hence, each rope averaged 135 piles at a cost of 
4 cents per pile per rope. However, 5 ropes averaged only 101 
piles each, and 5 averaged 166 piles each. 

The Plymouth Cordage Company in 1910-11 conducted a series 
of tests on various brands of rope to determine the extent to 
which manila rope might vary in quality. An average Plymouth 
cordage sample was used as a standard and from this the varia- 
tions plus or minus, in size, weight and strength were plotted 

25 









































i 








































I 










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— Size 












\ 


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Weight 

Strengt 










\ 

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*■ 5 

Plymouth 

Cordage 

5 



20 
c 
.0 25 

•5 30 

^ 35 
40 



I Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 
Specimen Numbers. 

Fig. 259. Diagram Showing Variation of Wire Rope from Standard 
Plymouth Cordage. 



on the accompanying diagram. Twenty-two samples of rope 
nominally 3 ins. in circumference, made by various manufac- 
turers, were tested. The strongest rope failed under a load of 
9,010 lbs., while the weakest was able to stand only 4,946 lbs. 
Glancing at the table it will be seen that in several cases where 
the size curve shows a decided rise the weight curve dips. It 



ROPE 569 

would be natural to suppose that the weight would increase cor- 
respondingly with the size, but this does not seem to be the case 
and must indicate that some brands are more loosely twisted 
than others. As will be noticed the weights vary between minus 
9.61% and plus 20% and the table shows that so-called 3 in. rope 
is not always 3 ins. in circumference. 



570 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



SAND BLAST MACHINES 



A portable sand blast machine, 20 ins. diameter, 52 ins. total 
height, fitted with water trap and pressure gauge, helmet to pro- 
tect operator, nozzle holder and 24%x5 ins., hard iron nozzles, 
costs about $190. A' machine of this kind may be used for many 
purposes, among them to clean or 

finish concrete surfaces. A 2-in. PopVaM(l% 

hose connection is regularly fur- |& 

nished with the machine, but a ,-. „ fr— O^^nrrmrT™ 

1-in. sand blast hose, costing about 'f "r qLa-v J^^^fl ^ iii^llu FP''- 

?1 per ft., would facilitate opera- Ih — Met 

tions. To furnish air at 50 to 60 ! Auction 

lbs. pressure would require a com- I 

pressor having a capacity of 120 , 

cubic feet of free air per minute, Fig. 260. Portable Sand Blast. 

which would be a 10x10x10 steam 

driven machine. Two to three feet of surface may be cleaned per 

minute. 

At the United States Naval Station, Key West, Fla., steel sheds 
were cleaned and painted by compressed air. These sheds were 
used to store coal and the action of heat and the impurities in 
the coal, combined with the salt water used for extinguishing 
spontaneous combustion fires, rapidly corroded the steel and ne- 
cessitated a thorough cleaning and painting every time the sheds 
were emptied. The following outfit was purchased and cost 
$2,090: 

1 horizontal gasoline engine, about 20 H. P. 

1 air compressor, capacity about 90 ft. of free air per min. com- 
pressed to a pressure of 30 lbs. per sq. in. in one stage, belt 
connected to engine. 

1 rotary circulating pump, belt connected to engine. 

1 galvanized steel water tank. 

1 air receiver, 18x54 ins. 

(The above apparatus was all mounted on steel frame wagon 
with wooden housing.) 

2 sand blast machines, capacity 2 cubic feet of sand each. 

2 paint spraying machines, one a hand machine of % gal. ca- 
pacity for one operator, the other of 10 gals, capacity for 
two operators. 
100 lin. ft. of sand blast hose. 

200 lin. ft. of pneumatic hose for sand blast machines. 
400 lin. ft. of pneumatic hose for painting machines. 
100 lin. ft. of air and paint hose for painting machines. 

4 khaki helmets, with mica-covered openings for the eyes. 
200 lin. ft. of 2-in. galvanized iron pipe. 

Cleaning by hand cost over 4 cents per square ft. The labor 
cost per day of cleaning by machine is shown on the following 
page. 



SAND BLAST MACHINES 571 

1 engine tender $ 3.04 

1 helper (in charge of the work and tending machines) 2.24 

2 laborers on machines at $1.76 each 3.52 

1 laborer drying sand, filling machines, etc 1.76 

Total $10.56 

9,000 square feet of surface were cleaned at a cost for labor 
of $97.68 and for gasoline of $16.15, or at the rate of less than 
1% cents per square foot; 9,000 square feet of surface were 
painted at a cost for labor of $28.16 and for gasoline of $3.80, 
or at the rate of % cent per square foot. The interest, deprecia- 
tion and repairs to plant would add an inconsiderable amount to 
this. 



572 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

SAW MILLS 



A light weight medium sized portable mill with standard 
equipment, including variable friction feed, cable drive, mud 
sills, self-oiling and self-aligning mandrel boxes, binding pulley 
and frame for drive belt, 2 cant hooks, monkey wrench, oil can 
and belt punch. Fig. 261. 




Fig. 261. Eclipse No. 01 Saw Mill. 
SPECIFICATIONS 

Will swing 56 in. saw. 

Husk, 4 ft. 1 in. x 5 ft. 11 in. long. 

Mandrel, 2% in. diam., 72 in. long. 

Mandrel pulley, 24 in. diam., 10 in. face. 

Carriages built in standard lengths, 20, 25 and 30 ft. 

Knees, open, 38 in. 

Feed, % in. to 2% in. to each revolution of saw. 

Capacity, with 15 H. P. engine, 3,000 to 5,000 feet per day. 

Price with 20 ft. carriage, 55 ft. ways, f. o. b. N. Y. (not in- 
cluding saw) $293.00 

Necessary extras, as paper wheel fillings, saw guide jaws, 

dog springs, etc 22.00 

Third head block with dogs 16.00 

Foot receder and gauge roll 40.00 

Longer carriage, per foot 3.50 

Axles and wheels for log carriage 9.50 

Weight, net, 5,316 lbs. 

Weight, boxed, 7,531 lbs. 

Cubic feet space, boxed, 343 cu. ft. 

An extra strong portable mill with standard equipment. 

SPECIFICATIONS 

Will swing 62 in. saw. 

Husk, 4 ft. 4 in. x 9 ft. long. 

Mandrel, 3x78 in. 

Mandrel pulley, 24x12 in. 

Carriage lengths, 20, 25 and 30 ft. 

Feed, % to 4 in. 

Knees, open, 44 in. 

Capacity with 20 H. P. engine, 5,000 to 8,000 ft. per day. 



SAW MILLS 



573 



Price with 20 ft. carriage, 55 ft. ways, f. o. b. N. Y. (not in- 
cluding saw) $312.00 

Necessary extras for renewals 23.00 

Third head block and dogs 20.00 

Foot receder and gauge roll 40.00 

Longer carriage, per foot 4.00 

Taper movements on head blocks, each 8.50 

Weight, net, 7,096 lbs. 

Weight, boxed, 8,885 lbs. 

Cubic feet space, boxed, 400 cu. ft. 

Inserted tooth saws, 54 in $ 90.00 

Inserted tooth saws, 56 in 100.00 

Fig. 262 illustrates a well-known type of rip saw which 
comes in various sizes as per specifications. 




Fig. 262. Wood Frame Rip Saw. 



Size No. 1 wood frame saw table, without countershaft. 
f. o. b. factory, $48. 



SPECIFICATIONS. 



These machines have hardwood frames, well seasoned, carefully 
mortised and firmly bolted together. 

The Top is made of narrow strips of different wood glued 
together, being fastened to cross girts cannot warp or split, and 
is raised or lowered by crank and screw at front and locked in 
place by finger wheels at side, heavy hinges being used at the 
rear of the machine. 

The Saw Arbor is of the cone bushing, self-oiling type, having 
connected babbitted boxes with the pulleys placed on the outside 
unless ordered otherwise. 

A Square Ripping Gauge is furnished and one 14" saw, which 
extends from 2 to 3%" above table, according to machine ordered. 

A Bevel Rip Gauge in place of the regular rip gauge can be 
furnished when so ordered, at a slight additional cost. 



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SAWS— PORTABLE 



A small portable circular saw, mounted upon a durable frame, 
costs $12.00, and may be run by a one-cylinder farm engine 
costing about $75.00. These saws are invaluable where the con- 
struction of wood frame buildings is concerned as well as being 
in constant demand by the farmer for use about his place. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

SCALES 



Counter scoop scales weighing up to 5 lbs. cost from $2 to $5. 
Portable Platform Scales adapted to the weighing of all kinds 
of general merchandise. 

Capacity, lbs 400xii ■ 800x% 1500x% 2500xy, 

Size of platform, inches. 16x22 17x26 21x28 26x34 

Weight, approx. pounds. 125 200 300 400 

Price without wheels. .. $13.00 $20.00 $30.00 $48.00 

Price with wheels 15.00 22.00 33.00 51.00 

Wheelbarrow scales, with runs on both sides for wheelbarrows 
and hand trucks. 

Capacity, pounds 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 

Platform, inches 42x30 42x30 44x35 45x36 

Price without wheels. . . $42.00 $48.00 $49.00 $69.00 

Price with quick weigher 66.00 .... .... .... 

Price with wheels 45.00 51.00 60.00 75.00 

Price with quick weigher 69.00 .... .... .... 

A Steel Pitless Wag-on Scale which can be easily moved at a 
cost of $20 to $30, complete with frame and scale costs as 
follows: 

4 ton, weight 1,400 lbs. Price . $100.00 

5 ton, weight 1,500 lbs. Price 110.00 

Standard wagon and stock scales without timber or foundation 
cost as follows: 

Capacity, tons .' 3 5 10 15 20 

Size of platform feet, . . 14x8 14x8 18x8 22x7 22x7 

Price $80.00 $100.00 $120.00 $210.00 $250.00 

A Car Scale of 10 tons capacity, with a platform 4' 6"x8', 
costs, without platform, framing, or material for pit, $150. The 
frames take about 1,000 feet B. M. of lumber and cost erected 
about $45. The foundation, including the boxing of the pit, will 
cost from $75 to $100. 

A Steelyard or Weigfhmaster's Beam with a capacity of 2,000 
lbs., beam 7' 10" long, weighing 127 lbs., costs $28. 



Fig. 263. 

A Track Scale (Fig. 263) for weighing of material In small cars 
is as follows: 



3 


5 


6 


5'x30" 


5'x30" 


12'x30' 


780 


900 


1,500 


180.00 


$88.00 


$130.00 



SCALES 577 

Capacity, tons 2 

Size of platform 5'x30" 

Weight, lbs 750 

Price $72.00 

"Wooden parts for 2 and 3 ton 
beam add $5. 

Cost of Track Scales.* On the New York Central a 100-ton 
track scale, 42 ft. long, cost as follows, in 1902: 

Scales and materials $1,760.00 

Labor 640.00 



Total $2,400.00 

'8.7 tons rails (relayers), at $20 174.00 

15 ties at $0.60 9.00 

Miscellaneous material 150.00 

Labor laying track, etc 70.00 



Grand total $2,803.00 

No piles were used in foundation. 

The cost of 50-ton track scales, 42 ft long, on the Northern 
Paciflc, in 1899, averaged as follows: 

Scales, delivered $ 580.00 

Other materials 170.00 

Labor ($175 to $300) 250.00 



Total $1,000.00 

The cost of 80-ton track scales, 50 ft. long, in 1905, was as 
follows: 

Scales and materials $1,250.00 

Labor ($500 to $700) 650.00 



Total $1,900.00 

Hand Book of Cost Data, by H. P. Gillette. 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

SCARIFIERS 



A scarifier illustrated in Fig. 264, which can be pulled by a 
10-ton roller, and whose depth of loosening can be regulated 
by the man in charge while in operation, costs $500. 




Fig 264. 

Another type of scarifier, built on the same general lines as a 
road machine, is shown in Fig. 265. This machine has 13 teeth, 
1x2 ins.x20 ins. long, with a cutting depth below frame of 9 ins. 
The extreme width of cut is 4 ft. 8 in. The machine is reversible 




Fig. 265. New Scarifier. 

and is 13 ft. 8V 2 ins. long, axle to axle, weighs 2,900 lbs., and 
costs $500, f. o. b. New York state. 

One of these machines was recently tried out on a hard ce- 
mented macadam pavement. Previous to the use of the scarifier, 
the work of ripping up the pavement was done by hand at the 
following cost: 



SCARIFIERS 579 

20 men with picks at $2.00 per day $40.00 

Sharpening 80 picks at 10c 8.00 

Foreman 3.00 

Cost per day for 170 ft. of road 16 ft. wide $51.00 

Cost per mile $1,585.00 

The cost by machine was as follows: 

Operator on machine $ 2.50 

Sharpening picks 2.50 

Roller operator 3.00 

Fuel, etc 2.00 

Rent of roller 10.00 

Cost per day for 1818 ft. of road 16 ft. wide $20.00 

Cost per mile $57.00 



SCRAPERS 



(See Grading Machines, page 335.) 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



SCREENS 



Ordinary sand and coal screens cost from $3 to $12 each. Re- 
volving screens with rollers and gears, but no frame nor driving 
mechanism cost as follows: 

Size Price "Weight, Lbs. 

32 ins. x 8 ft. $160.00 3,800 

32 ins. x 10 ft. 175.00 4,300 

32 ins. x 12 ft. 190.00 4,500 

40 ins. x 16 ft. 335.00 6,600 

40 ins. x 20 ft. 385.00 7,400 

48 ins. x 20 ft. 455.00 12,500 

Screens in permanent plants should be made of the best steel. 
A carbon steel screen of %-in. plate, after handling 10,000 to 
14,000 yards of crushed trap rock, was reduced to % inch at the 
point where the chute delivered it. The holes had been enlarged 
from lfg inches to 1{| inches, and from 2% inches to 2% inches. 
A %-inch rolled manganese steel plate screen replaced the first 
screen, and after handling 10,000 cubic yards showed no appre- 
ciable wear. 



SKIPS 

SKIPS SIMILAR TO FIGURE 266. 





Listed 




Weight 




Material 


Capacity 


Size 


(Lbs.) 


Price 


Wood 


1 cu. yd. 


5'x5'xl4" 


650 


$40.00 


Wood 


2 cu. yds. 


6'x6'xl8" 


750 


60.00 


Steel 


% cu. yd. 


4'x5'xl0" 


600 


36.00 


Steel 


30 cu. ft. 


5'x6'xl2" 


700 


48.00 


Steel 


2 cu. yds. 


6'x7'xl5" 


750 


65.00 


Steel 


3 cu. yds. 


7'x8'xlS" 


800 


90.00 



P 

i 


8 • 


! 


/i 

/ K 


1 


■ ■ : 



Fig. 266. 

SKIPS SIMILAR TO FIGURE 267. 

Listed Capacity Weight 

Material (Cu. yds.) Size (Lbs.) Price 

Steel 1 4' x5'xl8" 725 $ 47.00 

Steel iy 2 • 4'6"x6'xl8" 850 55.00 

Steel 2 5' x6'x22" 1,350 80.00 

Steel 3 6' x7'x24" 1,700 102.00 




SKIP WITH BAIL AND CLOSING FRONT. 

Listed Weight Cable 

Material Capacity (Lbs.) Price Grips 

Steel 4 cu. yds. 2,500 $190.00 $25.00 

581 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

SLEDGES AND HAMMERS . 



Weight Length Width Handle Price 

Style (Lbs.) of Head of Head Length Bach 

Stone 8 7y 2 " 2%" 36" $1-50 

Stone 12 9" 2%" 36" 2.25 

2-facei 15 7" 3%" 36" 2.75 

2-face 2 8 6" 2%" 36" 1.50 

Handdrill 5 7" 2" 14"± 1.25 

All weights given without handle, for which add % to 1 lb. 

Cost of handles, $1.50 per doz. v 

Double Face and Cross Feen oil finish sledges and hammers, 
5-lb. to 24-lb. weight, 7 Ms cents per lb.; striking and drilling 
hammers, long pattern, 3 to 4% lbs., 10 cents per lb.; 5 to 14 
lbs., iy 2 cents per lb.; stone sledges, 10 to 24 lbs., 7% cents 
per lb. 

Bricklayer's Hammers. The following are net prices for brick- 
layer's hammers, in quantities, at Chicago: 

Weight Price per Dozen 

Without Handle Plain Eye Adze Eye 

1 lb. 2 oz. $4.95 $5.85 

1 lb. 8 oz. 5.40 6.30 

2 lbs. 5.85 6.75 
2 lbs. 8 oz. 6.30 7.20 

Nail and Riveting Hammers, Etc. The following are net prices 
in Chicago for quantities of nail hammers and riveting hammers: 

NAIL HAMMERS. 

No. Weight, Each Price, Each Price per Doz. 

1 lb. 12 oz. $0,625 $6.25' 

1 1 lb. 4 oz. .45 4.50 
1% lib. .425 4.25 

2 13 oz. .40 4.00 

3 7oz. .375 3.75 

The hammers are made of solid steel, polished with adze eye 
and plain or bell face, as 



RIVETING HAMMERS (PLAIN EYE). 

No. Weight, Each Price, Each Price per Doz. 

4oz. $0,275 $2.75 

1 7oz. .275 2.88 

2 9 oz. .30 3.00 

3 12 oz. .30 3.13 

4 15 oz. .33 - 3.25 

5 lib. 2 oz. .35 3.50 

6 1 lb. 6 oz. .375 3.75 

7 lib. 10 oz. .40 4.00 

Sewer Builders' Mauls. Net prices for mauls for sewer build- 
ers, etc., with selected hickory handles and iron bound head, 
range from $1.40 each for 6x8 and 6x9-in. sizes to $1.50 each for 
7x9, $1.60 for 7x10 and $1.70 for 8xl0-in. 

1 Blacksmiths' sledge. 2 Striking hammer. 



SPRINKLERS 



SFRINXI.ING CABS AND WAGONS, OIL DISTRIBUTORS AND 
TANK WAGONS. 

PLATFORM SPRING GEAR SPRINKLING WAGONS. 

Price 

$300.00 

325.00 

350.00 

Price 

$254.00 

All of the above fitted with 4-inch tires. Add $12.00 for 6" tires. 
The above wagon fitted with a tank pump, one piece of hose 

15 feet long and one piece of hose 12y 2 feet long costs $25 extra. 
A steel tank holding 12 barrels mounted on a steel wheel truck 

fitted with traction engine tongue and horse tongue costs $96. 

The same tank unmounted for use on a farm wagon costs $57.50. 



Capacity (Gals.) 

500 

600 
1,000 
Cut under reach gear. 


Weight (Lbs.) 
2,600 
2,750 
3,300 


Capacity (Gals.) 
600 


Weight (Lbs.) 
2,750 




A brake for the outfit costs $6. A single cylinder suction pump 
with hose and strainer for the tank costs $13, and a perforated 
pipe sprinkling attachment $35. 

A 600 gallon tank-wagon for carrying tar, oil or asphalt road 
binding material fully equipped with driver's seat, pole and whif- 
fle-tree costs $400. Equipped with fire box for keeping contents 
warm, $500. 



584 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



A sprinkler with wheels fitted with 8-inch tires and having 
the rear axle longer than the front, so that the wheels overlap, 
resulting in a rolled surface of 14 inches on either side, costs 
$380. 

A one-horse sprinkler cart (Fig. 269) holding 150 gallons and 
weighing 780 lbs., costs $90. 

An improved road oiler with a seat for the operator in the rear 
of the wagon, where he is best able to observe and control the 
supply of oil, complete with 6-inch tires, steel tank, etc., holding 




269. 



600 gallons, costs $350; if fitted with steam coils, $375, and if 
fitted with heating furnace, which is necessary when spreading 
heavy oils, $500. 

An oil sprinkler and distributor for surface oiling of roads 
and distributing bituminous binder consists of two horizontal 
cylindrical tanks with ducts leading to them from the tank 
wagon, and with a seat, and flow regulating levers. This can be 
attached very easily to any tank wagon or cart and costs $150. 



SHOVELS 



No. Shape w 

No. 3, round 9%xl3 

No. 3, round, light.., 10 xl2y 2 

No. 3, square 9 xl2 

No. 3, square, light.. 10 xl3 

No. 2, square 10 xl2% 

No. 4, square S%xl2 






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111 

$7.50 
5.25 
7.50 
5.25 
5.25 
7.00 



Concrete Facing Spade. 

cost about $2.50 



Fig. 270. 



Concrete Facing Spades similar to Fig, 
each. 




271. Ore and Concrete Shovel. 



Ore and Concrete Shovels (Fig. 271) with a drop tempered 
point and annealed blade, well suited for concrete, come in sizes 
2 to 6, inclusive, and cost $9.50 per dozen. 



Fig. 272. Nursery Spade. 

Nursery Spades (Fig. 272) cost $11 per dozen; ditching spades 
(Fig. 273) and concave drain spades (Fig. 274), 14 to 18 inches 




^ 



Ditching Spade. 

long, cost $9 per dozen; post spades (Fig. 275) cost $12 per 
dozen; and marl gouges (Fig. 276), 10 to 14 inches long, cost 
$5 to $7 per dozen. 

No. 3 to No. 6 Scoops (Fig. 277) cost $7 to $9 per dozen. Iron 
screening or potato scoops (Fig. 278) cost $12 to $15. Snow 
shovels (Fig. 279) cost $9 per dozen. 

585 



586 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Hand Shovels. Net prices for standard railroad contractors' 
and mining shovels, at Chicago, in quantities, are as follows 
with prices for four grades: (1) Extra grade made of best 



Fig. 274. Concave Drain Spade. 



Fig. 275. Post Spade. 



Fig. 276. Marl Gouge. 




Fig. 277. Scoop. 




Fig. 278. Screening Scoop. 




Fig. 279. Snow Shovel. 



crucible steel, finely finished with best white ash handles; (2) 
first grade shovels, also made of crucible steel, and grades (3) 
and (4) made of open hearth steel. The net prices in Chicago 
on these four grades are as follows: 



SHOVELS 
PRICES AND SIZES ON HAND SHOVELS. 





55 


M"5 


5§ 


58 


-a o 

go 


■s'g 







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w a 


■o ft 


01 
■S ft 










n 


CO 


2 


m 


11% 


$8.91 


$7.83 


$6.48 


$5.70 


:< 


12% 


9.18 


8.10 






4 


10% 


12 y 2 


9.45 


8.37 







The above prices are for black finish; for polished add 50 cents 
per doz. Shovels with square or round points, "D" or long 




Fig. 280. D Handle, Round Point Shovel. 




Fig. 281. D Handle, Square Point Shovel. 




Fig. 282. Long Handle, Round Point Shovel. 



handles are all the same price. The size No. 2 is the one com- 
monly used. For sewer or brick shovels made in No. 2 size, but 
having a shorter and heavier blade for clay and other heavier 
material, net prices are as follows: 

Each Per Doz. 

Extra grade $1.00 $10.00 

Second grade 648 6.48 

The net prices at Chicago for spades, plain strap, polished, "D" 
handle or long handle, are as follows: For size No. 2; Extra 
grade, $9.18 per doz.; fourth grade, $5.40 per doz. Extra grade 
shovels made the same as "D" handle moulders' shovel, but with 
straighter, stiffer and heavier blades, for finishing concrete in 
sidewalks, in forms, etc., sell for $13.86 per doz. 



588 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

TELEGRAPH SHOVELS AND SPOONS. 

Telegraph shovels made of fine crucible steel with white 

grained ash handles, and extra length 22-in. straps and black 
finish, can be bought in quantities at the following net prices, 
f. o. b. Chicago. 

Extra Grade First Grade 

Length of Handle per Doz. „ per Doz. 

6' $12.69 $11.07 

V 13.77 12.15 

8' 14.85 13.23 

9' 17.00 15.39 

10' 19.17 16.65 

The net prices in quantities for telegraph spoons with regular 
9-in. straps and black finish are as follows: 



Length of Handle 



The majority of all telegraph shovels and spoons sold are those 
with 8-ft. handles. 

DITCHING- AND DRAIN SPADES. 

The r.et prices at Chicago for ditching and drain spades are 
as follows: 

Extra Grade Third Grade 

Length of Blade per Doz. per Doz. 

14-in. $11.34 $8.40 

16-in. 11.01 8.70 

18-in. 11.88 9.00 

20-in. 12.15 

Skeleton ditching and drain spades made of solid cast steel 
with solid sockets, especially adapted for mucky and sticky soil, 
can be bought at the following net prices in Chicago: Ditching 
spades, square point, 6%xl8-in., $22.80 per doz.; drain spades, 
round point, 4%xl8-in., $21.60 per doz. Drain cleaners, with 
6% -ft. handles for finishing tile ditches, can be bought at the 
following net prices: 

-Size of Blade- 



Extra Grade 


First Grade 


per Doz. 


per Doz. 


$12.42 


$10.80 


13.50 


11.88 


14.58 


12.96 


16.74 


15.12 


18.90 


17.28 



Length (Ins.) Width (Ins.) Per Dozen 

15 4 $10.80 

15 5 11.10 

15 6 11.40 

STEAM SHOVELS. 

(See also Locomotive Cranes, page 410.) 

Steam shovels are built weighing as much as 140 tons, but 
about the most powerful steam shovel regularly built weighs 
95 tons. For general work a 5-yard dipper may be used, but for 



SHOVELS 589 

iron ore or shale an extra heavy one of 2% or 3% yards ca- 
pacity is better. The clear lift from the rail to the bottom of 
the open dipper door is 16 ft. 6 in. and the maximum width of 
cut 8 ft. above the rail is 60 ft. This shovel has a record out- 
put of four to five thousand yards per day. A steam shovel 
adapted to extra hard conditions is the 80-ton; the bucket used is 
generally 3 cubic yards for rock work or 4 yards for earth. The 
clear lift is 16 ft. and the width of cut 60 ft. A 70-ton shovel is 
the one most in demand for heavy work under average condi- 
tions. It carries a 2 to 3% -yard dipper; the clear lift is 16 ft. 
6 in.: width of cut, 60 ft. For work where the depth or amount 
of excavation is not great enough to warrant a 70-ton shovel a 
60-ton is more economical. A 2% -cubic-yard dipper is generally 
used; clear lift, 15 ft.; width, 54 ft. A 45-ton shovel is designed 
for use on fairly heavy work, but where lightness and ease of 
transportation are essential. Capacity of dipper, 2 yards; clear 
lift, 14 ft.; width of cut, 50 ft. A 40-ton shovel is designed 
for lighter work or sewer excavation. 

The price of steam shovels is as follows: 

Weight Price 

120 tons $14,500.00 

95 tons 12,700.00 

85 tons 11,250.00 

70 tons 9,250.00 

60 tons 8,500.00 

45 tons 7,000.00 

40 tons 6,500.00 

Shovels fitted with motors cost from $1,000.00 to $2,500.00 more 
than steam-driven shovels. 

From observations made by the author on half a hundred 
steam shovels in actual operation during a considerable number 
of weeks the working capacities shown in Table 149 have been 
recorded. From these observations the average number of cubic 
yards per day excavated by all shovels in all materials was 934. 
This is perhaps less than may be expected on a well-managed 
job. A shovel should load a dipper 60% full every 20 seconds 
while actually working. About 50% of the time the shovel is 
held up by various causes, such as waiting for trains, moving 
ahead, waiting for blasts, and making repairs. With a 2% -yard 
dipper a shovel should, therefore, excavate 1,350 cubic yards in 
10 hours. 

The maximum width of cut given by shovel manufacturers 
is far greater than the actual average as recorded in observa- 
tions made by the author. 70 to 95-ton shovels make an average 
cut of 28% ft. wide. With a 30 or 40-ton shovel the average 
cut is not much more than 20 ft. in width. 

For low bank work in average earth, where the amount to be 
excavated is small, 20 to 35-ton shovels, usually fitted with 
traction wheels, but which can be arranged with railroad trucks, 
cost as follows: 



590 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Shipping Dipper Clear Height of Lift 

Weight Capacity Traction Wheels R. R. Trucks Price 

22 tons % cu. yd. 12' 2" 13' 2" $4,750 

32 tons l%cu. yd. 12' 8" 13' 8" 5,600 

Shovels of small size usually have vertical boilers. 

A 35-ton shovel, with a very high crane which increases the 
width of cut about 7 ft. and the height of lift about 6 ft., costs 
$5,800.00. These are regularly equipped with a 1%-yard dipper. 

Revolving steam shovels on traction or railroad wheels (Fig. 
283) are as follows: 

Clear Height of Lift 
Size Shipoing Dipper Traction R. R. 

No. Weight Capacity Wheels Wheels Price 

15 tons y 2 cu. yd. 8' 4" 9' $3,750 

1 24 tons % cu. yd. 10' 6" 11' 3" 5,000 

2 35 tons 1% cu. yd. 10' 6" 11' 6" 6,000 

A No. 1 shovel of the above type was designed for general 
use on such work as real estate development. For excavating 
small sewers about 3 ft. wide and 10 to 16 ft. deep a very 
narrow dipper of % -cubic-yard capacity and a dipper handle 
about 30 ft. long are used. In very sandy soil where many 
shifts from place to place are necessary, and where frequent 
curves are encountered, this shovel is not a success, according 
to observations made by the author, but in firm earth where 
the sewer is long and continuous it is very efficient. 50 to 75 
lin. ft. of trench 4 ft. wide and 12 ft. deep have been excavated 
and back-filled in eight hours by a machine of this type. One 
runner, one fireman, and two helpers form the crew. Platforms 
16 ft. long of 12 x 12-in. timbers are necessary for the shovel 
to run on. These being built in four sections, each 4% ft. wide, 
are carried forward by being hooked to the boom. The cost of 
such a platform was: 

Lumber — 168 lin. ft. 12"xl2", 10 lin. ft. 4"x4" spruce $104.38 

Iron bars, bolts and nuts 6.22 

Labor putting together 8.00 

Total $118.60 

. For excavating cellars the shovel has a standard dipper handle 
with a %-yard bank dipper, and for unloading cars or erecting 
steel, a crane boom 25 ft. long designed for use with a y 2 -cubic- 
yard clam shell or orange peel bucket, or a chain and hook. 

Shovel with % cu. yd. dipper and 30-ft. dipper handle $4,550.00 

Standard dipper handle and % cu. yd. dipper 500.00 

Crane boom without bucket 475.00 

A revolving ehovel with a horizontal crowding engine, which 
enables it to excavate very shallow cuts economically, has inde- 
pendent engines for hoisting, swinging and crowding, and a 
vertical boiler. 

Shipping Wt. Dipper Rated 

Size Wt. Equipped Capacity Capacity 

No. (Tons) (Tons) Mounting (Cu. Yd.) Price (Cu. Yd.) 

13 15 Standard % $3,750 35—40 

1 26 30 Gauge or 1 5,500 50—60 
Special 20 20 Traction % 4,750 40—50 



SHOVELS 



591 



Mr. Charles It. Gow, in a paper published in the Journal of 
the Association of Engineering Societies for December, 1910, 
gives some facts and figures concerning the operation of a No. 1 
shovel of the above type. This shovel was assembled at the 
railroad siding and transported about 6% miles over extremely 
bad roads. Plank track was necessary and the time occupied 
was six days. The cost of unloading, assembling and trans- 
porting to work was $255.15. The depth of excavation varied 
from 1 to 17 ft. Part of the ground was fairly, easy and the 
shovel excavated 300 to 5'00 cubic yards per day, or at the rate 
of one loaded team per minute while actually working. The 




Fig. 283. 



remainder of the excavation was in extremely hard ground with 
many large boulders and a shovel of 60 to 70 tons would have 
been more economical. The yardage fell to 100 cubic yards per 
day. In the light cut of 1 to 2 ft. the dipper was crowded 
7 ft. horizontally, thus filling it reasonably full. 

Cost of steam shovel excavation at Springfield, Mass., 45,081 
cubic yards during 191 working days: 

Total Per Yd. 

Cost of delivering and installing shovel $ 495.89 $0,011 

Foreman, supervising 1,668.00 .037 

Shovel operation, labor 2,118.81 .047 

Shovel operation, coal, oil, etc 1,487.67 .033 

Total cost of operation $ 3,606.48 $0,080 

Repairs, labor 315.57 .007 

Repairs, materials 631.14 .014 

Total cost of repairs $ 946.71 $0,021 

Depreciation on shovel 1,758.16 .039 

Teaming excavated material 9,692.42 .215 

General expense, 12.9 per cent 2,344.21 .052 

Grand total $20,511.86 $0,455 



592 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



The cost of repairs is exceptionally high on account of the 
very difficult nature of the work performed. Two new booms 
were supplied by the makers to take the place of broken ones, 
the second being of a special design. Several new dipper arms 
were required and the dipper teeth,, chains and ropes were 
replaced every few weeks. 

A No. 1 shovel, working in a cellar excavation about 13 ft. 
deep, loaded the material, which consisted of pliable clay with a 
few 12-in. boulders, into cars drawn by a horse along a single 
track. The costs were as follows: 

Wages of engineer $ 4.00 

Wages of fireman 2.00 

"Wages of one foreman 3.00 

Wages of three laborers 5.25 . 

Coal 4.00 

Oil, waste, etc 1.00 

Interest, depreciation and repairs (estimated) 5.30 

Total .$24.55 

Cubic yards per day 410 

Cost per cubic yard 06 

45, 60 and 70-ton shovels equipped with dipper handles 45 
to 55 ft. long are used for excavating large trenches. A 70-ton 
shovel was employed in excavating a sewer trench 16 ft. wide by 




Fig. 284, 

26 ft. deep in Chicago in 1909. (Fig. 284.) This shovel was of 
the latest design, equipped with a 54-ft. dipper handle and a 
2-yard dipper, with the operating levers placed far forward so 
as to enable the runner to see the bottom of the trench. The 



SHOVELS 593 

shovel had been removed from its trucks and mounted on a 
footing, 24 ft. wide by 38 ft. long, of heavy wood beams trussed 
with steel rods. This platform rested on rollers, which in turn , 
rested on running planks laid on the trench bank. To move 
the shovel a cable was attached to a dead man and wound up 
by the shovel engine. The average length of forward move was 
15 ft. The shovel moved back 416 ft. in 3% hours. 569 cubic 
yards were loaded in a day into 4 and 6-yard narrow gauge cars 
drawn by 18-ton dinkeys. The crew consisted of 1 engineer, 
1 craneman, 1 fireman, and 7 roller men. In addition 6 trimmers, 
6 bracers, and 1 foreman were employed on the excavation. 

For digging trenches in ground where it would not be safe 
to support the shovel on the banks, however well sheeted the 
trench might be, an arrangement which allows the shovel to 
dig backward is sometimes used. This consists of an extension 
boom at the end of and in line with the main boom, but slanting 
downward at an agle of about 45° to the perpendicular. On the 
lower end of this are placed the crowding engines, reversed from 
their usual position, thus pointing the dipper mouth towards the 
shovel. This allows the shovel to remain ahead of the trench 
on solid ground. A 46-ton shovel equipped in this manner costs 
$9,000.00. 

Where a through cut is being made, the excavation is often 
too narrow to permit the shovel to turn around and excavate 
the next cut in an opposite direction, but necessitating the return 
of the machine backward to the starting point for the next cut. 
Sometimes this return is 3 or 4 miles long and costs considerable 
in lost time as well as money. In such a situation the shovel 
should be equipped with a ball socket, which allows it to be 
jacked lip and revolved on the forward trucks while being held 
in equilibrium by the weight of the extended bucket and dipper. 
This equipment costs about $500.00 extra. 

Repairs. These depend more on the amount and kind of work 
done than on the age of the shovel. Repairs are higher for rock 
work than for earth work, and higher for poorly broken rock 
than for rock which has been well blasted. Actual total charges 
for repairs to steam shovels are very difficult to compute, as 
minor or immediately necessary repairs are made while wait- 
ing for trains and during other delays. On most jobs repairs 
are made at night or on Sundays by the regular crew without 
extra compensation. Material for repairs to a 65-ton shovel 
working in a clay pit for 6V 2 years amounted to an average of 
$198.00 per year. The maximum amount per year was $375.00 
and the minimum $48.00. This does not include the labor charge. 
Total boiler repairs during the same period cost $200.00. On a 
95-ton shovel in rock excavation the boiler was washed and 
large repairs made once each week by a special crew. This cost 
about $32.00 per week. Repairs on a 70-ton shovel working in 
iron ore were made by the regular crew and cost about 50 cts. 
a day. During the 6 months ending June 30, 1910, the cost of re- 
pairs to steam shovels on the Panama Canal work averaged $27.66 
per day per shovel for 9,527 days' service. 



594 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Col. Goethals, chief engineer of the Panama Canal, has been 
kind enough to furnish me with the following information as to 
steam shovels on that work up to and including the fiscal year 
1908. There were then in service 101 shovels, one 20-ton, ten 
45-ton, seven 60-ton, thirty-five 70-ton, sixteen 91-ton, and thirty- 
two 95-ton shovels, which cost a total of $1,094,367.00. 

The cost of repairs was as follows: 

S £ 51 B s 

Fiscal Tear Ending 2 g <h~ ^ a f <u^ a 

0>"> ° > 5° ogai ° >? 

; -^<B w^cs -S* X-Gd? 

£0202 Q Mft 5«jH °tBP>i 

June 30, 1906 41 $20,337.89 1,506,562 $0.0135 

June 30, 1907 63 209,244.48 6,215,771 .0337 

June 30, 1908 101 479,607.16 17,467,061 .0275 

Total 205 $709,607.53 25,189,394 $0.02815 

These repairs were accomplished under peculiarly expensive 
conditions: 

1. Wages over 50% higher than in the United States. 

2. Cost of privileges granted employes. 

3. Unusually difficult excavation. 

4. High cost of material. 

All steam shovels were given such field repairs as were neces- 
sary. 

Depreciation. The regular life of a steam shovel is about 20 
years, the cost new is about $200.00 per ton and the scrap value 
about $10.00 per ton. Depreciation per year, by the straight line 
formula, would therefore be 4.75%. 

The size of shovel for any given work should depend upon the 
yardage in each cut, not upon the total yardage of the contract. 
It depends also upon the distance and the character of the 
ground over which the shovel has to be moved and the number 
of moves to be made. Use a 26-ton shovel for small cuts where 
moves will be frequent, a 55 to 65-ton where cuts are heavy and 
moves not frequent, and the largest available one where the cuts 
are very long and deep. 

The cost of moving a shovel varies greatly with the conditions. 
In certain railroad excavation it took 4 weeks with a full crew 
to move a 65-ton shovel 6 miles, and 3 weeks to move down 
across a valley from the finished cut to a new cut, a distance 
of % mile. The cost of moving a 65-ton shovel 1 mile on a 
country road with heavy grades, and y 2 mile through fields with 
a 15° slope, was $316. It took 8 days, involving the services 
of 1 shovel crew, 1 team, 1 foreman, and 8 men. A 35-ton trac- 
tion shovel has been moved 18 miles in 18 days by its crew, 
whose wages amounted to $35 per day, 17 miles being over 
rough roads and 1 mile being across fields and up hill. 

Shovels may be rented for $250 to $400 per month, according 
to size and condition. 



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596 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

POWER CONSUMPTION OP ELECTRIC SHOVEL. 

An electric shovel with a 2V 2 -cubic-yard dipper was used in 
excavating gravel for the Carson River dam at Lahontan, Nev. 
The line voltage was 2,300, which was stepped down to 440 by 
three 90 K. V. A. single-phase transformers located on the 
shovel. These transformers were connected to the distributing 

























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Fig. 285. 

system by 700 ft. of triple-covered flexible cable armored with 
D-shaped steel tape, which was dragged along the ground as the 
shovel moved. This cable was dragged over rocks and through 
mud and water, but required very little protection. The hoist- 
ing machinery was driven by a 115-hp., 440-volt, three phase, 60- 
cycle, variable-speed induction motor. The propelling machinery 




Fig. 286. 



Little Giant High Crane Steam Shovel, 35 Tons, 1'/4 Cubic 
Yard Dipper. 



SHOVELS 







Fig. 287. No. 1 Revolving Shovel Excavating Cellars. 



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Fig. 288. 



598 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

was also driven by this motor. The swinging machinery was 
geared to a 50 hp. motor, and the thrust motor was also 50-hp. 
The compressor which furnished air to the hoisting drum brake, 
the emergency brake on the swing motor, and the friction clutch 
and brake on the intermediate shaft were driven by a 2-hp. con- 
stant speed induction motor. 

A test made on October 14, 1912, when the shovel was working 
in a gravel bank 10 to 12 ft. high, with a clear lift of dipper 
of 16 ft, loading 6-car trains, gave the following results: 




Fig. 289. View Showing Excavator Digging. 

Total time observed, 45.5 minutes. 

Digging and loading occupied 57% of the time. Delays, mov- 
ing up, etc., occupied 43% of the time. Rate of digging on 
observed basis, 1,500 cubic yards of loose gravel in 8 hours. 
Total power consumed by shovel in 8 hours, 453 kw. hours = 
0.302 kw. hours per cubic yard of loose gravel. 

Figs. 285-287 illustrate several makes of shovels in operation 
on different classes of excavation. 

DERRICK EXCAVATOR. 

A recent addition to the large number of excavators is the 
Bishop Derrick Excavator (Figs. 288-289). 

The properties of this machine furnished by the manufacturer 
are as follows: 



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600 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Carriages can be made for any size of booms, other than 
specified above. 

The length of dipper stick is governed by the depth of dig- 
ging; if digging is to be done at a considerable depth below 
base of derrick, the dipper stick must be lengthened accordingly. 

The changing of the carriage, for example, from a 12 x 12 to a 
12 x 14 boom, or vice versa, is accomplished by simply shifting 
two angles held by a number of bolts. 

The prices of the above, f. o. b. New York, including carriage 
with all attachments ready to be fitted to the boom of a derrick, 
manganese steel teeth, and gripping cable, but not including 
wooden dipper arm, are as follows: 

Vz cu. yd. capacity % 800.00 

% cu. yd. capacity 900.00 

% cu. yd. capacity 1,000.00 

1 cu. yd. capacity 1,050.00 



STEEL 



Structural Shapes. The following prices were abstracted from 
Engineering and Contracting. They are subject to considerable 
variation with the market. 

Structural shapes f. o. b. Pittsburgh: 

I-beams and channels, 3 to 15 in., 1.50 to 1.55 cts. net. 

I-beams over 15 in., 1.65 cts. net. 

H-beams over 8 in., 1.75 cts. 

Angles, 3 to 6 in., 1.60 cts. 

Angles over 6 in., 1.65 cts. 

Tees, 3 in. and up, 1.65 cts. 

Zees, 3 in. and up, 1.60 cts. net. 

Angles, channels and tees under 3 in., 1.50 cts., base, plus 10 cts. 

Deck beams and bulb angles, 1.80 cts. net. 

Hand rail tees, 2.80 cts. net. 

Checkered and corrugated plates, 2.80 cts. net. 

Prices at Chicago for shipment from stock are as follows: 

Angles, 3 to 6 in 2.00 

Angles over 6 in 2.10 

Beams and channels 2.00 

Beams over 15 in 2.10 

The New York quotations for structural shapes are as follows: 

Beams and channels, 3 to 15 in 1.66(5)1.71 

Zees, 8 in. and up 1.76(g).. . . 

Angles, 3x3 up to 6x6 1.66@1.71 

Tees 1.81 @ 

Steel bars, full extras 1.71 @ 1.76 

Plates. The corresponding prices for plates f. o. b. Pittsburgh 
on the basis of net cash in 30 days are as follows: 

Tank plates, % in. thick, 6% in. up to 100 in. wide, 1.55 cts. 
to 1.60 cts. base. 

Gages under % in. to and including ft in $0.10 

Gages under ft in. to and including No. 8 15 

Gages under No. 8 to and including No. 9 , 25 

Gages under No. 9 to and including No. 10 30 

Gages under No. 10 to and including No. 12 40 

Sketches, 3 ft. and over in length 10 

Complete circles, 3 ft. diameter and over 20 

Boiler and flange steel 10 

A. B. M. A. and ordinary Are box steel 20 

Still bottom steel 30 

Marine steel 40 

Locomotive fire box steel 50 

Plates in widths over 100 in. to 110 in 05 

Plates in widths over 110 in. to 115 in 10 

Plates in widths over 115^in. to 120 in 15 

Plates in widths over 120 in. to 125 in 25 

Plates in widths over 125 in. to 130 in 50 

In widths over 130 in 1.00 

Prices at Chicago for shipment from stock are as follows: 

% in. and heavier, up to 72 in $2.00 

Over 72 in 2.10 

ft in. thick 2.10 

No. 8 2.15 

691 



602 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The following were the New York quotations on plates, the 
prices being based on carload lots, with 5 cts. extra for less than 
carload lots. Terms, net cash in 30 days, per 100 lbs.: 

Tank plates, % in. thick, 6% to 100 in. wide $1.71® 1.76 

Tank plates, % in. thick, 6y 2 to 100 in. wide 1.71@1.76 

Flange and boiler steel 1.81 @ 1.86 

Marine 2.11@2.16 

Locomotive and fire box* 2.21 @ 2.26 

Still bottom ^ . . . 2.01@2.06 

Plates more than 100 in. in width, 5 cts. extra per 100 lbs.; 
plates & in. in thickness, 10 cts. extra; gage Nos. 7 and 8, 15 cts. 
extra; No. 9, 25 cts. extra. 

Sheets. The corresponding minimum prices for mill shipments 
from Pittsburgh on sheets in carload and larger lots are as fol- 
lows: 

Galvanized roofing sheets No. 28, 2% in. corrugations, 

per square $3.00 

Painted roofing sheets, No. 28, per square 1.70 

Galvanized Sheets: Per Lb. 

Nos. 13 and 14 2.50 cts. 

Nos. 15 and 16 2.60 cts. 

Nos. 17 to 21 2.75 cts. 

Nos. 22 to .24 2.90 cts. 

Nos. 25 and 26 3.10 cts. 

No. 27 3.30 cts. 

No. 28 3.50 cts. 

No. 29 3.60 cts. 

No. 30 3.85 cts. 

Black Annealed Sheets: 

Nos. 3 to 8 1.70 cts. 

Nos. 9 and 10 1.75 cts. 

Nos. 11 and 12 1.80 cts. 

Nos. 13 and 14 1.85 cts. 

Nos. 15 and 16 1.90 cts. 

Box Annealed Sheets: 

Nos. 17 to 21 . . 2.20 cts. 

Nos. 22 to 24 2.25 cts. 

Nos. 25 and 26 2.30 cts. 

No. 27 2.35 cts. 

No. 28 2.40 cts. 

No. 29 2.45 cts. 

No. 30 2.55 cts. 

Prices for sheets at Chicago for shipment from stock are as 
follows: 

Cts. per Lb. 

Black Galvanized 

No. 10 2.25 3.20 

No. 12 2.30 3.20 

No. 14 2.35 3.20 

No. 16 2.45 3.20 

Nos. 18 and 20 2.80 3.35 

Nos. 22 and 24 2.85 3.50 

No. 26 2.90 3.70 

No. 27.. 2.95 3.90 

No. 28 3.00 4.10 

No. 30 3.30 4.50 

Usual extras for extreme width. 



STEEL. 603 

The following New York quotations on sheets are for 500- 
bundle lots and over, f. o. b. mill: 

Cts. per. Lb. 

Gage Black Galvanized 

No. 30 2.55 3.85 

No. 29 2.45 3.60 

No. 28 2.40 3.50 

No. 27 V. 2.35 3.30 

Nos. 25 to 26 2.30 3.10 

Nos. 22 to 24 2.25 2.90 

Freight Sates. The freight rates from Pittsburgh on finished 
iron and steel in car loads, per 100 lbs., were as follows: 
Birmingham, Ala., 45 cts.; Boston, 18 cts.; Buffalo, 11 cts.; Chi- 
cago, 18 cts.; Cincinnati, 15 cts.; Cleveland, 10 cts.; Indianapolis, 
17 cts.; New York, 16 cts.; New Orleans, 30 cts.; Philadelphia, 
15 cts.; St. Louis, 23 cts.; St. Paul, 32 cts. For the Pacific Coast 
the rates are 80 cts. on plates, structural shapes and sheets 
No. 11 and heavier; 85 cts. on sheets Nos. 12 to 16; 95 cts. on 
sheets No. 16 and lighter, and 65 cts. on wrought pipe and boiler 
tubes. 

Corrugated Hoofing. The following quotations on corrugated 
roofing are for small lots: 

2% In. Corrugated Painted Galvanized 

No. 24, per 100 sq. ft $3.85 $4.80 

No. 26, per 100 sq. ft 2.95 4.00 

No. 28, per 100 sq. ft 2.60 3.75 

BRIDGE BUILDERS' AND STRUCTURAL STEEL ERECTORS' 
SPECIAL TOOLS. 

The following prices are net prices in Chicago, for quantities, 
for special tools for bridge builders and structural steel erectors: 

Weight, Length, Price, 

Pounds Face, Inches Inches Each 

Riveting hammers 4 iy 2 andl% 8% $1.25 

Flogging hammers 7 1% 7 1.50 

Napping hammers 3 1% 6 1.00 

Rivet "buster" 5y 2 1% in. sq. 6 .80 



lit 



Straight blade cold cutter 1% in. sq. 

Cross blade cold cutter iy 2 in. sq. 6% .80 

Side set or cutter 1% in. sq. 6% .80 

Handle gouge 1% in. sq. 6% .85 

The net prices of other tools used by bridge builders and 
structural steel erectors are as follows: 

Price, 
Each 

Straight dolly $2.75 

Club dolly 3.25 

Spring dolly 5.00 

Heel dolly 4.50 

Half round seamers 65 

Hand gauges 25 to .35 

Hand chisels 35 

Rivet tongs, pickup at heating, per pair 70 

Riveting clamp 3.75 



604 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Rivet snaps or sets for button head or conical head rivets cost 
as follows: 

% in. to % in., each $1.20 

% in., each 1.25 

% in., each 1.40 

1 in., each 1.50 

The net cost of barrel shaped drift pins follow: 

7/10 in., each $0.10 

T % in., each 11 

ii in., each 12 

rl in., each 16 

if in., each 17 

l^s in., each 19 

The net cost figures fcr heading out punches are as follows: 

% in. to % in. inclusive, each $0.80 

% in. to 1 in. inclusive, each 85 



STONE BOATS 



Mr. H. P. Gillette says: "A team of horses can exert a pull 
of 1,000 lbs. for a short time if they have a good earth foot- 
hold. The sliding friction of iron or wood on earth is about 50 
per cent of the weight of the load that is being dragged, hence 
a team is capable of dragging a stone boat and load together 
weighing 2,000 lbs." If a "skid road" of partly buried timber 
is built and kept well greased a stone boat can be hauled with 
extreme ease. A weight heavier than a wagon load can be 
pulled. Stone boats 3' wide, 7' long with three 4"x4" timber 
runners curved up in front and shod with iron, and a 2" plank 
floor have been made on jobs in the vicinity of New York from 
1907 to 1910 costing $15 to $20. They last about one season 
under hard work with one reshoeing which costs 50 per cent of 
the original cost. 

Stone boats 2' wide and 5' long of three 2"x8" planks bent 
up in front, but not shod with iron cost $7.50. 

Stone boats with a timber frame and a steel bottom cost as 
follows: 



No. 


Length 


Width 


Weight 


Price 


1 


72 in. 


28 in. 


130 lbs. 


$6.50 


2 


88 in. 


30 in. 


160 lbs. 


7.50 



605 



606 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



STUCCO MACHINES 



By means of this machine stucco may be applied to buildings, 
etc., with various finishes, somewhat more cheaply than by hand. 
It consists of a "plastic material hopper" in which the mixture 
is placed, and from the bottom of which it is drawn. Upon a 
'shaft, parallel with the bottom opening- of the hopper, is oper- 
ated a cylinder upon the surface of which are a great number 
of spring spokes. By special construction of the bottom of the 
hopper directly under the hub the springs are caused to snap 
and throw the cement aggregate against the wall. The hub is 
revolved by means of gears operated by hand or other power. 
On the "upright machines" the hopper is raised and loaded on 
a frame. The lower uprights are made in 14 ft. lengths, the 
upper in 10 ft. lengths, one upright of each size being furnished. 



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ffirtHt 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

STUMP PULLERS 



There are four methods of grubbing: By hand, by burning, 
by blasting, and with a stump pulling machine. An axe, a 
mattock, a round pointed shovel, and a long heavy pole for use 
as a lever are the tools required in the first method. If trenches 
are dug around the stumps in the fall of the year, the frost will 
aid materially in heaving the stumps. 

On land that has been cut over previously, leaving the stumps 
wholly or partially dead, burning is sometimes economical. 
Where the stumps are green, they must be removed from the 
ground and dried before they will burn. 

By far the best method of grubbing is by blasting, if properly 
done. A ship augur 1 or 1% inches in diameter, costing $1 to 
$1.25 should be used to bore a hole near the base of the stump. 
For small stumps dynamite should be used exclusively. The 
hole in large stumps should first be sprung with a small charge 
of dynamite, and then blown with Judson or black powder. 

Mrs. Edith Loring Fullerton in "The Lure of the Land" gives 
the following account of means used in grubbing and clearing 
the land of the Long Island Experiment Farm: "Small stumps 
up to four feet require about y 2 lb., while large ones, say, six 
to eight feet in diameter, require 3 lbs. of the explosive which 
is placed in several separate holes surrounding the stump. . . . 

"Fourteen fuse charges are placed under as many stumps; the 
method of placing, by the way, is to lower the charge into the 
oblique hole, press it steadily and firmly with a blunt ended 
stick until expanded to the full size of the crowbar hole, then 
fill up the hole with earth and tramp it firmly, that no explosive 
gases may find a loophole of escape. . . . 

"Dynamiter Kissam, with 'Dell' Hawkins' assistance, blew 
regularly from 75 to 110 stumps a day. The dynamite splits 
them so completely that they can be burned at once. The 
stumps taken out by hand required cleaning, splitting and dry- 
ing before they could be burned; an added expense. Below are 
the comparative figures on 100 stumps: 

DYNAMITE. 

Average 60 lbs. dynamite at 15c per lb $ 9.00 

Labor of expert and helper. 5.50 

100 fuses at 45c per 100 feet 75 

100 caps at 75c per 100 75 

Total $ 16.00 

HAND LABOR. 

100 average stumps require 3 men 33 days at ?1.33 per day. . 131.67 

"Stump pullers were out of the question, there was no stand- 
ing timber for the block and fall to be fastened to, the time nee- 



STUMP PULLERS 



609 



essary to hitch to stumps buried just under the surface, fre- 
quently with rotted heart, together with the cost of the puller, hire 
of horses and men, made it way beyond the power of competing 
with dynamite." 

Where there are a number of large stumps or trees to act as 
dead men, the use of stump pulling machines is economical. 
Figs. 290-291. Where there are no natural dead men, the 



«Q|p|iBK^| 


._^,,-- - :."_-.,_-■_. ..._.._....'-".-..._-_.-,_,..- .„.._,. ...'.._. _ 



Fig. 290. 




Fig. 291. 



machine must be anchored by means of large butts driven in 
the ground. 

Stumps are pulled with a direct pull, the cable running from 
the stump to the machine, or with a double pull, the cable run- 
ning through a block fastened to the stump and being attached 
to another dead man. 

A long cable should be used, as the machine is then moved 
fewer times. A 60-foot cable will clear about % acre, an 85-foot 
cable about % acre, a 100-foot cable % acre, a 150-foot cable 
1% acres, a 200-foot cable nearly three acres, from one set-up. 

There are many types and makes of stump pullers on the mar- 
ket. The one illustrated in Fig. 291 is an improved machine con- 
structed of steel and iron with the exception of the lever, which 
is a pole 12 to 25 feet long, cut from the woods. 

A one-horse operated machine suitable for pulling trees and 



613 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

stumps up to 8" in diameter, fitted with 2 steel double power 
pulleys and 100 feet of %" cable, weighs 490 lbs., and costs $40. 

A two-horse machine with a listed capacity of 22 tons, with 
100 ft of %" cable, weighs 475 lbs., and costs $35. The same 
outfit with one steel double power pulley has a capacity of 44 
tons, weighs 535 lbs., and costs $45; with two pulleys it has 
a capacity of 66 tons, weighs 595 lbs., and costs $50. 

A machine with a capacity of 30 tons, with 210 feet of 34- 
inch cable, weighs 775 lbs., and costs $85; with 1 pulley, having 
a capacity of 60 tons, weighs 855 lbs., and costs $90; with 2 
pulleys, having a capacity of 90 tons, weighs 930 lbs., and 
costs $110. 

The pullers having 50, 100 and 150 ton capacities with the out- 
fits heretofore described, weigh respectively 1,160, 1,260 and 1,360 
lbs., and cost $120, $145 and $155. 

The capacities and prices of the largest machines are as 
follows : 

Capacity 63 tons, with 100 feet iy 8 -inch cable, weight 1,450 lbs, 
price $145; with 200 feet cable, weight 1,650 lbs., price $200. 

Capacity 125 tons, with 1 pulley, 100 feet 1%-inch cable, 
weight 1,600 lbs., price $175; with 200 feet of cable, weight 1,800 
lbs., $225. 

Capacity 185 tons, 2 pulleys, 120 feet 1%-inch cable, weight 
1,750 lbs., price $200; with 220 feet of cable, weight 1,950 lbs., 
price' $255. 

For taking up the slack rope, cam take-ups are used. These 
cost from $4.50 to $25. Root and stump hooks cost from $7 
to $12. 

The largest sizes of these machines are often used to move 
houses and buildings. 



SURVEYING AND ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT 



DRAWING INSTRUMENTS 
(See Levels, Drawing Boards and Transits) 





.$6.00 
. 0.80 
. 2.00 


to 
to 
to 


Price 

$12.20 
6.80 
3.00 
6.16 U] 
1.35 ) 
3.15 y 
1.20 ea 
2.00 

.36 

.76 

.24 

.52 

6.98 ) 

11.93 J 

9.26 

.441 

.84 f 
13.05J 

18.00 
1.28 
3.60 
4.00 

45.50 
13.50 ea 

9.00 

2.25 

1.80 ' 

1.35 

3.60 
10.32 

6.00 

3.28 
25.20 

4.50 


Weigl 
2 oz. 
1 oz. 

1 oz. 
3 16 oz. 

2 oz. 
ch 1 oz. 
' 1 oz. 
! \ 1 oz. 
\ 1 1 oz. 

5 lbs. 

5 lbs. 
8 oz. 
5 lbs. 

50 lbs. 
1 lb. 
1 lb. 
1 lb. 
5 lbs. 
5 lbs. 
ch 5 lbs. 

3 lbs. 
3 lbs. 

% lb. 
5 lbs. 

1 lb. 

2 lbs. 
1 lb. 
1 lb. 
1 lb. 
1 lb. 


it 


1 dotting pen 

1 railroad pen 

1 set drawing instruments. 

2 German silver protractors 


each 
each 
each 

each 


2 engineers' triangular scales, 12' 
2 archeticts' triangular scales, 12' 
2 45° triangles j *>" 




each 
each 
each 








each 
each 


2 30-60 . | 10 „-- •■• ;;;;;;;; 
1 set R. R. curves 






("36" 
















[30"x42" 








1 blue print frame 








Thumb tacks 

"Water colors, 20 colors @ \ 
Higgins Inks, 16 colors @ $ 


6.18 a pan 
0.25 abot. 


each 
each 
each 


1 current meter 

2 leveling rods, Philadelphis 

2 Florida rods, 12-ft 

3 range poles, 10-ft 






each 






each 
each 


Stake tacks 






each 


2 steel tapes, 100-f t 






each 


1 cloth tape, 100-ft 

1 planimeter 

1 pantograph 






each 
each 
each 



611 



612 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

TAMPERS 



Net Prices. The net prices for tampers with handles are as 
follows, No. 1 having steel plate base, No. 2 a cast plate base 
and No. 3 a round cast plate base: 

Size Base Weight Price Price 

No. (Ins.) Finished Each per Doz. 

1 8 x8 13 $1.50 $15.00 

1 10 xlO 16 1.65 16.50 

1 12 xl2 26 1.80 18.00 

2 5x6 9 .78 7.80 

2 6x7 13 .01 9.10 

2 7x8 14 .98 9.80 

2 8 x 8 15 1.04 10.40 

2 10 xlO 20 1.25 12.50 

2 5 x 6 24 1.43 14.30 

3 7 20 1.50 15.00 

Curb 1 x 31/2 3 .62 6.20 

Curb 4x4 5y 2 -78 7.80 

Curb 31/2x6 6J/2 .82 8.20 

Comb, curb 1 x 3% 8% 1.50 15.00 

The above prices are for tampers with wooden handles. 
Paving" Rammers. Net prices at Chicago for pavjng rammers 
are as follows: 

Kind Weight (Lbs.) Price, Each 

Granite rammer 56 $10.00 

Cobblestone rammer 50 8.00 

A Power Tamping- Machine, Fig. 292, consists of a two-wheeled 
truck on the rear end of which is an air-cooled gasoline engine, 
battery box and gasoline tank, which drives by a belt a hard- 
wood "lifting board" with a cast iron head. This tamper is lifted 
by the power engine and allowed to fall by gravity. Only one 




Fig. 292. Power Tamping Machine. 

man is necessary to operate the machine, and the manufacturer 
claims that it will strike 60 blows per minute or 28,800 per eight 
hour day. On this basis and allowing 50 per cent for lost time 
and wasted strokes, the head, the area of which is y 2 sq. ft., will 



TAMPERS 613 

cover 7,200 square feet in one day, or in a trench 3 feet wide and 
5 feet deep, tamped in 6-inch layers, will cover 240 lineal feet of 
trench. It is claimed that the machine will do the work of five 
or six men. The standard machine will strike in a trench from 
1 to 4% ft. wide from 6 ft. in depth to the surface. Length of 
stroke, 2 ft.; weight of tamper, 85 lbs.; size of head, 8"x9"; 1 
H. P. gasoline engine consuming iy 2 gallons of gasoline in ten 
hours; wheels, 4"x36" steel; net weight, 950 lbs.; shipping weight, 
1,200 lbs.; price, $300. 

Compressed-Air Driven Rammers, Fig. 293, for use in foundries 
are comparatively a recent innovation, but from their simple 




Fig. 293. Chicago and Keller Rammers at Work on Sewer Covers. 



construction and the large amount of work they will accomplish 
are being rapidly adopted. Owing to their lessening the manual 
efforts of the moulder, they enable him to accomplish from four 
to twelve times as much work as under old hand methods. These 
rammers are especially adapted fqr the manufacture of concrete 
building blocks, pier foundation blocks, sewer covers, chimney 
caps, window sills, curbing, etc. The prices of the following 
rammers are as follows: 



Size (Ins.) Used for- 






^>y +-> 



%x 4 
liVx 7 



1%X 7 
3 xlO 



Bench work and cores 9 
General foundry and 

concrete work 15 

General floor work. . . 20 
Pit and loam work. . . 25 





si 


CD 






§ 











W 




Ul 


<D 






.a 


ft 

m 








o 


uA 




^ 


3 


<" 


£ 


7 


600 to 800 


60 to 80 


$0.60 


18 


400 to 550 


60 to 80 


.60 


24 


300 to 450 


60 to 80 


.60 


280 


250 to 300 


70 to 90 


1.50 



614 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT- 

TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE LINES 



COST OF A CONSTRUCTION SERVICE TELEPHONE LINE 
IN CUBA. 

Specifications: Length 15 miles, 464 poles, line is 2-wire metallic 
circuit No. 12 B. & S. gage, hard drawn copper wire, oak brackets, 
glass insulators, poles spaced 171 feet apart. 

Per Mile 

Digging holes $ 32.71 

Squaring poles, etc 14.19 

Setting poles , 135.65 

Stringing wire 78.73 

Tools 2.86 

General 4.45 

Total -$268.59 

A simple system a mile or so in length, suitable for con- 
tractors, costs $11.00 for each instrument complete with batteries 
and lightning arrester; about $7.00 per mile for G. I. wire and 
about $3.00 per mile for insulators. This is for a ground return 
line. 

A double metallic circuit system costs $8.70 for each instru- 
ment fitted with magneto, 1,000 ohm ringer and 3-bar generator; 
about $14.00 for wire and $3.00 for insulators per mile. 

Neither of the above lines includes costs for poles or erection. 

The following costs have been compiled from an article in 
Engineering and Contracting on the cost of building a high power 
transmission line. The average length of haul was one mile. 
The wages paid per 10-hour day were: 

Foreman $3.00 

Laborers 1.50 

Linemen 2.50 

Team, 2 horses and driver 4.50 

The poles were of chestnut 30 to 33 ft. long, 5 to 9 inches at 
the top, and 12 to 18 inches at the bottom. Seventy-four poles, 
8 to 10 on a load, were unloaded from, cars and hauled to the 
work for $30. Seventy-four holes, 5 ft. deep and an average 
of 24 inches in diameter were dug at a cost of $72.75 or 98 cents 
per hole. Poles were raised by hand at a cost of $56.75 or 76 
cents per pole, and were dapped for the cross arms at a cost 
of $22.62 or 9.8 cents per dap. One hundred and sixty-six cross 
arms, well braced, were placed at a cost of $27.62 or 17 cents per 
cross arm. Nine hundred and ninety-six insulators were placed 
at a cost of $6 or 0.6 cents per unit. 

At all the turns the poles were guyed, and elsewhere where 
necessary. The cost of digging the holes for this was $8.25 or 
92 cents per hole. Raising the poles cost $12, and guying them 
$9, or a total of $3.25 per guy pole. In some places trees and 
bushes interfered with the work and these were cut down for 
$33.50. 



TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE LINES 615 

Twelve light wires were strung on each pole at a cost of 

$118.50 for 21.6 miles or for $5.50 per mile of wire. Where the 
line was connected with the old line 4 poles had to be changed, 
which cost $56.50 or $14.12 per pole. 

The cost of the entire 1.6 miles of line was: 

Item Total Cost Per Mile 

Hauling $ 30.00 $ 18.74 

Digging holes 72.75 45.47 

Raising poles 56.75 35.47 

Dapping cross arms 22.62 14.14 

Placing cross arms and insulators 33.62 21.01 

Guy poles 29.25 18.28 

Trimming trees and bushes 33.50 20.94 

Stringing wires 118.50 74.06 

Changing old poles 56.50 35.31 



Total $453.49 $2,83.42 

The following itemized cost of two telephone lines is taken 
from Engineering and Contracting. 

Two short lines were built, one 10 miles long and the other 
14 miles long. The cost of the 10 mile line was as follows 
per mile: 

LABOR. 

1.7 days foreman at $4.00 $ 6.80 

1.7 days sub-foreman at $3.00 5.10 

4.0 days climbers at $2.50 10.00 

10.5 days groundmen at $2.25 23.63 

17.9 days total at $2.54 $45.53 



MATERIALS. 

28 poles at $1.50 $42.00 

28 cross arms at $0.15 4.20 

28 steel pins at $0.04 1.12 

28 glass insulators at $0.04 1.12 

56 lag screws and washers at $0.015 84 

305 lbs. No. 9 galvanized wire at $0.042 12.81 

Total $62.09 

Total labor and materials, $107.62 @ $10.76 per mile. 

More than 90 per cent of the poles were 25 feet long. The rest 
were 30 to 40 feet in length. 

The cost of the 14 mile line was as follows, per mile: 

LABOR. 

2.2 days foreman at $3.50 $ 7.70 

2.2 days sub-foreman at $3.00 6.60 

5.3 days climber at $2.75 14.58 

11.4 days groundman at $2.25 25.64 

21.5 days total at $2.54 $54.52 



616 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

MATERIALS. 

32 poles at $1.50 $ 48.00 

32 brackets at $0.015 48 

380 lbs. No. 8 galvanized wire at $0,042. . 15.96 

10 lbs. No. 9 galvanized wire at $0,042. . .42 

1% lbs. fence staples at $0.025 04 

32 insulators at $0.04 1.28 

Total $ 66.18 

Total labor and materials 120.70 

2 telephones at $12.50 25.00 

200 ft. office wire 1.40 

Total $213.28 @ $15.24 per mile 

Considering the low cost of telephone lines of this character, 
it is surprising that they are not more frequently built for use 
on construction work. For temporary purposes, a much cheaper 
kind of pole could be used. For example, a very substantial 
pole can be made by nailing together two lx4-in. boards, so as 
to form a post having a T-shape cross-section. Such a pole 
would contain only two-thirds of a foot, board measure per lineal 
foot of pole. At $24 per M for the boards, a pole 20 ft. long 
would cost 32 cents. Hence the poles would cost less than $10 
per mile of line. The No. 9 wire would ordinarily cost less than 
$13 per mile, and $3 more would cover the cost of the remaining 
line materials, making a total cost of $26 per mile for materials. 
I have no data as to the labor of erecting such a line, but it 
would certainly be less than $15 per mile; and in soil where 
post hole diggers could be used, the cost would be considerably 
less. In fact, a telephone line built for $35 a mile might easily 
be obtained under fairly favorable conditions. Moreover, it 
could be taken down and used many times on subsequent con- 
struction. 

TELEPHONE POLE TOOLS. 

Length Weight Price 

(Ft.) (Lbs.) Each 

Steel digging bars 8 28 $ 2.30 

Steel digging and crow bars 8 28 2.75 

Steel digging and tamping bars.. 8 30 2.50 

Pipe poles 12 to 20 $8.40 to 11.70 

Raising forks 12 to 20 6.00 to 9.00 

Wood handle tamping bars 8 1.00 

Poles. Cedar poles are (1911) quoted as follows by the R. D. 
Dowie Pole Co., 432 New York Block, Seattle, Wash. The price 
is f. o. b. loading point: 



TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE LINES 



Length in Ft. 
30 



Price Each ^ 

Diameter at Top 


8 -in. 


9-in. 


S2.70 




3.15 


$ 3.50 


3.60 


4.00 




4.50 






5.00 






5.50 






7.20 






9.75 






10.50 






11.25 






12.00 



White cedar poles are quoted (1911) by the Backus-Judd 
Lumber & Cooperage Co., Minneapolis, Minn., f. o. b. Rex, Mich., 
freight rate to Chicago 12 cents, as follows: 



Length in Ft. 
25 



Chestnut poles, f. o. b. 
by T. C. Luther of that 



Length in Ft. 
25 



' 


Diameter at Top 


^ 


5-in. 


6-in. 


7-in. 


$0.65 


$ 1.00 


$ 1.50 




1.60 


3.75 




4.00 


5.00 




5.25 


7.00 




7.25 


9.50 




10.00 


11.00 


licsville, 


N. T., are quoted 


(1911) 


, follows 








— Price Each 






Diameter at Top 




5-in. 


6-in. 


7-in. 


$1.50 


$2.00 


$2.75 


2.50 


2.75 


3.25 


2.75 


3.25 


4.00 


3.25 


4,00 


5.50 


4.00 


5.50 


7.50 


5.50 


7.50 


9.50 



Fir Cross Arms. Prices are about as follows: 

, Price per Arm in Cts. > 

-Length Pacific 

Size, 314x414 in. Coast Chicago New York 

3 ft., 2 pin 8 13% l 15% 

4 ft., 2 pin 11 I81/2 21 

5 ft., 4 pin 16 26% 28% 

6 ft., 4 and 6 pin 20% 31% 36 

8 ft., 6 and 8 pin » 28 43 48% 

10 ft., 8, 10 and 12 pin 37 55% 67% 



Telegraph Wire. For lots of fair size, the wire measured in 
Birmingham wire gage, the prices in cents per lb. are about as 
follows: "Extra Best Best," Nos. 6 to 9, 4%c; Nos. 10 and 11, 
4% c; No. 12, 4% c; No. 14, 5% c. "Best Best," Nos. 6 to 9, 3%c; 
Nos. 10 and 11, 3% c; No. 12, 3%c; No. 14, 4c. Actual freight is 
allowed from basic points where it does not exceed 25c per 
100 lbs. 



618 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Insulators. Glass insulators in lots of more than 1,000 and 
less than 10,000 are sold at the following prices per 1,000: 
Double petticoat, 20 oz., $33; Western Union, $30.25; No. 2, cable, 
$53.90; No. 4, cable, $210; Muncie type, 7 in., $236.50; No. 3 
triple petticoat, 4% in., $90.75. 

Copper Wire (1913). Sales have been made at 18% to 19 cents. 
Aluminum wire (1911), base about 31c. 



TENTS AND CAMP EQUIPMENT 



Tents are usually made of 8 oz., 10 oz. or 12 oz. single filling 
canvas, 10 oz. or 12 oz. double filling canvas, or of 10 oz., 12 
oz. or 15 oz. Army duck. 



A, OR WEDGE, TENTS WITHOUT POLES OR PINS. 




Fig. 294. A or Wedge Tent. 



Size (Ft.) 


Height (Ft.) 


8 -oz. Duck 
Single Filling 


12-oz. Duck 
Double Filling 


5x 7 
7x 7 
7x 9 
9x 9 
12x14 


6 

7 
7 
7 
9 


$ 3.30 

4.29 

5.61 

5.83 

10.67 


? 5.00 

6.50 

7.75 

9.75 

15.50 



WALL TENTS WITH POLES, STAKES AND ROPES. 
Height Height 





Wall 


Pole 


8-oz. Duck 


12-oz. Duck 


Size (Ft.) 


(Ft.) 


(Ft.) 


Single Filling 


Double Filling 


7x 7 


3 


7 


? 5.50 


? 8.25 


9x 9 


3 


I* 


7.70 


11.25 


9X14 


3 


11.52 


15.70 


12x14 


3y 2 


8 


12.92 


18.70 


12x18 


3y 3 


8 


15.12 


22.00 


14x16 


4 


9 


17.05 


25.00 


14x24 


4 


9 


22.00 


32.50 


20x24 


5 


11 


30.00 


42.00 


24x50 


5 


13 


65.00 


95.00 


30x70 


6 


15 


110.10 


150.00 



Flies complete, half the price of tents. 
619 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 




Fig. 295. Wall Tent. 

WALL TENTS, ROPED 



Size (Ft.) 


Height 

of Wall 

(Ft.) 


Height 

of Pole 

(Ft.) 


8-oz. Duck 
Single 
Filling 


12-oz. Duck 
Double 
Filling 


15-oz. 
Army Duck 


21x30 
24x60 
30x70 


5 
6 
6 


11 
13 
15 


$ 60.00 
130.00 
150.00 


$ 85.00 
210.00 
250.00 


$150.00 
250.00 
325.00 



STABLE TENTS, INCLUDING POLES, PINS, GUYS AND GUY 
ROPES. SEMI-ROPED. 




Size (Ft.) 
24x36 
24x72 
28x63 
28x81 



Height of 
Wall (Ft.) 



g. 296. Stable 


Tent. 




Height of 
Center (Ft.) 


8-oz. Duck 


12-oz. Duck 


14 
14 
16 
16 


$ 80.00 
130.00 
135.00 
160.00 


$105.00 
175.00 
180.00 
210.00 



TENTS AND CAMP EQUIPMENT 



EQUIPMENT 

Dining table 

3 doz. agate plates $0 

3 doz. agate cups 

3 doz. agate saucers 

3 doz. steel knives 

3 doz. steel forks 

3 doz. plate spoons, tea 1. 

3 doz. plate spoons, dessert 1 

3 doz. plate spoons, table 1 

1 doz. salts 

1 doz. peppers 

% doz. 2-qt. pans 

% doz. 1-qt. pans 

1 doz. 1-pt. pans 

1 carving knife 

7 yds. oilcloth 

3 trestle table 

5 boards, 12xiy 2 xl8 ft., dressed 

Cooking utensils, as required 

Miscellaneous, lamps, lanterns, stores, basins 



.10 apiece 
.10 a piece 
.10 a piece 
.75 per doz. 
.75 per doz. 
.96 per doz. 
.96 per doz. 
.96 per doz. 
.10 a piece 
.10 a piece 
.48 apiece 
.35 apiece 
.29 a piece 
.50 a piece 
.20 per yd. 



Total 
wt. 



v300 



300 lbs. 

tubs, pails 2,000 lbs. 



The Cost of Framing" and Flooring 1 Tents is given by Mr. R. C. 
Hardman of Fort Huachuca, Ariz., in Engineering News, Sep- 
tember 26, 1912, from which the following is abstracted: 

The tents were of two sizes, viz.: 14 ft. x 14 ft. 2 in., and 
6 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. and were framed with 2x4 in. timber, braced 
with 1x6 in. timber and floored with 1x12 in. plank. The larger 
tent had 4 pairs of rafters and the smaller 3 pairs. The costs 
were as follows: 



Large Tent: 

500 ft. B. M. lumber at $30.00 $15.00 

7 lbs. nails at $0.05 35 

$15.35 
Small Tent: 

185 ft. B. M. lumber at $30.00 $5.55 

5 lbs. nails at $0.05 25 

$5.80 

LABOR COST OP FLOORING AND FRAMING 

Tents 14 ft. x 14 ft. 2 in. 
38 Frames: 

Cost 
Cost per Tent 

Carpenters, 32 hours at $0.50 $16.00 

Carpenter helpers, 129 hours at $0.375 48.38 

Laborers, 19 hours at $0.25 . . 4.75 

Laborers, 11 hours at $0.20 2.20 

$71.33 $1,877 

42 Floors, Average Height 1 Ft. Above Ground, Leveled: 

Carpenters, 72 hours at $0.50 $36.00 

Carpenter helpers, 153 hours at $0.375 57.38 

Laborers, 81 hours at $0.25. . : 20.25 

Laborers, 19 hours at $0.20 3.80 

$117.43 2.796 

$4,673 



622 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

Tents 6 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. 4 in. 
16 Frames: 

Carpenters, 5 hours at $0.50 $ 2.50 

Carpenter helpers, 23 hours at $0.375 8.75 



$11.25 .703 



$1,594 
16 Floors, Average Height 1 Ft. Above Ground, Leveled: 

Cost 
Cost per Tent 

Carpenters, 9 hours at $0.50 $ 4.50 

Carpenter helpers, 26 hours at $0.375 9.75 

$14.25 $0,891 

Total Cost of Frame and Floor: 

Large Tent Small Tent 

Material $15.35 $5.80 

Labor 4.67 1.59 

$20.02 $7.39 



TIES 



The following- shows the number of cross ties required per 
mile of track: 

Distance Distance 

From Center From Center 

to Center No. of to Center No. of 

(Ins.) Ties (Ins.) Ties 

18 3,520 36 1,748 

21 3,017 39 1,613 

24 2,640 42 1,497 

27 2,348 45 1,399 

30 2,113 48 1,300 

33 1,905 51 1,233 

The cost in New York state of the average standard yellow 
pine railroad tie 6x8 ins. x 8 ft. was, in 1908, from 68 to 90 
cents. Chestnut ties may average from 10 to 15 cents less, while 
cedar and cypress will be 20 to 30 cents cheaper. The ordinary 
contractor's tie suitable for narrow gauge track is generally pur- 
chaseable at about 40 cents. Ties 4x4 ins., in sections, are too 
small, as they split easily, and, therefore, ties smaller than 
6x4 ins. should never be used. Ties used in narrow gauge 
tracks should be 2 ft. longer than the gauge. 

Thirty-five standard gauge ties may usually be cut from a 
pine tree that is 14 ins. in diameter at a height of 5 feet above 
the ground. A skilled man can cut and trim 40 to 50 of these 
ties per day. The cost of cutting and hauling ties, provided 
the timber is growing in the immediate neighborhood, need 
not be more than 10 cents per tie. 

The life of a tie depends largely upon its suitability for 
resisting the particular kind of attacks incidental to its sur- 
roundings. Oak ties in the fairly dry localities will hold spikes 
with great tenacity, and- at the same time resist the effect of. 
dampness very well, and may last 8 to 10 years. Under less 
favorable conditions, however, they may not last more than 7 
years when untreated, while if thoroughly saturated with creo- 
sote or zinc sulphate, the average life may be 17 years. 

The following table shows the life and cost of ties, etc.: 

Wood Concrete 

Un- Standard 

treated Treated Steel C. I. Reinforc. Beam 

Life in years 8 20 25 30 8 14 

Cost delivered 90 1.60 4.25 5.25 2.30 3.25 

Cost of renewal 12 .12 .15 .15 .18 .18 

Cost in track 1.02 1.70 4.40 5.40 2.48 3.43 

Value wornout ties. ... ... .85 .75 .20 .53 

Spacing c to c in ft. 1.875 1.875 2. 2. 2. 2. 
Cost per lin. ft. 

track 544 0.917 2.20 2.70 1.24 1.76 

Value scrap per lin. 

ft. track .42 .37 .10 .26 

Annual cost ties 

per lin. ft. track. 0.81 0.067 0.131 0.149 0.173 0.152 
Annual cost 1 mile 

track 427.68 353.76 691.68 786.72 913.44 802.56 

623 



624 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The above costs are determined by substituting in the follow- 
ing formula: 

x = ci+(c — v)s If v = o x==c(i+s) 
where 

x = Annual cost of ties per linear foot of track. 
c => First cost in track per linear foot of track. 
v = Value of wornout tie per linear foot of track. 
L = Useful life of tie in years. 
i = Interest rate per annum. 

s = Annual payment into a sinking fund, which at the rate i 
for L years will amount to one dollar. 

In the above table i = 4%. 

Track used on construction work is frequently moved. The 
ties will stand about three removals, and are then unfit for 
further use. 

Mr. D. A. Wallace gives the following costs of unloading ties. 
Cost of train service: 

Cost of work train, $25.00 per day; foreman, $50.00 per month; 
labor, $1.10 per day. 

From coal cars while running: Train service, $1.04; labor, $0.45 
— total, $1.49; 250 ties at 0.6 cts. per tie. 

Box cars while running: Train service, $6.24; labor, $5.35 — total, 
$11.59; 970 ties at 1.2 cts. per tie. 

Nine coal car work trains unloading in spots from 6:15 a. m. to 
6:15 p. m. The cost of unloading per tie was: Delays, 0.48 cts.; 
unloading time, 0.29 cts.; running time, 0.83 cts.; total, 1.60 cts. 



TOOL BOXES 



Wooden tool boxes cost ready made or made on job: 

6' x 3' x 2' 8" $11.00 

5' x 2' 8" x 2' 6" 10.00 

Wood tool carts with 42" wheels: 

Size of box, 82y 2 x 34y 2 x 25 ins. Price $50.00 

Size of box, 48 x 24 x 14 ins. Price 30.00 



TRANSITS 



A low priced and yet reliable transit, known as a builder's 
transit, weighs 6 lbs. and costs $85; with compass, 3-inch needle, 
$100. The tripod weighs 6 lbs. 

A light mountain transit with a 7%-inch telescope, a 4-inch 
needle, complete, costs $200. Weight, instrument 5% lbs., ex- 
tension tripod, 7 lbs. 

Mountain and mining transits with 9% -inch telescope and 4- 
inch needle, cost complete $235. Weight, instrument 10 lbs., 
tripod 9 lbs. 

Surveyors' transits with a 5-inch needle weigh 16 y 3 lbs. and 
cost $160. 

Engineers' transits complete cost from $175 to $250 and weigh 
from 9 to 15 lbs. 



625 



HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

TRACTION ENGINES 



The prices of traction engines range from the prices given 
below to 30 per cent more. 




Fig. 297. 9x10-inch Cylinder Simple Traction Engine. 



DESCRIPTIONS AND PRICES SIMPLE TRACTION ENGINE. 



Length 










Miles 


of Bore 










per 


and 




Steam 






Hour at 


Stroke 


Rated 


Pressure 


Weight 




Normal 


(Inches) 


H. P. 


(Pounds) 


(Pounds) 


Price 


Speed 


7i4xl0 


9 


130 


10,917 


$1,130 


2.26 


8^x10 


12 


130 


13,007 


1,220 


2.61 


9 xlO 


15 


130 


14,206 


1,365 


' 2.62 


10 xlO 


20 


130 


15,823 


1,600 


2.61 


11 xll 


25 


130 


20,368 


1,880 


2.52 


12 xl2 


32 


160 


32,600 


2,820 


2.37 



COMPOUND TRACTION ENGINE. 

Length Miles 

of Bore per 

and Steam Hour at 

Stroke Rated Pressure Weight Normal 

(Inches) H. P. (Pounds) (Pounds) Price Speed 

5%x 81/oxlO 9 130 $1,220 2.26 

6i/sx 9 xlO 12 130 1,315 2.61 

7 xlO xlO 15 130 1,455 2.62^ 

7%xll xlO 20 130 1,690 2.61 

914x13 xll 25 130 1,975 2.52 

For Straw Burning' Attachment, including Jacket on Boiler, 
add $47 to prices above. 



TRACTION ENGINES 



627 



All Straw-Burning- Engines are jacketed unless otherwise or- 
dered. For Jacketing Coal-Burning Engine (except 32 H. P.) add 
$128. 

Locomotive Cab for 32 H. P. engine, $70. 

If wider tires than those regularly furnished on engines are 
wanted, for each 2 inches extra width, add to list price $23.50. 
No reduction if narrower tires are ordered. 

Repairs on traction engines are about 10 per cent more than 
on rollers. 




Fig. 298, 45 H. P. praetor Pulling a 25-Ton Load up a 5 per cent. 
Grade in the City of Delaware, Ohio. 

Gasoline Traction Engines, Fig. 298, with friction drive and a 
patent steering device are as follows: 



H. P. 


Fuel, Tank 
Capacity 
(Gallons) 


Water, Tank 
Capacity 
(Gallons) 


"Weight 
(Pounds) 


Price 


20 
30 
45 
70 


80 
100 
200 
200 


60 
70 
80 
90 


11,000 
14,000 
19,000 
25,000 


$1,975 
2,450 
2,750 
3,300 



Regular road speed, 1% to 2% miles; third speed, SV 2 miles. 
Gasoline traction engines with equipment for converting them 
into rollers cost $400 extra. 



MOTOR TRACTION ENGINES 

In the effort to reduce the cost of wagon haul below that of 
ordinary team transportation, trials have been made of traction 
engines of various designs. It was found that the familiar types 
of engines with comparatively narrow wheel treads, were use- 
less in the deep dust and sand of desert roads. A special type, 
however, called the "Caterpillar" or "Paddlewheel" Engine, Fig. 
299, so designated from the peculiar construction of its rear 



628 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

and propelling wheels, has been placed in service with good 
results. 

This engine, instead of the large hind wheel commonly known, 
carries its weight on five truck wheels which run on a track of 
plow steel, so protected that it is nearly impossible for sand 
to reach the bearings. The hind wheels are of the sprocket type 




Fig. 299. Caterpillar Tractor. 

and engage an endless belt of "shoes" or "platforms" which 
pass around the sprocket and center wheels, 78 inches distant, 
the latter acting as idlers. These platform wheels have the same 
tractive area as an ordinary round wheel, 54 feet in diameter. 

The motor used is of the four cylinder, vertical, water cooled 
type, with 6-in. x 8-in. cylinders, developing 40 brake h. p. at 
550 R. P. M. Distillate is used for fuel at a cost of less than 
1 cent per h. p. per hour. 

The capacity of these engines naturally varies with the grade. 
Loads of from 15 to 20 tons are possible on level roads. Spe- 
cially built trucks capable of carrying from 6 to 10 tons are 
used. Compressors, transformers and other heavy machinery, 
weighing from 7 to 10 tons, are easily transported over loose 
sand on grades ranging from 12 to 20 per cent, and around the 
sharp curves of mountain roads. "Ordinary wagon transportation 
of such loads under like conditions would be an impossibility. 

Accurate cost data have been kept of the performance of these 
machines, together with team haul, for the purpose of compari- 
son. Recent work in the Jawbone and Mojave sections shows an 
average ton mile cost of 20 cents for engine haul, against an 
average of from 40 cents to 50 cents for team transportation. 

The report of July 1, 1909, shows that the average ton mile 



TRACTION ENGINES 629 

cost 25 cents for the period ending at that time, whereas the 
lowest bid received for this work was 80 cents per ton mile. 

The cost of operating fifteen of these engines during February, 
1910, was as follows: 

Average Per Ton 

Total per Engine Mile 

Supplies $ 955.18 $63.68 $0.0367 

Repairs 2,161.47 144.10 0.0825 

Labor, crew 2,003.27 133.55 0.0771 

Depreciation 725.00 48.33 0.0279 



$5,844.92 $389.66 $0.2242 

The price of the above engine, single speed, 2% miles per hour: 

6%x8 cylinders, spring mounted, weight fully equipped 

18,000 lbs $3,250.00 

Extra for 2 speed, 5 miles per hour 250.00 

Extra for stationary attachment 250.00 

Tank capacity, distillate, 70 gallons. 

Tank capacity, water, 56 gallons. 

Length over all, 18 ft. 4 in.; width, 7 ft. 

Distillate consumption, 3.5 gallons per hour. 

Motor, 30 H. P. rated; 45 H. P. brake capacity. 



THE GASOLINE TRACTION ENGINE COMPARED TO THE 
HORSE 

Mr. L. W. Ellis read a paper at the annual meeting of the 
Gas and Gasoline Engine Association at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 
16, 1910, from which I have made the following abstract: 

Properly handled, working about six hours a day, well and 
carefully fed, a horse may have a working life of ten years of 
1,000 hours each. Where used on street car systems, his life of 
usefulness is from two to four years. The average farm horse 
will do well to develop 500 H. P. hours per year or 5,000 in ten 
years. A tractor, carefully looked after, would probably double 
this for each rated H. P. 

About 20 per cent of the horse's weight may be taken as his 
maximum sustained draft, and six to eight miles per hour his 
maximum sustained speed for anything more than an hour or so 
per day. The draft horse ordinarily gives the largest volume of 
work per day at about one-half his maximum load, and one-third 
his maximum speed. 

One reason for the great flexibility of the horse is the fact that 
he works most economically at about 1 lb. of draft for 10 lbs. 
of weight, or from 50 to 20 per cent of the rate he can exert in 
a pinch. In the motor contests at Winnipeg last year the gas 
tractors exerted 1 lb. of draft for 4% lbs. of weight on a good 
sod footing, and for 6 lbs. of weight on a soft dirt and gravel 
course. The average horse develops one useful horsepower for 
1,500 lbs. of weight. Nine of these tractors, which completed all 
the tests, developed 1 brake H. P. for 465 lbs. of weight, and 
under both good and bad footing 1 tractive H. P. for 922 lbs. of 
weight. 



630 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The horse needs a drink and food after every seven to eight 
miles of plowing, but of course can be forced to go a greater 
distance. Some of the best known gas tractors could go from 10 
to 15 miles under full load if it were possible entirely to empty 
the fuel and water tanks without stopping. Actually they need 
water about as often as the horse. Others of different type could 
go for 15 to 20 miles without fuel and several times that without 
water, with their present tank capacity. A better balance in this 
respect would render the tractors more convenient, and undoubt- 
edly some weight would be eliminated in so doing. A steam plow- 
ing engine does well to travel two miles on the water taken in 
during 15 mins. Probably 95 per cent of the weight may be put 
into metal, 2% per cent into the cooling water and 2% per cent 
into fuel. The latter may be increased easily in tractors de- 
signed for use in dry stretches. 

The gas tractor cannot compete with the horse as a hauling 
proposition on heavy grades. The elimination of steep grades, 
which a horse may surmount by the expenditure of greatly in- 
creased energy, but which exhaust the overload capacity of 
tractors, will mean not only an increased use of mechanical 
motors for hauling purposes, but an excellent field for traction 
machinery in the building and maintenance of good roads. 

One man in the field may handle four to six horses, developing 
from 2% to 4% H. P. Two men on a gas tractor will handle an 
outfit doing from 10 to 20 times the work. To care for a traction 
engine doing the work of 25 horses requires approximately the 
same time in the course of a year as to care for one horse. 



TRENCHING MACHINES 



The term Trench Machine comprises machines of many varied 
types, such as cableways on which are operated buckets, steam 
shovels with booms and buckets especially designed, and elevator 
bucket machines. 

Machines for trenches over 10 feet deep and 3 to 10 feet wide 
consist of a rail supported on A frames, carry six tubs (each 
holding % cubic yard) at a time, spaced 8 feet apart. Length 
over all, 336 feet, and length of working section, 288 feet. One- 
third of the length is given over to trench digging, % to brick 
or concrete masonry construction and the remaining % is being 
back-filled. Width of machine, 8 feet, and height, 14 feet. It 
stands on a track of tee rail and can be pulled ahead to a new 
position by its own engine in a few minutes. Price, complete 
with engine, and including an expert's services to assist in erect- 
ing, $3,366 f. o. b. cars. Rental, $200 per month for terms of four 
months or more, lessee paying freight one way, and $4 per day 
and expenses of expert during erection. Capacity as stated by 
the manufacturer is 250 cubic yards per ten hours. 

A machine for pipe sewer work is similar to the one above 
described except that it has a working length of 240 feet and 
weighs about 23 tons; price, $3,211. Rental the same as for the 
larger machines. 

Each of the above machines can be loaded on one flat car 34 
feet long. The average time of setting up and starting a new 
machine on a new job is from five to seven days. A contractor 
states that it took him two days to dismantle a machine, move 
1,000 feet, and set up again. 

Mr. A. W. Byrne used a machine of this type in a 4,000 ft. 
section of the Metropolitan sewer system, at Boston. The force 
was as follows: 

1 engineman $ 3.00 

1 lockman 2.00 

1 dumper 1.50 

8 shovelers, at $1.75 14.00 

2 bracers, at $2.50 5.00- 

2 tenders, at $2.00 4.00 

4 plank drivers,, at $2.00 8.00 

2 men cutting down planks, at $2.00 4.00 

8 men pulling planks, etc., at $1.75 14.00 

Total $55.50 

The trench was 9 ft. wide x 20 to 30 ft. deep, and this force 
averaged 64 lineal ft. per week in running sand, 192 ft. in gravel 
and coarse sand at a cost ranging from 80 to 25 cents per cubic 
yard. A steam pump costing $10 per day was required, and 
about y 2 ton of coal was required for the trench machine. 

A Cableway can be used to advantage on trenches 8 feet and 
wider. The main cable is stretched on towers 30 feet high and 
three to four hundred feet apart. One tub of one cubic yard 
631 



632 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

capacity is handled at a time and can be loaded at any point 
and swung as much as 10 feet to one side. The cable machine 
is advantageous in soft digging or on rock as no part of the 
machine is carried by the side banks. The engine and one tower 
stand on a car which runs on tee rails; the other tower stands 
on the ground and must be lowered and carried to a new posi- 
tion. The outfit can be loaded on one car and weighs about 19 
tons; price of 300 foot cableway is $3,250; rental, $200 per month; 
capacity, according to the manufacturer, 350 cubic yards per ten 
hours; price of 400 foot cableway, $3,500; rental, $225 per month. 

West of a north and south line from Buffalo, N. Y., add $50 
to the selling price of the cableways. 

On rented machines repair parts are furnished by the lessor, 
the lessee paying carrying charges and cost of replacing. Gen- 
eral repairs are such as are necessary on any contractor's hoist- 
ing engine in constant use, together with the replacing of 
worn out steel ropes and running parts, which are comparatively 
small items, as there are no parts subject to frequent break- 
ages as in the case of steam shovels and ditch digging machines. 

These cableways are usually driven by a 7"xl0" double cylinder 
engine capable of lifting 5,000 lbs. They raise and transport 
the buckets at a speed of about 440' per minute. The output is 
about 250 cubic yards of rock per day. Mr. James Pilkington, 
of New York, says that he has taken the machine down, moved 
250' and put it up again in three hours and fifty minutes. 

The following costs are from "Earthwork and Its Cost," by 
H. P. Gillette, for a sewer in Washington, D. C: 

Width of trench, 18 ft.; depth at which cableway began work, 
15 ft.; distance of travel of 1 cu. yd. bucket, 150 ft.; number 
of trips per hour, 35; hours per day, 8; material, cemented gravel. 
Cost: 

Bngineman $ 2.00 

Fireman 1.25 

Signalman 1.00 

2 dumpers, at $1.00 2.00 

Coal, oil and waste 150 

Interest and maintenance (estimated) 7.00 

$14.75 
30 men picking and shoveling 30.00 

Total for 280 cu. yds , $44.75 

Cost of picking, shoveling, hoisting 15 ft. and conveying 150 
ft. to wagons, 16 c. per cu. yd. (Note that the wages were very 
low.) Bracing and sheeting were going on at the same time; the 
men did not know they were being timed. 

A self-propelling machine for excavating small trenches and 
which digs by means of scrapers and buckets fastened at the 
rim of a revolving wheel is said by the manufacturer to be able 
to excavate in any ground that can be loosened with a pick. 
The machine will cut through a log or timber, but if it strikes 
a large boulder the wheel must be raised out of the trench until 
the obstruction is passed. These machines cost about $250 
per ton. 



TRENCHING MACHINES 633 

METHODS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE FIFE 
SEWER IN JACKSON, MICH.* 

Special methods and devices for trenching and pipe laying have 
been employed in constructing two lock joint concrete pipe trench 
sewers in Jackson, Mich. These sewers vary in diameter from 4 
ft. to 18 ins., and each is about 2 miles long, and the lock joint 
concrete pipe is used for 24 ins. in diameter and above, vitrified 
pipe being used for the 18-in. line. 

The trench is largely through sand and gravel and considerable 
water and running sand were encountered. The depth ran from 
7 ft. to 25 ft. and tight sheeting was required throughout. The 
first few feet of cut were made with horse and scraper; if the 
trench did not exceed 8 ft. in depth the deepening was continued 
by hand; for depths exceeding 8 ft. a trench machine was used. 
The sheeting was driven by hand and was pulled after the 
trench had been nearly refilled by means of a chain block 
fastened overhead to a rail laid on the bents of the trench ma- 
chine. Tw;o men pulled all the sheeting. 

The trench machine is shown by Fig. 299A. It was designed by 
City Engineer A. W. D. Hall, and, built 150 ft. long, cost $500, 
including three y 2 cu. yd. self-dumping buckets. The construc- 
tion calls for very little explanation. As will be seen, the whole 
machine is made so as to move along the work on track rails 
laid on the banks of the trench. An ordinary double drum hoist- 
ing engine operates the traveler, one drum giving the traveling 
movement and the other drum doing the hoisting. The usual 
method of operation was employed. The excavated spoil was 
raised in the buckets, conveyed back and back-filled onto the 
pipe, which had been laid as fast as the trench was opened. 

When water was encountered in the trench it was handled 
as shown by the sketch, Fig. 299B. The force pipe of an ejector, 
shown in enlarged detail by Fig. 299B, was attached by hose to 
the nearest hydrant, which gave the ordinary domestic pressure of 
about 60 lbs.; the suction pipe with strainer end drew from the 
trench sump and the discharge pipe passed over a bulkhead into 
the completed sewer. 

In pipe laying the usual methods were followed, the pipes 
being rolled onto skids over the trench and lowered by the trench 
machine. The pipe laying was straightforward work except 
where running sand or quicksand was encountered and then the 
special shield shown by Fig. 299C was employed. This shield con- 
sists, as will be seen, of three sides of a bottomless box. It is 
operated as follows: When near grade the shield is set on the 
trench bottom in the position illustrated, with its open end 
straddling the end of the completed pipe. Hay is then stuffed 
into the spaces between the sides of the pipe and the sides of the 
shield to keep the mud out and two men inside the shield exca- 
vate down to grade, driving down the shield as they sink the 
excavation. When the excavation is completed the pipe is laid 

* Engineering-Contracting j Nov. 10, 1909. 



TRENCHING MACHINES 



635 



and jointed inside the shield, which meanwhile acts as a tempo- 
rary cofferdam. 

Only general figures are available on the cost of this work. 
Mr. Hall states that for depths of 10 ft. and less the cost has 




Fig. 299B. Sketch Showing Ejector and Method of Pumping Water 
from Sewer Trench. 

varied so much owing to local conditions, differences in material 
etc., that it is impossible to get at average costs. He states 
that the cost of excavating 42-in. sewer from 17 to 20 ft. deep 
iias been 53 cts. per cu. yd. The trench at 17^ ft. depth con- 







22 


w 


J^SJ^v 






\j 


i 


id 

i 



Fig. 299C. 



Sketch Showing Steel Plate Shield Employed in Laying 
Sewer Pipe. 



tains 4.7 cu. yds. of excavation per lineal foot and costs $2.50 
per lin. ft. At a depth of 26 ft. the trench contains 7.05 cu. yds. 
of excavation and costs 75 cts. per cu. yd., or $5.28 per lin. ft. 
of trench. Between 17 ft. and 26 ft. depth the costs vary about 



636 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

in proportion from 53 cts. to 75 cts. per cu. yd. These costs in- 
clude excavation, back filling, driving- and pulling- sheeting, pipe 
laying and cleaning up and grading the street after the work. 
They include everything except cost of pipe and cost of sheeting 
timber and, apparently, plant and overhead charges. The gang 
worked consists of 30 men; common labor is paid $2 to $2.25 
per day, enginemen $3 per day and foremen $5 per day. The 
work is being done wholly by day labor. The information from 
which this article has been prepared has been furnished us by 
Mr. A. W. D. Hall, city engineer, Jackson, Mich. 

Mr. H. P. Gillette, in Engineering and Contracting, gives the 
results of his observations of a No. 17 machine of this type. 
The original cost was $4,800, but the market price of this 
machine new is now $5,250. Mr. Gillette estimates the interest and 
depreciation over 150 working days at $7.00 per day, which was 
equivalent to 1% cents per yard. He gives the cost per lineal 
foot of trench as 4 cents and the cost per cubic yard as 10 7/10 
cents. 

Another type of self-propelling trench excavator can attain 
a road speed of 2% miles per hour. The earth is excavated by 
buckets traveling on a chain elevator and is removed to the side 
of the trench on a belt conveyor. The buckets are self-cleaning 
and travel across the face of the trench in order to excavate to 
the proper width which is regulated by two set screws. It is 
not necessary to change the buckets or scrapers to change the 
width of the trench. The manufacturers rate their machines at 
% cu. yd, per minute. The machine is operated by one man; 
coal consumption 1,200 to 2,000 lbs. per 10 hours. The weight 
of the machine is well ahead of the trench. It is not suited for 
very rocky ground, but when a large boulder or similar obstacle 
is met the buckets can be raised over the obstruction and can 
start again on the farther side of the obstruction. 

Width of Weight 

Trench Depth (Tons) Price 

Small machine 28" to 60" 0' to 20' 18 $6,700 

Large machine 28" to 78" 0' to 30' 20 7,600 

F. o. b: factory. 

Another excavator of the self-propelling type and in which the 
earth is excavated by scrapers and buckets traveling on a chain 
elevator and removed to either side of the trench on a belt 
conveyor is shown in the following table. 



Scf 

s t» mxn Tfi kQccqq 

H CD (■+<-*• p+ r+- 05 r-t- m 05 

£ (DCS CD (t rj (t S m 

2-3/ 5g § g o g o o Kind of Power 

gg- 33 3 U-bBb* 



« H. t 








H 


i O ^ O^ O ^ ' 


OTOtooen 


Horsepower 


> 
U 


3 O O l-l 






tT 1 


5- — »" — »" — »" 






M 










m 


tO h-»h-l 1 


JM 


Maximum 


en 
to 


Cn Cn* 


- 


>3OTO00TO 


Depth 


1 

CO 

N 


to' us 






H 


-3 -q 


«D 5D tOtO 




GO 


.CO CO CO to 00 tO h-L h-i !— l h-l 




> 


jto toto»*-to> 






S S33333S0S 


*Approximate 


% 


Widths 





IQ, Pi Qj Pi pi Pi &J P &J pj 




o 


>co w = 

'TO °>« 






n-JTO-JTOOOOOCT 




t> 










O 






,_, 


Max. Speed of 


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638 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT • 

The manufacturers say that the machine will probably need no 
repairs for one year; then the repairs on No. 000 to No. will 
cost from $1 to $2 per day; on the larger machines $2 to $5 per 
day. These machines are self-propelling both for digging and 
traveling, no cables being used. Usually the tractions on these 
machines are of the wheel type, large in diameter and having 
a wide face. For traveling over streets this is satisfactory, but 
for operating in soft ground the rolling platform traction is 
recommended. These machines have various changes of speeds 




Fig. 300. View of Trenching Machine Excavating Sandy Clay at 
West Salem, Wis. 

and can be changed instantaneously by the operator. In order 
to change the width of the trench the scrapers must be removed 
and others of the proper dimensions substituted for them. These 
machines are for lease also on a fixed sum per hour or per day 
plus a fixed sum per yard basis. This rental includes the en- 
gineer's services and will average about $50 per day. 



PROGRESS DIAGRAM AND DISTRIBUTION OF TIME OF 
FORCE ON SEWER TRENCHING BY MACHINE. 

After W. G. Kirchoffer. 

Recently an 8-in. sewer 5,270 ft. in length was laid at "West 
Salem, "Wis. The excavation was made in a sandy gravelly clay 
by the use of a Parsons' trenching machine. Fig. 300 shows the 
machine in operation. The trench averaged about 8 ft. deep. 
The total number of days' work put in on the job was 325%, 
or an average of 61.8 days per 1,000 ft. of sewer. The trenching 
machine was operated 20 days out of the total 26 put in upon 
the work, or an average of 263% ft. per day. The least distance 
made in a day was 20 ft. and the maximum distance was 550 ft. 



TRENCHING MACHINES 63& 

of completed sewer. There were five days in which the rate 
exceeded 400 ft. of sewer per day. The progress diagram is, 
shown in Fig. 301. 




400 800 WO 1600 1000 1400 WOO 3100 3600 4000 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 
Lengths Sewer Laid in Feet 

Fig. 301. Progress Diagram of Sewer Trenching Machine at West 
Salem, Wis. 

The labor upon the work was divided as follows in days per 
1,000 ft. of sewer: 

Contractor 1.092 

Inspector 4.935 

Pipe layer 4.315 

Foreman 4.270 

Engineer 4.79 

Fireman 4.412 

Team 3.417 

Mason 3.75 

Water boy 1.993 

Common labor 26.04 

Tamper 4.13 

The greatest number of men employed in any one day was 
16 and the smallest number was two. 

This work was done under the supervision of W. G. Kirchoffer, 
consulting engineer, Madison, Wis. The contractor was F. E. 
Kaminski of Watertown, Wis. 



TRENCHING- BY MACHINE FOR A 36-IN. BRICK SEWER.* 

An interesting example of machine trenching under favorable 

conditions of soil is furnished by the sewerage of an area of 

about 30 square blocks south of 80th St. and east of Aberdeen 



Engineering and Contracting, July 17, 191! 



640 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

St., in Chicago, 111. The sewers to be built comprise about 665 
ft. of 36-in. brick sewer, about 2,200 ft. of 30-in. brick sewer and 
some 17,000 ft. of 15 and 18-in. pipe sewer. The depth of these 
sewers below natural ground surface is an average of 14 ft. 
The soil consists of black loam overlying yellow and blue clay, 
the clay being stiff enough to stand well with only occasional 
sheeting planks. Altogether the soil conditions are well fitted 
for trenching by machine and all trenching is planned to be done 
by machine. Fig. 302 shows the machine used which is a No. 1 




Fig. 302. View of Austin No. 1 Trench Machine Digging a 15-ft. 
Trench 42 Inches Wide. 

Austin Trench Excavator fitted with buckets cutting to a width 
of 42 inches. 

The work at present is on the 36-in. circular sewer, which con- 
sists of a two-ring invert and a single ring arch. Following the 
machine the \rench bottom is troughed to templets of the sewer 
inverts. For this larger sewer the trench sides were to be under- 
cut at the bottom, since the excavator cuts only 42 ins. wide, 
but with the smaller sewers there will not be this extra work. 
Three men pick the bottom and undercut the sides behind the 
excavator, which is kept about 15 ft. ahead of the invert masons. 
"Vertical plank spaced about 2 ft. apart and bound with pipe and 
iron bands are sufficient to keep the trench sides safe. 

Three bricklayers work on the inverts and two work on the 
crown which follows from 30 to 50 ft. behind. Brick handlers, 
mortar men and helpers bring the force on brick work up to 
30 men. The invert brick are laid to the templet cut trench 
bottom. To undercut the arch flat iron circles in two parts 
connected by bolts are set 6 ft. apart on the completed inverts 
and 2x4 in. lagging is laid on them to form the arch center. The 
rings are collapsed by removing the connecting bolts. 

Trench excavation was begun June 3 and at the time the work 
was visited, July 8, 1,600 ft. had been excavated. This, however, 
is no indication of the speed of the excavator, for it is worked 
only fast enough to keep some 15 ft. ahead of the invert masonry. 
On two favorable days, 184 ft. and 170 ft. of sewer were built, 



TRENCHING MACHINES 



641 



but the average advance has been much less. The contractor 
stated that the machine had not worked over half the time. 

An estimate of the cost of operating the excavator based partly 
on assumed progress, is as follows: 

Engineer $5.00 

Fireman , 2.50 

Coal 4.00 

Oil and waste 50 

Repairs 1.00 

Depreciation 2.73 

Interest at 5 per cent 1.37 

Total cost per working day $17.10 

The machine will use about three-quarters ton of coal per day. 
To be conservative we have assumed one ton at $4.00. The 




Fig. 



03. Excavating Trench ,for Sewers Seventy- Eight Inches 
Wide and Twenty Feet Deep at Des Moines, Iowa. 



repairs were also estimated at $1.00, which is considered liberal. 
The depreciation is taken at 300 days' work per year for ten 
years, and although it is assumed that the owner of such a 
machine will be able to sell it at the end of that time, no allow- 
ance for salvage value is made here. 

Assuming that the brick sewer may follow the machine at a 
rate of 170 ft. per day, the cost per foot of trench excavation 
is 10 cents, or 5 cents per cu. yd. If the contractor could 
double the rate of brick construction he could then reduce the 



642 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



excavation cost by one-half, as he states that the machine is 
used about 50 per cent of the time. Other items enter into the 
increase in speed of brick sewer construction which might 
increase the cost of that part of the work more than the reduc- 




Fig. 304. Carson Trench Machine Purchased by City of Brandon, 

Manitoba, Canada, and in Use on First Street 

Sewer. Hoistp Six Tubs at a Time. 




Fig. 305. Carson- Lidgerwood Cableway on Work of Bramley 
Gribben, Walworth Run Sewer, Cleveland, O. 



tion in cost of excavation. The decrease in cost of excavation on 
the 3,000 ft. of brick sewer if built at twice the rate of speed 
would be 3,000 X 5 cents, or $150, which is hardly enough to 
warrant the risk of increasing the cost of the brick work. 

Figs. 303-305 illustrate well known trenching machines on 
various types of construction. 



TRUCKS 



A three-spring, short turn, light truck with side and tail 
boards, weighing 810 lbs. and holding 1 ton, costs $85.00. 

A two-horse truck, weighing 2,000 lbs. and holding 2% tons, 
costs $255.00. 

A two-horse truck, weighing 2,300 lbs. and holding 2y 2 tons, 
costs $270.00. 

A two-horse truck, weighing 3,500 lbs. and holding 4 tons 
costs $350.00. 



Fig. 306. Timber Buggies or Trucks. 

Timber Buggies or Trucks — Used extensively by builders for 
handling heavy beams and timber. Size, 4 ft. long, 2 ft. 8 in. 
wide. Made from hard wood. Wheels, 24 ins. diameter, 4 ins. 
face. Axles, 2 ins. square. Price, $25.00. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



TUGS 



*In connection with the dredging- work and other construction 
tributary to the park extension work at Lincoln Park, Chicago, 
a fleet of tugs and other floating apparatus was employed. 

The tug "Keystone" has a steel hull 87% ft. long, 19 ft. beam, 
and 11 ft. deep. She is of 94 gross ton weight, and was built in 
1891. She contains 1 fore and aft compound condensing engine 
with 18x34 in. cylinders of 30 in. stroke, and one fire-box marine 
boiler, 14 ft. long x 102 in. in diameter, carrying steam at 125 
lbs. The crew is as follows: 

Per 
Month 
1 Captain $165.00 

1 Engineer 120.00 

2 Firemen 65.00 

1 Deckhand 65.00 

1 Scowman 65.00 

1 Watchman 66.00 

1 Cook including supplies 222.50 

This tug was in cc/mmission 12 hours per day. Board was 
furnished the men in addition to the regular wages. The tug 
was purchased by the Park Commission in 1905 at a cost of 
$13,983.19, including improvements, and was fitted with Jones 
underfeed stokers in 1910 at a cost of $2,025, making its total 
cost $16,008.19. It has been in commission 2,348 hours. The 
cost of operation in 1910 was as follows: 

Cost 
Cost per Hour 

Labor operation $5,485.63 $2,336 

840 tons coal 2,772.50 1,180 

Supplies 915.56 .390 

Insurance 127.50 .055 

Labor repairs 1,057.76 .450 

Material repairs 903.06 ,385 

Total cost of operation $9,301.19 $3,961 

Summarizing we get the following costs: 

Total cost of repairs $1,960.82 

Cost of operation per hour 3.961 

Cost of operation per day 47.55 

Cost of repairs per hour 0.835 

Cost of repairs per day 10.05 

The tug was mostly used for towing scows loaded with loam 
for park purposes, but 89 hours of its time were charged to 
dredging. 

This tug again served the dredge from April 20 to June 9, 1911, 
on which date she picked up one of the dredge cables in her 
wheel. She was docked on June 14, and a hew rudder of wood 

* From Engineering and Contracting, Vol. XXXV, No. 8, Vol. 
XXXVII, No. 24. 



TUGS 645 

placed on her. The tug went into commission again on June 19 
towing black soil from that date till Jan. 1, 1912. During the 
season she towed 39,000 cu. yds. of black soil at a cost of 17 % 
cts. per cu. yd., and 12,000 cu. yds. of stone, 8,060 cu. yds. of 
which were handled before Dec. 1, in conjunction with the black 
soil at a cost of 33 cts. per cubic yd., and 3,940 cu. yds. after 
Dec. 1 at a cost of 55 cts. per cu. yd. The table gives by items 
the cost of operation and repairs for the season. 

Hours in commission 2,377% 

Operation. 

Total Per hour 

Labor $ 6,699.70 ] -„ fift 

Watching 89.34 j * J - 8b 

Fuel 4,230.00 1.78 

Supplies 1,123.51 .47 

Insurance 127.50 .05 

Miscellaneous 234.81 .10 

Total '. $12,504.86 $5.26 

Repairs. 

Labor $ 1,891.28 $0.80 

Material 1,316.12 .55 

Teams 3. 40"") 

Derrick 44.96 I ftQ 

Hausler 55.35 [ U9 

Richard B 98.39J 

Total repairs $ 3,409.50 $1.44 

Total operation and repairs $15,914.36 $6.70 

The tug "Richard B." is 76 ft. long, 17 ft. beam, and 7 ft. in 
depth. She has a wooden hull and is rated at 63 gross tons. 
Equipment comprises one fore and aft compound condensing 
engine, 10x20 in. cylinder, with 14 in. stroke. Her boiler is 
Scotch marine type, 14 ft. long by 96 ins. diameter, and carries 
125 lbs. of steam. She was built in 1906. Her crew consists of 
a captain at $145, an engineer at $120, a fireman and a lineman 
each at $65. The tug was purchased by the Park Commission 
in 1905 for $8,744.55, which price included some repairs and im- 
provements made before placing in commission. The cost of 
operation and repairs during 1910 were as follows: 

Hours in commission 1,118 

Hours leased 732 

Hours on park extension 386 

Item Cost 

Labor operation, 386 hours 476.88 

Fuel, 386 hours 315.75 

Supplies 104.03 

Insurance 95.00 

Labor repairs (winter) 511.35 

Material repairs ' 534.41 

Towing repairs 21.76 

Total operation, 386 hours 991.66 

Total repairs, 1,118 hours 1.067.52 

Total operation and repairs 2,059.18 

Total cost per hour 3.53 

Total cost per day 42.36 



646 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The time of this tug was charged to the dredge work for 139 
hours. It was in commission 12 hours a day. 

This tug was in commission again after March 7, 1911, and was 
engaged in miscellaneous work on days when needed and went 
into continuous service on July 11, serving the breakwater con- 
struction fleet, assisting the "Hausler" in serving the dredge 
and towing black soil from the river to the work. Her cost for 
the season is given by the following table: 

TABLE 153 — COST OF OPERATION AND REPAIRS OF TUG 
"RICHARD B." 

Hours in commission 2,184% 

Operation. 

Total Per Hour 

Labor $4,054,901 $9 ftfi 

Watching 446.68 } ?zut) 

Fuel 1,235.75 .57 

Supplies 351.08 .16 

Insurance 109.54 .05 

Miscellaneous 3.33 .... 

Total operation $6,201.28 $2.84 

Repairs. 

Labor '. $ 366.40 $0.17 

Material 172.84 

Pile driver 197.67 



Derrick 26.27 ; 



10 



Total repairs ...$ 763.18 $0.35 

Total operation and repairs $6,964.46 $3.19 

The cost of operation of the motor boat is given below for eight 
months. Its time was charged to the entire fleet. 

Operation. 

Total Per Day 

Labor $ 520.00) », r fi 

Supplies 335.73} $d - &b 

Total $ 855.73 

Repairs. 

Labor $ 291.81 

Material 13.72 

Derrick 85.45 $1.63 

Total $1,246.71 $5.19 

The tug "Hausler," the last of the three tugs belonging to the 
fleet, is 72 ft. long, 18 ft. beam, 9 ft. deep, and is rated at 61 
gross tons. She was built in 1893 of wood. Her machinery con- 
sists of 1 vertical non-condensing engine, 22x44 in. cylinder 
with 24-in. stroke. She has 1 fire box marine boiler, 14 ft. long 
x 96 in. in diameter, carrying 135 lbs. of steam. Her crew con- 
sisted of a captain at $165, engineer at $120, and two firemen and 



one deckhand at $65. As she was in commission 24 hours per day 
it was necessary to provide a double crew, each working a 
12 hour shift. This tug was purchased in 1908 for $10,500. The 
cost of operation and repairs for the season of 1910 was as 
follows, for 5,537.5 hours in commission: 

Cost Cost 

Total per Hour per Day 

Labor operation $ 8,283.92 $1,496 $17.95 

Fuel, 773 tons 2,903.00 .524 6.29 

Supplies 369.65 .667 .80 

Insurance 250.00 .045 .54 

Labor repairs 1,317.26 .238 2.86 

Material repairs 1,897.63 .343 4.12 

Towing repairs 14.12 .02 

Total operation 11,806.57 2.130 25.58 

Total repairs 3,224.01 .590 7.06 

Total cost 15,035.58 2.720 32.64 

This tug devoted nearly all its time to the dredge during 1910. 

In 1911 the tug "Hausler" did not go into commission until 
June 15 on account of repairs to her boiler which required from 
Feb. 20 to June 2. The furnaces were practically rebuilt. The 
cost of her operation for the season is shown as follows: 

Hours in commission 3,602 % 

Operation. 

Total Per Hour 

Labor $ 7,120.70 ) $9 n « 

Watching 178.67 J $J - oi 

Fuel 2,583.93 .72 

Supplies 644.03 .18 

Insurance 268.75 .07 

Total operation $10,796.08 $3.00 

Repairs. 

Labor $ 791.13 $0.22 

Material 2,864.93 .80 

Derrick 185.50) ftfi 

Richard B , 119.03 J - 08 

Total repairs $ 3,960.59 $1.10 

Total operation and repairs $14,756.67 $4.10 

TOW BOATS 

Under "Barges" are described a number of such boats used on 
the upper Mississippi and whose cost, life and cost of repairs are 
described. I herewith append a list of tow boats used on this 
improvement. 

Tow Boats. There are three sizes of tow boats used which are 
designated as large, medium and small. Of the boats mentioned 
in the following tables, the "Coal Bluff," "Fury," "Henry Bosse" 
and "Alert" are in the first class; the "Ruth," "Mac" and "Grace" 
in the second; and the "Lucia," "Louise," "Elsie," "Emily" and 
"Ada" in the third. The "Elsie" was built with a steel hull, and 
the wooden hull of the "Louise" was changed to steel in 1905. 



648 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

The "Fury" and "Henry Bosse" (formerly the "Vixen") were 
built under contract at Dubuque, Iowa. Their hulls are of oak, 
100 ft. x 19 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 10 in.; cylinders, 10% in. x 4 ft.; one 
boiler, 22 ft. x 42 in., with ten 6-in. flues. Both of these boats 
have been rebuilt with somewhat different dimensions. On 
December 31, 1910, they were classed as fair, which means that 
extensive repairs were needed. 

The "Alert" was bought second-hand; hull, oak, 115x19x3 ft.; 
cylinders, 10 in. x 5 ft.; one boiler, 16 ft. x 43 in.; rebuilt in 
1884 and partially rebuilt several times. December 31, 1910, in 
bad condition. 

The "Coal Bluff" was bought second-hand, 3 years old; hull, 
oak, 120 ft. x 22 ft. x 4 ft. 6 in.; cylinders, 15 in. x 5 ft.; three 
boilers, 25 ft. x 36 in.; hull twice rebuilt and also very large 
repairs; condition, bad. 

The "Mac" was bought nearly new; oak hull, 73x16x3 ft.; 
cylinders, 7 in. x 3 ft. 2 in.; one boiler, 14 ft. x 36 in.; hull has 
never been entirely rebuilt, although large repairs were made in 
1894, 1902, and 1910; condition, good. 

The "Ruth" was built by the United States; hull, oak, 75 ft. 
x 17 ft. x 3 ft. 3 in.; cylinders, 7 in. x 4 ft.; two boilers, 10 ft. 
x 30 in.; hull has not been entirely rebuilt, but received large 
repairs in 1901 and 1909; condition, good. 

The "Grace" was built by the United States; hull, oak, 79x17 
ft.; cylinders, 7 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 1 in.; two boilers, 10 ft. x 30 in.; 
hull has not been rebuilt or received large repairs; condition, 
good. 

Small Tow-Boats. The "Lucia" was built by the United States 
at Keokuk; hull, oak, 68 ft. x 12 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft.; cylinders, 6 
in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; boiler, 10 ft. x 38 in. She had large repairs in 
1892 and 1904, and her hull was rebuilt in 1895 and 1909-1910; 
condition, December 31, 1910, good. 

The "Louise" was built by the United States at Keokuk; hull, 
oak, 61x12x3 ft; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; boiler, 10 ft. x 34 
in.; hull rebuilt in 1894; steel hull in 1905; moderate repairs each 
year; condition, good. 

The "Elsie" has a steel hull and was built by contract at 
Jefferson, Ind.; hull, 67x13x3 ft.; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; 
boiler, 10 ft. x 34 in. The "Elsie" appears to have cost as much 
money as the wooden hull "Ada" for the same period of time. 

The "Emily" was built by the United States at Keokuk; hull, 
oak, 67x12x3 ft.; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 4 in.; boiler 10 ft. x 
34 in.; condition, good; new hulls in 1902 and 1909-1910. 

The "Ada" was built by the United States at Keokuk; hull, oak, 
68x11x3 ft.; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; boiler, 10 ft. x 34 in.; 
condition, good; hull rebuilt 1903-1904. 

These small tow-boats are of great value with light tows in 
working around the dams. 



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UNLOADING MACHINES 



(See Steam Shovel Manufacturers.) 



Unloader plows, Figs. 
307-308, are largely used 
in railroad and canal 
construction. The hest 
types are constructed en- 
tirely of steel. They are 
usually operated by be- 
ing pulled through the 
train of cars by a cable 
attached to the engine. 
Three types are manu- 
factured: the center un- 
loader, which distributes 
the material equally on 
both sides of the track; 
the right unloader, which 
distributes the material 
to the right; and the 
similarly constructed left 
unloader, which places 
the material on the left. 
A right unloader can be 
used as a left unloader 
and vice versa, by re- 
versing the direction of 
the pull. 







' 


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HIV 

r Ai\- - 


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Fig. 307. Type L-4 Bucyrus Side Plow 
Showing Curve of Moldboard. 



Type 

Centre unloaders 

Centre unloaders 

Centre unloaders 

Centre unloaders 

Right or left 

Right or left 25 

Right or left 35 

Right or left 50 



Car 
Capacity, 
Cu. Yds. 
. 10 

. 20 

. 35 

, . 50 

10 



Height 
of Mould 
Board, Ins. 
38 to 27 
45 to 33 
58 to 44 



Price 
$300.00 
375.00 
550.00 
700.00 
300.00 
375.00 
525.00 
650.00 



Mr. Gillette says that the time occupied in unloading a train 
of 12 cars with an unloader plow is from 10 to 30 minutes, the 
engine doing as much in that time as 8 to 10 men would do in a 
day. When unloading on curves the time is longer, for snatch 
blocks must be used to keep the cable on the cars. A snatch 
block every third car is generally enough. When the plow reaches 
a snatch block it must be stopped, the block and chain being re- 
moved and carried forward. Unloading in this way takes about 
twice as long as on straight track and often longer. 

651 



652 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

When much material is to be handled the cars should be 
rigged with hinged side boards 'that can be dropped down when 
unloading, and a hoisting engine should be rigged up on a car 
by itself for the purpose of pulling the plow cable. A 10 x 12 
in. double cylinder engine with a 1-in. cable for loose gravel, and 
a 1%-in. for heavier material will unload a train of cars often 
in half the time taken by locomotives, since the cars need not be 
blocked, and the danger of breaking the cable is decreased. 

The cost of repairs to unloading plows on the Panama canal 
work during the 6 months ending June 30, 1910, was for 1,655 
days of service, an average of $3.79 per day per plow. 

Mr. H. R. Postle in an article in Engineering-Contracting of 
October 12, 1910, describes a device constructed by him for un- 




Fig. 308. Bucyrus Left Hand Side Plow at Work on Erie Railroad. 

loading crushed stone from railroad cars into dump wagons. By 
the old method of shoveling, unloading crushed rock ordinarily 
costs from 20 to 25 cents per ton, with California wages, but 
by means of this apparatus rock is being unloaded for about 
one-third to one-half of this amount. The method is to draw the 
rock over the end of the car through a chute hung to the end 
of the car and into the wagon by means of an ordinary slip 
scraper (largest size), to which is attached a %-in. wire cable, 
connected to hoisting drum, operated by a gasoline engine. 

The chute is built of 2-in. lumber and is 6 ft. wide at one end, 
5 ft. at the other end and 5 ft. long and is supported by two legs 
so that it just clears the wagons, allowing them to be driven 
under or moved ahead. A roller 3 or 4 in. in diameter is mounted 
on the outer end over which runs the cable drawing the scraper 



UNLOADING MACHINES 653 

and against which the scraper falls when dumping. The hoist 
drum and gas engine are mounted on a low truck so as to be 
easily moved. The engine is a 10-horsepower gas engine belted 
to the hoist drum with an 8-in. belt. The hoist drum is 12 in. 
in diameter and 10 in. wide. 

Cars are spotted with the aid of the hoist and the loading is 
always done at the same spot, as the cars are thus moved more 
quickly than the apparatus could be moved from car to car. 

The cost of this equipment is as follows: 

Gas engine, 10 H. P $350.00 

Hoist drum 125.00 

Truck 50.00 

Large scraper 10.00 

125 ft. of cable 9.00 

Pulley block 3.00 

Chute (estimated ) 5.00 

Total , $552.00 

About seven-eighths of a car can be unloaded by a scraper by 
having two or three shovelers shovel the rock away from the 
sides and farther end when the rock is getting low in the car. 
From 200 to 250 tons per day can be unloaded for the following 
costs as per Los Angeles wages for an 8-hour day: 

1 foreman $ 3.50 

1 engineman 3.00 

2 scraper men 5.00 

3 shovelers '. 6.00 

Gasoline, oil, repairs, etc 2.50 

Total i $20.00 

This makes a cost of 8c to 10c per ton. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

WAGONS 



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WAGONS 655 

"With reasonable use a wagon will last five years. Wagons are 
usually sold under a six months' guarantee. 

For heavy loads tires should be %-in. thick. The difference 
in cost between a %-in. and %-in. tire is about $2.50 and the 
saving in wear and tear is many times this. 

Old wagons for a period of twelve months averaged for repairs 
$3 per month. Original cost $70. New wagons other than dump 
wagons, original cost $70, averaged $2 for repairs for eighteen 
months. 

Wag-on poles of oak, non-ironed, cost $3.60 each. It takes a 
man about one hour and a half to fit a pole. On rough work a 
wagon pole lasts about two months; if used on fairly good roads 
it should last two or three years. 

A reversible stone spreading- car for use in hauling to, and 
spreading stone on, macadam roads costs $450. The capacity 
is 10 tons or from 5 to 8 yards. The double-hinged bottom, 
operated by crank and chain, allows the stone to spread auto- 
matically from 1 to 24 inches deep. It has a swivel truck at each 
end to admit of its being moved in either direction, a short wheel- 
base, making it easy to turn short curves. The dimensions are: 
length of body, 14 ft.; width, 5 ft.; depth, 4 ft.; diameter of 
wheels, 48 in.; width of tires, 12 in. 

A truck of this type may be fitted with a platform, box or 
other body for hauling heavy freight, etc. The size of traction 
engine necessary depends on the number of cars in a train, condi- 
tion and grade of road, length of haul, etc. 

The following data are from a report made by the Construction 
Service Co. of New York on the economic performance of Re- 
versible Dump Wagons of three yards capacity drawn by trac- 
tion engines as compared with ordinary two-horse 1 y 2 yd. wagons. 

The assumed value of the traction drawn plant is as follows: 



Item 
12 — -3 yd. wagons. . 


"Value 
. ..$2,724.72 
. . 2,000.00 


Life 

6 years 

15 years 

10 years 


Dep. Int. 

per per 

Work- Work- 

Dep. Rate ing ing 

per Year Day Day 

16%% $2.60 93c 

6%% .76 69c 


Water tank 


300.00 


10 % .17 10c 



The standard cost of operating the same with traction en- 
gine is: 

Engineer $ 3.00 

Fireman 2.00 

Coal for 10 miles, average 1% tons, at $2.25 2.82 

Repairs 4.30 

Depreciation 3.53 

Interest 1.72 

Liability insurance, say 2 % of the payroll 13 

Miscellaneous and superintendence, 20% of the above 3.50 



Total expenses per day $21.00 

The assumedvalue of a horse is $150 and the assumed cost of 
operating the horse-drawn plant is as follows: 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Two horses cost, per day ; $3.00 

$110.00 wagon, depreciation 124 

Interest 044 

Repairs 15 

Miscellaneous, including harness, etc 072 

Driver 1.50 

Insurance, 2 % of payroll 03 

Miscellaneous and superintendence, 20% 98 

Total expense per day $5.90 

The assumed working season for the traction-drawn outfit is 7 
months of 25 working days or 175 working days per year, 
whereas, the assumed season of the horse-drawn outfit is 7% 
months of 20 working days or 150 working days per year. 

The accompanying diagram gives the resultant unit costs for 
different loads and length of haul. 




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The follow- 
ing table 
which gives 
the cost of 
hauling of 
various ma- 
terials in 
wagons is 
taken from 
Engineering & 
Contracting. 
The average 
net load is assumed 
as 3,000 lbs, or 1% 
short tons. A good 
team can readily 
haul such a load 
over fair earth 
roads. An average 
traveling speed of 
2% miles per hour 
going loaded and re- 
turning empty at a 
rate of 3%, per 10- 
hour day for team 
and driver is assumed 




The cost of hauling 
elude the cost of loading and unloading. 

Material 
Brick, building (2%x8%).. 
Brick, paving (2%x8%x4). 
Block, paving (3^x81/2x4). 

Broken sandstone 

Broken trap rock 

Cement, natural 

Cement, Portland 

Coal 

Earth 

Lime 

Rock, granite, solid 

Sand, dry 

Sewer pipe: 

4 in 

6 in 



Traction Wagon. Bottom Dump. 
1 mile does not in- 



m. 



12 in 

18 in 

Tile, 4 in 

Timber: 

Kiln dried oak . 

Kiln dried yellow pine. . . . 

Southern yellow pine, green 

White oak, green 

Water 

Water 360 gals, 

Water pipe (cast) : 

4 in 132 lin. ft. 

6 in 84 lin. ft. 

8 in 60 lin. ft. 

12 in 36 lin. ft. 

20 in 12 lin. ft. 



Load 


Cost of Haul, 1 


(3000 Lbs.) 


Mile, Cts. 


555 


50 


per M 


444 


63 


per M 


333 


SI 


per M 


1.2 cu. yds. 


23 


per cu. yd. 


1.1 cu. yds. 


25 


per cu. yd. 


11 bbls. 


2.5 


per bbl. 


m, bbls. 


3.7 


per bbl. 


iy 2 tons 
1.2 cu. yds. 


18.6 


per ton 


23 


per cu. yd. 


14 bbls. 


2 


per bbl. 


0.66 cu. yd. 


42 


per cu. yd. 


1.1 cu. yd. 


25 


per cu. yd. 


332 lin. ft. 


0.084 per lin. ft. 


200 lin. ft. 


0.14 


per lin. ft. 


40 lin. ft. 


0.7 


per lin. ft. 


140 lin. ft. 


0.2 


per lin. ft. 


66 lin. ft. 


0.42 


per lin. ft. 


428 lin. ft. 


0.065 per lin. ft. 


800 ft. B. M. 


35 


per M. ft. 


1000 ft. B. M. 


28 


per M ft. 


666 ft. B. M. 


42 


per M ft. 


600 ft. B. M. 


46 


per M ft. 


48 cu. ft. 


58 


per 100 cu.ft. 



0.077 per 100 gal! 



0.21 
0.33 
0.47 
0.77 
2.3 



per lin. ft. 
per lin. ft. 
per lin. ft. 
per lin. ft. 
per lin. ft. 



658 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



WELDING 



THERMIT PROCESS. 

Thermit is a mixture of finely divided aluminum and iron oxide. 
When ignited in one spot, the combustion so started continues 
throughout the entire mass without supply of heat or power 
from outside and produces superheated liquid steel and super- 
heated liquid slag- (aluminum oxide). The thermit reaction pro- 
duces an exceedingly high temperature, the liquid mass attaining 
5,400° Fahrenheit in less than 30 seconds. The liquid steel pro- 
duced by the reaction represents one-half of the original thermit 
by weight and one-third by volume. 

Welding by the thermit process is accomplished by pouring 
superheated thermit steel around the parts to be united. Thermit 
steel, being approximately twice as hot as ordinary molten steel, 
dissolves the metal with which it comes in contact and amal- 
gamates with it to form a single homogeneous mass when cooled. 
The essential steps are to clean the sections and remove enough 
metal to allow for a free flow of thermit steel, surround them 
with a mold, preheat by means of a gasoline and compressed air 
torch and then pour the steel. Full directions are supplied by 
the company owning this process and are not given here on ac- 
count of the limited space. 

The following detailed outfit is suitable for repair work on a 
small railroad or the equipment of a contractor, where the 
sections of wrought iron or steel do not exceed 4x6 in. in size: 

Item Price 

1 automatic crucible No. 6 $ 16.50 

1 double burner thermit preheating torch complete 75.00 

1 tapping spade .50 

300-lb. thermit mixed with 1% manganese and 1% nickel 

thermit and 15% punchings 80.04 

10 lbs. yellow wax @ $0.35 3.50 

1 bbl. special moulding material for facing 4.00 

1 lb. ignition powder 90 

Total cost, f. o. b. Jersey City $180.34 



The preheater is a permanent appliance and will last in- 
definitely, while the crucible will last from 16 to 20 reactions, 
after which it may be relined with magnesia tar in the field or at 
the factory for $11.50. Each crucible requires 141 lbs. tar at 3 
cents per lb., and one magnesia stone. No construction equip- 
ment is required except that it will be necessary to make a mold 
box out of sheet iron. Five extra packages of plugging material 
and four extra thimbles are supplied with each new crucible. 
Extra packages and thimbles cost 10 cents each. 



WELDING 659 

The prices of other sizes of appliances are as follows: 

Weight 

Item Price (Lbs.) 

Preheater torch, single burner $50.00 175 

Preheater torch, double burner 75.00 200 

Automatic crucible, No. 1, for 6 lbs. thermit... 3.50 40 

Automatic crucible, No. 2, for 8 lbs. thermit... 5.50 60 

Automatic crucible, No. 3, for 15 lbs. thermit... 6.50 110 

Automatic crucible, No. 4, for 25 lbs. thermit... 8.00 125 

Automatic crucible, No. 5, for 35 lbs. thermit... 11.00 150 

Automatic crucible, No. 6, for 70 lbs. thermit... 16.50 225 

Automatic crucible, No. 7, for 140 lbs. thermit... 30.00 385 

Automatic crucible, No. 8, for 210 lbs. thermit... 35.00 480 

Automatic crucible, No. 9, for 280 lbs. thermit... 43.50 580 

Automatic crucible, No. 10, for 400 lbs. thermit... 55.00 720 

*Tripods, No. 1 2.10 11 

♦Tripods, Nos. 2-3 2.50 19 

♦Tripods, Nos. 4-5 3.00 24 

♦Tripods, Nos. 6-7 5.50 65 

*(For welding connecting rods and driving wheel spokes, etc.) 

Flat bottom crucibles, No. 2, for 4 lbs. thermit... 1.75 18 

Flat bottom crucibles, No. 3, for 8 lbs. thermit... 3.00 27 

Flat bottom crucibles, No. 4, for 16 lbs. thermit... 4.75 65 

Flat bottom crucibles, No. 5, for 40 lbs. thermit... 7.00 95 

Tongs for flat bottom crucible, No. 2 2.00 6 % 

Tongs for flat bottom crucible, No. 3 2.50 17 y £ 

Tongs for flat bottom crucible, No. 4 3.25 25 

Tongs for flat bottom crucible, No. 5 4.50 30 y> 

Cost of relining flat bottom crucible, No. 2 75 . 

Cost of relining flat bottom crucible, No. 3 1.25 

Cost of relining flat bottom crucible, No. 4 2.50 

Cost of relining flat bottom crucible, No. 5 4.00 

Thermit (sold only in 50 lb. boxes). 

50-lb. drum 12.50 55 V> 

100-lb. drum 25.00 110 

Thermit with 1% manganese and 1% nickel thermit. 

• 50-lb. drum 13.15 56 y> 

100-lb drum 26.30 112 

Ignition powder, %-lb. cans 45 

Metallic manganese, per lb '. 75 

Nickel thermit, per lb .' . .55 

Yellow wax, per lb 35 

Special moulding material, per bbl 4.00 340 

The proper quantity of thermit required for the weld may be 
calculated by multiplying by 32 the weight of the wax necessary 
to fill all parts of the fracture and reinforcement, or else by 
calculating the number of cu. in. in the fracture and reinforce- 
ment and allowing one pound of thermit mixed with the necessary 
additions, to the cubic inch. If more than 10 lbs. of thermit 
are to be used it is necessary to mix steel punchings, not exceed- 
ing %-in. in diameter, into the powder. For 10 lbs. or more of 
thermit 10% of punchings should be added; for 50 lbs. or more, 
15% of small mild steel rivets should be mixed in. 1% each 
of manganese and nickel thermit should be added also. 



HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 



Wheelbarrows and 
roller bearing- wheel. 



WHEELBARROWS 

id carts equipped with self-lubricating- or 



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661 



Wooden Wheelbarrows. Net prices at Chicago for wooden 
Wheelbarrows in quantities are as follows: Full bolted wooden 
railroad wheelbarrows, with heavy steel wheel, 16% in. in 
diameter, sell at $1.75 to $1.85 each, or $18.00 to $19.75 per doz. 
Bolted wooden mortar barrows, weighing- 60 lbs. each, with tight 
box, 10 in. deep at handles and 13 in. at wheel, sell at $2.75 
each, or $27.50 per doz. Bent handled wooden stone barrows 
can be bought at $3.25 to $3.50 each, or $35.00 to $40.75 per 
doz. Folding wooden barrows, with removable sideboards and 



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Fig. 312. Transportation by Wheelbarrow. 



662 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

double frames, 4 cu. ft. capacity, sell at $3 each, or $32.50 per doz. 

Some wooden wheelbarrows which cost originally $21 per doz. 
had a life of 6 months in rock work and about 1 year in earth 
work; they would last still longer in concrete, this being for 
single shift work. The average cost of repairs was 30 cts. per 
month per barrow. 

It was found that wheelbarrows with steel trays, iron wheels 
and wooden frames had about the same total life but the average 
cost for repairs was 20 cts. per month. 

A dozen wooden frame barrows with steel wheels and steel 
trays costing $30 per doz. were useless in 6 months in work 80 
per cent of which was rock and 20 per cent earth. Total repairs 
for these 6 months amounted to $10, or 14 cts. per barrow per 
month. Eighteen wheelbarrows costing $60 per doz. were bought, 
one of which survived 6 months of the same kind of work. The 
cost of renewing trays for these was $1 per wheelbarrow for 
the 6 months and general repairs amounted to $30, or 28 cts. 
per barrow per month. Of another dozen costing $27 with 
wooden trays and steel wheels 10 survived 6 months' work at a 
total cost for repairs of $28, or 39 cts. per barrow per month. 



APPENDIX 



CLASSIFIED LIST OF 

CONSTRUCTION PLANT 

MANUFACTURERS AND 

DEALERS 



APPENDIX 



AIR COMPRESSORS. 

Abenaque Machine Works, Westminster Station, Vt. 

Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis, 

American Well Works, Aurora, 111, 

Blaisdell Machinery Co., Bradford, Pa. 

Blake & Knowles Steam Pump Co., New York, N. Y. 

Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 

Dallett Co., Thos. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Dean Bros. Steam Pump Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

DeLaval Steam Turbine Co., East Trenton, N. J. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 

Goulds Manufacturing Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. 

Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. 

McGowan Co., John H., Cincinnati, O. 

McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. 

National Brake & Electric Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

Waterworks Equipment Co., New York, N. Y. 

Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

ASBESTOS. 

Asbestos Protected Metal Co., Canton, Mass. 
Carey Co., Philip, Cincinnati,. O. 
Johns-Manville Co., H. W., New York, N. Y. 
Keasbey & Mattison Co., Ambler, Pa. 

ASPHALT. 

Baker, Jr., John, Chicago, 111. 

Barber Asphalt Paving Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Byerly & Sons, Cleveland, O. 

Gulf Refining Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Hercules Oil Refining Co., Los Angeles, Cal. 

Indian Refining Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Sicilian Asphalt Paving Co., New York, N. Y. 

Standard Asphalt & Rubber Co., Chicago, 111. 

Texas Co., New York, N. Y. 

Trinidad Asphalt & Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Cal. 

United States Asphalt & Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. 

Wadsworth Stone & Paving Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Warner-Quinlan Co., Cleveland, O. 

Warren Bros. Co., Boston, Mass. 

ASPHALT PLANTS. 

Atlas Dryer Co., Cleveland, O. 

Barber Asphalt Paving Co., PhiladelDhia, Pa. 

Cummer & Son, F. D., Cleveland, O. 

East Iron & Machine Co., Lima, O. 

Hetherington & Berner Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Iroquois Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 

Ruggles-Coles Engineering Co., New York, N. Y. 

Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 

AUTOMOBILES— MOTOR TRUCKS. 

Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 
Garford Motor Truck Co., Toledo, O. 
International Harvester Co., Chicago, III. 

665 



666 APPENDIX 

International Motor Truck Co., New York, N. T. 
Jeffery Co., Thos. B., Kenosha, Wis. 
Kelly-Springfield Motor Truck Co., Springfield, O. 
Kissel-Kar Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Peerless Motor Car Co., Cleveland, O. 
Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Reo Motor Car Co., Lansing, Mich. 
Speedwell Motor Car Co., Dayton, O. 
Tiffin Wagon Co., Tiffin, O. 

BAB BBNDBBS. 

Chicago Builders Specialty Co., Chicago, Til. 

Electric Welding Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Hanson & Sons, A. P., Chicago, 111. 

Hinman & Co., D. A., Sandwich, 111. 

Kardong Bros., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

McKenna Co., Cleveland, O. 

Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 

Union Machinery Co., St. Paul, Minn. 

Wallace Supply Co., Chicago, 111. 

Wiener Machinery Co., New York, N. Y. 

BAB CUTTEES. 

Braun, J. G., Chicago,' 111. 

Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Mersick & Co., C. S., New Haven, Conn. 

Pels & Co., Henry, Albany, N. Y. 

Rock River Machine Co., Janesville, Wis. 

Waterbury Farrel Foundry & Machinery Co., Waterbury, Conn. 

Watson-Stillman Co., New York, N. Y. 

Wiener Machinery Co., New York, N. Y. 

BABGES AND SCOWS. 

American Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. 

American Car & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Carroll-Porter Boiler & Tank Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Chicago Bridge & Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 

Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Pittsfcurgh-Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Skinner Ship Building Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. 

BLASTING APPABATUS. 
Batteries — Blasting. 

American Carbon & Battery Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., E. I., Wilmington, Del. 

McA.bee Powder & Oil Co., P. R., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

National Carbon Co., Cleveland, O. 

Star Electric Fuse Works, Wilkee-Barre, Pa. 

Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111. 



Blasting Machines. 



Aetna Powder Co., Chicago, 111. 

Du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., E. I., Wilmington, Del. 

Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. 

Ingergoll-Rand Co., Chicago, 111. 

Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111. 

Fuse Caps. 

Aetna Powder Co., Chicago, 111. 

Independent Powder Co. of Missouri, Joplin, Mo. 



APPENDIX 

McAbee Powder & Oil Co., P. R., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Metallic Cap Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
Rendrock Powder Co., New York, N. Y. 

Kettles for Thawing. 

Du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., E. I., Wilmington, Del. 
Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. 

(Explosives, see under "Dynamite.") 

BINS— PORTABLE. 

Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 
Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

BINS— STORAGE. 

Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. 
Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Raymond Concrete Pile Co., New York and Chicago. 
Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago,' 111. 

BLOCKS— TACKLE. 

American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. "> 
Boston & Lockport Block Co., Boston, Mass. 
Boston Selflocking Block Co., Boston, Mass. 
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
Burr Manufacturing Co., Cleveland,- O. 
Byers Machine Co., John F., Ravenna, O. 
Cleveland Block Co., Cleveland, O. 
"Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 
Columbia Steel Co., Portland, Me. 
Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Cottington & Son, J. C, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Donahue & Co., J. T., Baltimore, Md. 
Edwards & Co., H D., Detroit, Mich. 

Eureka Tackle Block Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, O. 
Hartz Co., H. V., Cleveland, O. 
Leschen & Sons Rope Co., A., St. Louis, Mo. 
Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
Lupkin, P. E., Gloucester, Mass. 
Merriman Bros. Co., Boston, Mass. 
Patterson, W. W., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Pittsburgh Block & Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Roebling's Sons Co., John A., New York, N. Y. 
Stowell Manufacturing & Foundry Co., South Milwaukee, Wis. 
Terry & Tench Co., New York, N. Y. 
Union Elevator Machine Co., Chicago, 111. 
Walsh Sons & Co., Harrison, N. J. 

BLUE PRINT FRAMES. 

American Drafting Furniture Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

Dietzgen Co., Eugene, Chicago, 111. 

Elliott Co., B. K., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Fritz Manufacturing Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Keuffel & Es3er Co., New York, N. Y. 

Post Co., Frederick, Chicago, 111. 

Shaw Blue Print Machine Co., Newark, N. J. 

Soltmann Co., E. G., New York, N. Y. 

BLUE PRINT MACHINES. 

American Drafting Furniture Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
Buckeye Engineering Co., Salem, O. 
Buffalo Blue Print Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 



668 APPENDIX 

Elliott Co., B. K., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Paragon Machine Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
Pease Co., C. F., Chicago, 111. 



BOILERS. 

Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Co., Newburgh, N. Y. 
American Radiator Co., Chicago, 111. 
Babcock & Wilcox Co., New York, N. Y. 
Beggs & Co., James, New York, N. Y. 
Brennan & Co., John, Detroit, Mich. 
Brownell Co., Dayton, O. 
Byers Co., John F., Ravenna, O. 
Carroll-Porter Boiler & Tank Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Casey-Hedges Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. 
'Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 
Connelly Boiler Co., D., Cleveland, O. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Farquhar Co., A. B., York, Pa. 
Frick Co., Waynesboro, Pa. 
Johnston Bros., Ferrysburg, Mich. 
Keeler Co., E., Williamsport, Pa. 
Kewanee Boiler Co., Kewanee, 111. 
Kittoe Boiler & Tank Co., Canton, O. 
Lake Erie Boiler Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
MacKinnon Boiler & Machine Co., Bay City, Mich. 
Oil Well Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Petroleum Iron Works, Sharon, Pa. 
Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. 
Struthers- Wells Co., Warren, Pa. 
Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. 
Warren City Tank & Boiler Co., Warren, O. 



BOOTS. 



Co., J. E., New York, N. Y. 
Goodrich Co., B. F., Akron, O. 
Mulconroy Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Putnam Co., H. J., Minneapolis, Min: 
Rubberhide Co., Boston, Mass. 



BUCKETS— BOTTOM DUMP. 

Acme Equipment & Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 
Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. 
Biehl Iron Works, Reading, Pa. 
Cockburn Co.', Jersey City, N. J. 
Hunt Co., C. W., West New Brighton, N. Y. 
Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
■Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 
Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 
McMyler Interstate Co., Bedford, O. 
Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Stuebner Iron Works, G. L., Long Island City, N. Y. 
Tide Water Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 
Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 
Williams Co., G. H., Cleveland, O. 



BUCKETS— CONCRETE. 

Acme Equipment & Engineering Co., Cleveland, ( 
Bond Co., Harold L., New York, N. Y. 
Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. 
Easton Car & Construction Co., .Cleveland, O. 
Haiss Mfg. Co., Geo., Easton, ^a. 
Hayward Co., New York, N. Y. 



APPENDIX 



Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. 
•Lake wood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 
Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Stuebner Iron Works, G. L., Long Island City, N. Y. 
Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 
Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. 



BUCKETS— GRAB. 

Andresen & Evans, .Chicago, 111. 

Brosius, Edgar E., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Browning Co., Cleveland, O. 

Haiss Manufacturing Co., Geo., New York, N. Y. 

Hayward Co., New York, N. Y. 

Industrial Iron Works, Bay City, Mich 

Kiesler Co., J. F., Chicago, 111. 

Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 

Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 

McKenna Co., Cleveland, O. 

McMyler Interstate Co., Bedford, O. 

Mead-Morrison Manufacturing Co., East Boston, Mass. 

Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. 

Owen Bucket Co., Cleveland, O. 

Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Rochester Excavation Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

Smith & Sons Co., Thos., Jersey City, N. J. 

Williams Co., G. H., Cleveland, O. 



BUCKETS— SCRAPER. 

Bucyrus Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Dull Co., Raymond W., Chicago, 111. 

Hayward Co., New York, N. Y. 

Indianapolis Cable Excavator Co., Indianapolis, I 

Insley Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Mansfield Engineering Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, O. 

Monighan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

Page Engineering Co., Chicago, 111. 

Sauerman Bros. Chicago, 111. 



CABLEWAYS. 

American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, 111. 

Dull Co., Raymond W., Chicago, 111. 

Horton, John T., New York, N. Y. 

Indianapolis Cable Excavator Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Mansfield Engineering Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Page Engineering Co., Chicago, 111. 

Sauerman Bros., Chicago, 111. 



CARS— BALLAST. 

American Car & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
Continental Car & Equipment Co., Louisville, Ky. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Goodwin Car Co., Chicago, 111. 
Hicks Locomotive & Car Works, Chicago, 111. 
Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Rodger Ballast Car Co., Chicago, 111. 
Standard Steel Car Co., Butler, Pa. 
i Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 
Youngstown Car & Manufacturing Co., Youngsto' 



670 APPENDIX 

CARS— DUMP. 

American Car & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

American Clay Machinery Co., Bucyrus, O. 

Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. 

Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Central Locomotive & Car Works, Chicago, 111. 

Chase Foundry Co., Columbus, O. 

Continental Car & Equipment Co., Louisville, Ky. 

Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 

Easton Car & Construction Co., Easton, Pa. 

Electric Locomotive & Car Co., West Park, O. 

Goodwin Car Co., Chicago, 111. 

Kilbourne & Jacobs Co., Columbus, O. 
"Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 

Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 

National Dump Car Co., Chicago, 111. 

Oliver Manufacturing Co., Wm. J., Knoxville, Tenn. 

Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. 

Steubner Iron Works, Long Island City, N. Y. 

Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 
'Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 

Youngstown Car & Manufacturing Co., Youngstown, O. 

CARS— FLAT. 

American Car & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
Atlas Car & Equipment Co., Cleveland, O. 
Baltimore Steel Car & Foundry Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Chase Foundry Co., Columbus, O. 
Continental Car & Equipment Co., Louisville, Ky. 
Hunt Co., C. W., West New Brighton, N. Y. 
Kilbourne & Jacobs Co., Columbus, O. 
Oren&tein- Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. 
Ralston Steel Car Co., Columbus, O. 
Rodger Ballast Car Co., Chicago, 111. 
Russell Wheel & Foundry Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Stuebner Iron Works, G. L., Long Island City, N. Y. 
•Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 
Youngstown Car & Manufacturing Co., Youngstown, O. 

CARS— INSPECTION. 

Buda Co., Chicago, 111. 

Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Kalamazoo Railway Supply Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Mudge & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Sheffield Car Co., Three Rivers, Mich. 

CARS— SPREADER. 

Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Central Locomotive & Car Works, Chicago, 111. 
Continental Car & Equipment Co., Louisville, Ky. 
Mann-McCann Co., Chicago, 111. 

Oliver Manufacturing Co., Wm. J., Knoxville, Tenn. 
•Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, III. 

CARTS— CONCRETE. 

Acme Equipment & Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 

Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. 

Biehl Iron Works, Reading, Pa. 

Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. 

Chicago Concrete Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

Donahue & Co., John A., Chicago, 111. 

Hunt Co., C. W., New West Brighton, N. Y. 

Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Kentucky Wagon Manufacturing Co., Louisville, Ky. 

Kilbourne & Jacobs Co., Columbus, O. 

Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 



APPENDIX 

Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 
Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Milwaukee Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, "Wis. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. 
Sterling "Wheelbarrow Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

CARTS— DUMPING. 

Auburn Wagon Co., Martinsburg, W. Va. 
Baker Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. 
Kentucky Wagon Manufacturing Co., Louisville, Ky. 
Kilbourne & Jacobs Co., Columbus, O. 
Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. 
Oshkosh Manufacturing Co., Oshkosh, Wis. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Schuttler Co., Peter, Chicago, 111. 
Streich & Bro. Co., A., Oshkosh, Wis. 
-Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 

CEMENT TESTING APPARATUS. 

Abbe Engineering Co., New York, N. Y. 

Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

Beach-Russ Co., New York, N. Y. 

Clark & Mills Electric Co., Cambridge, Mass. 

Eimer & Amend, New York, N. Y. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

International Instrument Co., Cambridge, Mass. 

Kirschbaum, Lester B. S., Chicago, 111. 

Olsen, Tinius, Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Reihle Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 

CHAIN HOISTS. 

American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 

Chisholm & Moore, Cleveland, O. 

Cleveland Punch & Shear Co., Cleveland, O. 

Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. 

Detroit Hoist & Machinery Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co.,. Chicago, 111. 

Frevert Machinery Co., New York, N. Y. 

Godfrey Keeler Co., New York, N. Y. 

Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 

Patterson, W. W., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Pittsburgh Block Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Ryerson & Son, J. T., Chicago, 111. 

Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. 

CHAINS. 

Columbus Chain Co., Columbus, O. 
Hayden-Corbett Chain Co., Columbus, O. 
Jones & Laughlin, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Standard Chain Co., Pittsburgh, I Pa. 
Taylor Chain Co., Chicago, 111. 
Webster Manufacturing Co., Tiffin, O. 
Woodhouse Chain Works, Trenton, N. J. 

CHUTES— BROKEN STONE, GRAVEL AND SAND. 

Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 

Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 

Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. 

Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 

Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. 

Pittsburgh-Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Sackett Chute & Screen Co., Chicago, 111. 

Webster Manufacturing Co., Tiffin, O. 



672 APPENDIX 

CHUTES— CAR-UNLOADING. 

Littleford Bros, Cincinnati, O. 

Quick Unloading Car Chute Co., Birmingham, Ala. 

Southern Foundry Co., Owensboro, Ky. 

CHUTES— CONCRETE. 

Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 
Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
C. H. & E. Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
-Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 
Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 

Pneumatic Concrete Placing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Sackett Screen & Chute Co., Chicago, 111. 
Wylie Co., J. S., Chicago, 111. 

CLOTHING— RUBBER. 

American Rubber Co., Boston, Mass. 
Chicago Rubber Clothing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Goodrich Co., B. F., Akron, O. 
Goodyear Tire Co., Akron, O. 

CONCRETE MIXERS. 

American Cement Machinery Co., Keokuk, la. 
Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 
Ashland Steel Range Co., Ashland, O. 
Atlas Engineering Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Badger Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Blystone Manufacturing Co., Cambridge Springs, Pa. 
Cement Tile Machinery Co., Waterloo, la. 
Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Clover Leaf Concrete Machinery Co., South Bend, Ind. 
Cream City Equipment Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Eureka Machinery Co., Lansing, Mich. 
Excelsior Mixer & Machinery Co., ' Milwaukee, Wis. 
Foote Concrete Machinery Co., Nunda, N. Y. 
Hains Concrete Machinery Co., New York. 
Ideal Concrete Machinery Co., Cincinnati, O. 
Kent Machine Co, The, Kent, O. 
Knickerbocker Co., Jackson, Mich. 
Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
■ Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 
Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. 

Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Milwaukee Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Municipal Engineering & Contracting Co., Chicago, 111. 
Oshkosh Manufacturing Co., Oshkosh, Wis. 
Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. 
Raber & Lang Manufacturing Co., Kendallville, Ind. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Schaefer Manufacturing Co., Berlin, Wis. 
Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. 
Twentieth Century Mixer Co., Connersville, Ind. 
Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. 
Van Duzen, Roys & Co., Columbus, O. 

Waterloo Cement Machinery Corporation, Waterloo, la. 
Whitman Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

CONCRETE SIDEWALK CURB FORMS. 

Blaw Steel Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Hotchkiss Lock Metal Form Co., Binghamton, N. Y. 
Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. 



APPENDIX 

CONCRETE SIDEWALK TOOLS. 

Anderson Tool Supply Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Arrowsmith Concrete Tool Co., Arrowsmith, 111. 

Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. 

Century Manufacturing Co., Chicago Heights, 111. 

Crescent Novelty Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Duffy Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. 

Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 

Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. 

Waterloo Cement Machinery Co., Waterloo, la. 

CONVEYING MACHINERY. 

Bartlett & Snow Co., C. O., Cleveland, O. 
Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. 
Caldwell Co., H. W., Chicago, 111. 
Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Dull Co., Raymond W., Chicago, 111. 
Guarantee Construction Co., New York, N. Y. 
Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 
Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 
Ohio Locomotive Crane Co., Bucyrus, O. 
Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. 
Robins Belt Conveying Co., New York, N. Y. 
Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 
Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

CONVEYORS— BELT. 

Beaumont Co., R. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Green Engineering Co., Chicago, 111. 
Guarantee Construction Co., New York, N. Y. 
Hunt Co., C. W., West New Brighton, N. Y. 
Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 
Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 

Robins Belt Conveying Co., New York, N. Y. 
Stephens- Adamson Co., Aurora, 111. 
Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

CONVEYORS— PORTABLE. 

Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 
Page Engineering Co. (Cantilever), Chicago, 111. 
Robins Conveying Belt Co., New York, N. Y. 
Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

CRANES— LOCOMOTIVE. 

American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. 
Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. 
Browning Co., Cleveland, O. 
Exeter Machine Works, Pittston, Pa. 
Industrial Iron Works, Bay City, Mich. 
Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 
Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 
McMyler Interstate Co.. Bedford, O. 
Maine Electric Co., Portland, Me. 
Neumeyer & Dimond, New York, N. Y. 
Northern Engineering Works, Detroit, Mich. 
Ohio Locomotive Crane Co., Bucyrus, O. 
Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. 

CRUSHERS. 

Acme Road Machinery Co.. Frankfort, N. Y. 

Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Bacon, Earle C, New York, N. Y. 



674 APPENDIX 

Buchanan Co., C. G., New York, N. T. 
Case Threshing Machine Co., J. I., Racine, Wis. 
Coldwell-Wilcox Co., Newburgh, N. Y. 
Cresson-Morris Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Eureka Stone & Ore Crusher Co., Cedar Rapids, Mich. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Galion Iron Works & Manufacturing Co., Galion, O. 
Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 
Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. 
Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. 
Symons Bros. Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Universal Crusher Co., Cedar Rapids, Mich. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 
'Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 

DERRICKS. 

American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. 
Byers Machine Co., John F., Ravenna, O. 
Carlin's Sons Co., Thos., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Chicago Bridge & Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 
~Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 

Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. 
Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Flory Manufacturing Co., S., Bangor, Pa. 
Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
Manufacturers Supply Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
McMyler Interstate Co., Bedford, O. 
Monighan Machine Co., Chicago, 111. 
National Equipment Co., Chicago, 111. 
National Hoisting Engine Co., Harrison, N. J. 
Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. 
Parker Hoist & Machine Co., Chicago, 111. 

Pittsburgh-Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Taylor Portable Steel Derrick Co., Chicago, 111. 
Terry & Tench Co., New York, N. Y. 
Union Elevator & Machine Co., Chicago, 111. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 
Williams Co., G. H., Cleveland, O. 

DIVING APPARATUS. 

Hale & Son, A. J., Boston, Mass. 
Merrill-Stevens Engineering Co., Jacksonville, Fla. 
Morse & Son, A. J., Boston, Mass. 
Schrader & Son, A., New York, N. Y. 

DREDGES. 

Bay City Dredge Works, Bay City, Mich. 

Bucyrus Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Ellicott Machine Corporation, Baltimore, Md. 

Marion Osgood Co., Marion, O. 

Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, O. 

Norbom Engineering Co., Philadelphia,- Pa. 

DRILLS— BLAST HOLE AND QUARRY. 

American Well Works, Aurora, 111. 
Armstrong Manufacturing Co., Waterloo, la. 
Cyclone Drill Works, Orrville, O. 
Keystone Quarry Drill Co., Beaver Falls, Pa. 
Loomis Machine Co., Tiffin, O. 

DRILLS— CORE. 

American Well Works, Aurora, 111. 
Cyclone Drill Works, Orrville, O. 



APPENDIX 675 

Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. 
Loomis Machine Co., Tiffin, O. 
McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. 
Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

DRILLS— ROCK. 

American Diamond Rock Drill Co., New York, N. Y. 
Bullock Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 
Cleveland Rock Drill Co., Cleveland, O. ' 
Diamond Drill & Machine Co., Birdsboro, Pa. 
Howells Mining Drill Co., Plymouth, Pa. 
Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. 
Independent Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 
McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. 
Milne & Co., New York, N. Y. 
Mine & Smelter Supply Co., New York, N. Y. 
New York Engineering Co., New York, N. Y. 
Philadelphia Pneumatic Tool Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Phillips Rock Drill Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Standard Diamond Drill Co., Chicago, 111. 
Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 
Wood Drill Works, Paterson, N. J. 

DYNAMITE; BLASTING POWDER. 

Aetna Powder Co., Chicago, 111. 

Burton Powder Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Cameron Powder Manufacturing Co., Emporium, Pa. 

Dittmar Powder Works, New York, N. Y. 

Du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., E. I., Wilmington, Del. 

Excelsior Powder Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Hall & Sons Co., Ellis, Knox, Pa. 

Hancock Chemical Co., Dollar Bay, Mich. 

Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. 

Independent Powder Co., Joplin, Mo. 

Independent Powder Co. of Missouri, Joplin, Mo. 

Jefferson Powder Co., Birmingham, Ala. 

Keystone National Powder Co., Emporium, Pa. 

King Powder Co., Cincinnati, O. 

McAbee Powder & Oil Co., G. R., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

National Powder Co<\ New York, N. Y. 

Potts Powder Co., New York, N. Y. 

Rockdale Powder Co., York, Pa. 

Texas Dynamite Co., Beaumont, Tex. 

ENGINES— GAS, GASOLINE, KEROSENE AND OIL. 

Affiliated Manufacturers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Armstrong Manufacturing Co., Waterloo, la. 

Domestic Engine & Pump Co., Shippensburgh, Pa. 

Dunning, W. D., Syracuse, N. Y. 

Erie Pump & Engine Works, Erie, Pa. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Flint & Walling Manufacturing Co., Kendallville, Ind. 

Gray Motor Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Heer Engine Co., Portsmouth, O. 

Hersey Manufacturing Co., South Boston, Mass. 

International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111. 

Lamb Boat & Engine Co., Clinton, I.a. 

Mietz, August, New York, N. Y. 

Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

National Meter Co., New York, N. Y. 

National Transit Co., Oil City, Pa. 

New Way Motor Co., Lansing, Mich. 

Novo Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. 

Original Gas Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. 

Otto Gas Engine Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. 

Standard Scale & Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Whitmai Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. 



676 APPENDIX 

ENGINES— HOISTING. 

Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
American Clay Machinery Co., Bucyrus, O. 
American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. 
Byers Co., John F., Ravenna, O. 
Carlin's Sons Co., Thos., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
•Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 
Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. 
Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Domestic Engine & Pump Co., Shippensburgh, Pa. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Flory Manufacturing Co., Bangor, Me. 
Gade Excavating Co., Iowa Falls, la. 
International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111. 
Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
Maine Electric Co., New York, N. Y. 
Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Mundy, J. S., Newark, N. J. 
National Hoisting Engine Co., Harrison, N. J. 
Novo Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. 
Original Gas Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. 
Otto Gas Engine Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Standard Scale & Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Stroudsburg Engine Works, Stroudsburg, Pa. 
Thomas Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. 

ENGINES— STEAM. 

Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
American Blower Co., Detroit, Mich. 
American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Ball Engine Co., Erie, Pa. 
Buckeye Engine Co., Salem, O. 
k Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 
Cooper & Co., C. & G., Mt. Vernon, O. 
Erie City Iron Works, Erie, Pa. 
Fitchburg Steam Engine Co., Fitchburg, Mass. 
Griffith & Wedge Co., Zanesville, O. 
Harris Steam Engine Co., Providence, R. I. 
Harrisburg Foundry & Machine Works, Harrisburg, Pa. 
Hewes & Phillips Iron Works, Newark, N. J. 
Hooven-Owens-Rentschler Co., New York, N. Y. 
Lawrence Engine Works, Lawrence, Mass. 
Leffel & Co., James, Springfield, O. 
McGowan Co., John H., Cincinnati, O. 
Mcintosh, Seymour & Co., Auburn, N. Y. 
Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Murray Iron Works Co., Burlington, la. 
Nordberg Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Providence Engine Works, Providence, R. I. 
Rollins Engine Co., Nashua, N. H. 
Skinner Engine Works, Erie, Pa. 
Sterling Machine Co., Norwich, Conn. 
Sturtevant Co., B. F., Boston, Mass. 
Vilter Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Watts-Campbell Co., Newark, N. J. 

FIRE EQUIPMENT. 
Chemical Engines. 

American La France Fire Engine Co., Elmira, N, Y. 

Badger Fire Extinguisher Co., Boston, Mass. 

Childs Co., Utica, N. Y. 

Robinson Fire Apparatus Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. 



APPENDIX 677 

Fire Extinguishers. 

Badger Fire Extinguisher Co., Boston, Mass. 
Massillon Iron & Steel Co., Massillon, O. 
Pyrene Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
Simmons Co., John, New York, N. Y. 
Woodhouse Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Fire Hose. 

Empire Rubber & Tire Co., Trenton, N. J. 

Eureka Fire Hose Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Fabric Fire Hose Co., New York, N. Y. 

Goodrich Co., B. F., Akron, O. 

Gutta Percha & Rubber Manufacturing Co., Akron, O. 

New York Belting & Packing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Fire Hose Couplings, Expansion Kings and Nozzles. 

Anderson Coupling & Fire Supply Co., Kansas City, Kas. 

Boston Coupling Co., Boston, Mass. 

Crane Co., Chicago, 111. 

Morse & Sons, Andrew J., Boston, Mass. 

Fire Hose Racks. 

Elkhart Brass Manufacturing Co., Elkhart, Ind. 
Seagrave Co., Columbus, O. 

FORGES— PORTABLE. 

Beggs & Co., James M., Warren, N. Y. 

Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn. 

Boynton & Plummer, "Worcester, Mass. 

Brown & Patterson, Brooklyn, N. Y . 

Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Canedy-Otto Manufacturing Co., Chicago Heights, III. 

Champion Blower & Forge Co., Lancaster, Pa. 

Chicago Scale Co., Chicago, 111. 

Cleveland Steam Gauge Co., Cleveland, O. 

Cox & Sons Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Cummings, David, Chicago, 111. 

Fargo Foundry Co., Fargo, N. Dak. 

Fate & v Jones Co., Pittsburgh., Pa. 

Hauck Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Potts, D. H, Lancaster, Pa. 

Roots Co., P. H. & M. F., Connersville, Ind. 

Silver Manufacturing Co., Salem, O. 

Sturtevant Co., B. F., Boston, Mass. 

Walsh & Jones, Harrison, N. J. 

FORKS— STONE AND BALLAST. 

American Fork & Hoe Co., Cleveland, O. 
Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, III. 
Union Fork & Hoe Co., Columbus, O. 

FORMS— BUILDING. 

American Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. 

Blaw Steel Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Mitchell-Tappen Co., Allentown, Pa. 

Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 

Reichert Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Traylor Engineering & Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis, , 

FORMS— ADJUSTABLE CLAMP. 

Dayton Malleable Iron Works, Dayton, O. 

Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Universal Form Clamp Co., Chicago, 111. 



— * Kv S*mJ> •*- $asu*+*4 ■** 



678 APPENDIX 

FORMS— METAL. 

American Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. 

Blaw Steel Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Foote Concrete Machinery Co., Nunda, N. Y. 

Hotchkiss Lock Metal Form Co., Binghamton, N. Y. 

Lennon Flume Co., Colorado Springs, Colo. 

Traylor Engineering & Manufacturing Co., Allentown, Pa. 

FURNACES AND KETTLES. 

Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. 
Biehl Iron Works, Reading, Pa. 
Leadite Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. 
Macleod & Co., Walter, Cincinnati, O. 
Riter-Conley Manufacturing Co., Leetsdale, Pa. 
Rockwell Co., W. S., New York, N. Y. 
Stuebner Iron Works, Long Island City, N. Y. 
Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 

GENERATORS AND MOTORS. 

C. & C. Electric Manufacturing Co., Garwood, N. J. 

DeLaval Steam Turbine Co., Trenton, N. J. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Fort Wayne Electric Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 

General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 

Otis Elevator Co., New York, N. Y. 

Sturtevant Co., B. F., Hyde Park, Mass. 

Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111. 

Westinghouse Electric Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

GRADERS. 

Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. 

Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Aurora, 111. 

Baker Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. 

Buffalo Steam Roller Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Case Threshing Machine Co., J. I., Racine, Wis. 

Disk Grader & Plow Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Galion Iron Works & Manufacturing Co., Galion, O. 

Glide Road Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 

Kelly-Springfield Road Roller Co., Springfield, O. 

Kilbourne & Jacobs Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 

Linder Grader Co., Matthews, Ind. 

Ohio Road Machinery Co., The, Oberlin, O. 

Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Sidney Steel Scraper Co., Sidney, O. 

Stroud Manufacturing Co., Omaha, Neb. 

Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. 

Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 

GRADERS— RAILROAD. 

Jordan Co., O. F., Chicago, 111. 
Union Iron Works, Springfield, Mo. 

HEATERS— PORTABLE, GRAVEL AND SAND. 

American Clay Machinery Co., Bucyrus, O. 

Barrett Manufacturing Co. (Asphalt), New York, N. Y. 

Equitable Asphalt Maintenance Co. (Asphalt), Kansas City, Mo. 

Honhorst Co., Jos. (Asphalt), Cincinnati, O. 

Littleford Bros. (Asphalt), Cincinnati, O. 

Ruggles-Coles Engineering Co., New York, N. Y. 

Tidewater Iron Works Manufacturing Co., Hoboken, N. J. 



APPENDIX 
HOISTS— CONCRETE. 

Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 
Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
""""^ Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 

Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Milwaukee Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Wylie Co., J. S., Chicago, 111. 

HOISTS— ELECTRIC. 

American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. 
Byers Co., John F., Ravenna, O. 
Carlin's Sons Co., Thos., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
— ''Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 

Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. 
Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
English Iron Works, Kansas City, Mo. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Flory Manufacturing Co., S., Bangor, Pa. 
General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 
Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 
Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
. Maine Electric Co., Portland, Me. 

Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Monighan Machine Co., Chicago, 111. 

Mundy, J. S., Newark, N. J. 

National Hoisting Engine Co., Harrison, N. J. 

Stroudsburg Engine Works, Stroudsburg, Pa. 

Thomas Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. 

HOISTS— GASOLINE AND STEAM. 

AUis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Bates & Edmonds Motor Co., Lansing, Mich. 
Byers Machine Co., John F., Ravenna, O. 
""■•-Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 

Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. 

Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 

Domestic Engine & Pump Co., Shippenburg, Pa. 

English Iron & Manufacturing Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Flory Manufacturing Co., S., Bangor, Pa. 

Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Milwaukee Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Monighan Machine Co., Chicago, 111. 

National Hoisting Engine Co., Harrison, N. J. 

Novo Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. 

Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. 

Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 

Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. 

Stroudsburg Engine Works, Stroudsburg, Pa. 

HOISTS— HAND. 

American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. 
Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 
Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Novo Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. 
Thomas Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. 

HOISTS— PNEUMATIC. 

Blake Manufacturing Co., Geo. F., New York, N. Y. 
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 
Clayton Air Compresser Works, New York, N. Y. 



680 APPENDIX 

Curtis & Co., Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. 

Detroit Hoist & Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. T. 

Knowles Steam Pump Co., New York, N. Y. 

Northern Engine Works, Detroit, Mich. 

Q. M. S. & Co. Vulcan Engineering, Chicago, 111. 

Ryerson & Son, Jos. T., Chicago, 111. 

Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

HOPPERS. 

Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. , 

Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
Littleford Bros, Cincinnati, O. 
Mesker Bros. Ir jn Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
Wylie Co., J. S., Chicago, 111. 

HOSE. 

Boston Belting Co., Boston, Mass. 

Diamond Rubber Co., Akron, O. 

Edson Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 

Empire Rubber & Tire Co., East Trenton, N. J. 

Goodrich Co., B. P., Akron, O. 

Goodyear Rubber Co., Akron, O. 

New York Belting & Packing Co., New York, N. Y. 

HYDRAULIC MINING GIANTS. 

Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Co., Newburgh, N. Y. 
American Spiral Pipe Works., Chicago, 111. 
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua, San Francisco, Cal. 

JACKS. 

Anderson Forge & Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Duff Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, III. 
McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. 
Watson-Stillman Co., New York, N. Y. 

LIGHTS AND TORCHES. 

Avery Portable Lighting Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Dayton Malleable Iron Works, Dayton, O. 

Kitson Hydro-Carbon Heating & Incandescent Co., Philadelphia, 

McLeod Co., Walter, Cincinnati, O. 

Milburn Co., Alex. A., Baltimore, Md. 



MUburn Co., Alex. A., 
r C*Jl^ W+ 

1 



LOCOMOTIVE CRANES. 

American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 

Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. 

Browning Co., The, Cleveland, O. 

Cleveland Crane & Engine Co., Wickliffe, O. 

Exeter Machine Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Industrial Iron Works, Bay City, Mich. 

Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 

McMyler-Interstate Co., Bedford, O. 

Maine Electric Co., Portland, Me. 

Ohio Locomotive Crane Co., Bucyrus, O. 

Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. 

LOCOMOTIVES. 

American Locomotive Co., New York, N. Y. 
Atlas Car & Equipment Co., Cleveland, O. 
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Davenport Locomotive Works, Davenport, la. 



APPENDIX 

Lima Locomotive Works, Lima, O. 
Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. 
Porter Co., H. K., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 

PAINTS— METAL. 

Anti-Stick Co., Westerville, O. 

Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Carbolineum Wood Preserving Co., New York, N. Y. 

Cheesman & Elliot, New York, N. Y. 

Goheen Paint Co., Canton, O. 

Lowe Bros, Dayton, O. 

National Lead Co., Chicago, 111. 

Patterson-Sargent Co., Cleveland, O. 

Republic Creosoting Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Rinald Bros, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Smooth-On Manufacturing Co., Jersey City, N. J. 

Standard Paint Co., New York, N. Y. 

Toch Bros., New York, N. Y. 

PAVING EQUIPMENT. 

Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. 
-Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 
Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 
Huber Manufacturing Co., Marion, O. 
International Motor Co., New York, N. Y. 
Kinney Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 
Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. 
Lourie Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. 
Ohio Road Machinery Co., Oberlin, O. 
Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Petrolithic Paving Co., Los Angeles, Cal. 
Standard Manufacturing Co., Worcester, Mass. 
Universal Road & Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. 

PIER AND FOUNDATION PLANT. 

Foundation Co., New York, N. Y. 

Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., Cleveland, O. 

McArthur Concrete Pile & Foundation Co., New York, N. Y. 

Raymond Concrete Pile Co., New York and Chicago. 

Underpinning & Foundation Co., New York, N. Y. 

PILE DRIVERS. 

American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Browning Co., Cleveland, O. 
Bucyrus Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Byers Machine Co., John F., Ravenna, O. 
Carlin's Sons Co., Thos., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
-Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 
Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Edson Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 
Goubert, A. A., New York, N. Y. 
Horton Construction Co., D. E., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Industrial Works, Bay City, Mich. 
Ingersoll-Rand Co., Ne.w York, N. Y. 
Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 

McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. 
McMyler Interstate Co., Bedford, O. 
Maine Electric Co., Portland, Me. 
Mundy, J. S., Newark, N. J. 
National Equipment Co., Chicago, 111. 
Orton & Steinbrenner, Chicago, 111. 
Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 



682 APPENDIX 

PILES— CONCRETE. 

Electric Welding Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., Cleveland, O. 
McArthur Concrete Pile & Foundation Co., New York, N. 
Raymond Concrete Pile Co., New Tork and Chicago. 
Underpinning & Foundation Co., New York, N. Y. 

PILES— CREOSOTED WOOD. 

American Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. 

American Creosote Works, New Orleans, La. 

Ayer & Lord, Chicago, 111. 

Barber Asphalt Paving Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

International Creosote & Construction Co., Galveston, Tex. 

Jennison & Wright Co., Toledo, O. 

National Lumber Co., Texarkana, Tex. 

Republic Creosoting Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Wyckoff Pipe & Creosoting Co., New York, N. Y. 

PILES— STEEL. 

Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Lackawanna Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. 
United States Steel Piling Co., Chicago, 111. 
Wemlinger Steel Piling Co., New York, N. Y. 

PIPE— CAST IRON. 

American Cast Iron Pipe Co., Birmingham, Ala. 

Central Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. 

U. S. Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PIPE COVERING. 

Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

Carey Co., Philip, Cincinnati, O. 

Johns-Manville Co., H. W., New York, N. Y. 

New York Asbestos Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 

U. S. Mineral Wool Co., New York, N. Y. 

Wyckoff & Son, A., Elmira, N. Y. 

PIPE LINE TOOLS. 

Duff Manufacturing Co., The, Pittsburgh. Pa. 
Smith Manufacturing Co., A. P., East Orange, N. J. 

PIPE— STEEL. 

Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
American Spiral Pipe Co., Chicago, 111. 
National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Standard Spiral Pipe Co., Chicago, 111. 

PIPE— WOOD STAVE. 

Canal Lumber Co., Seattle, Wash. 

Michigan Pipe Co., Bay City, Mich. 

National Wood Pipe Co., Portland, Ore. 

Pacific Coast Pipe Co., Seattle, Wash. 

Pacific Pipe & Tank Co., Los Angeles, Cal. 

Portland Wood Pipe Co., Portland, Ore. 

Redwood Manufacturing Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

Standard Wood Pipe Co., Williamsport, Pa. 

Washington Pipe & Foundry Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

Wyckoff & Son Co., Portland, Ore. 

Wyckoff Pipe & Creosoting Co., New York, N. Y. 



APPENDIX 683 

PIPE— WROUGHT IRON. 

Abbe Engineering Co., New York, N. T. 

By'ers Co., A. M., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Mark. Manufacturing Co., Evanston, III. 

National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Pa. 

PLOWS. 

Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. 
^^-Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Burch Plow Works, Crestline, O. 
Case Threshing Machine Co., J. I., Racine, Wis. 
Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Disc Grader & Plow Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 
Kelly-Springfield Road Roller Co., Springfield, O 
Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. 
Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Stroud Manufacturing Co., Omaha, Neb. 
-«"■ """""Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 
Wiard Plow Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

POST HOLE DIGGERS. 

Oshkosh Manufacturing Co., Oshkosh, Wis. 
Whitman & Barnes Manufacturing Co., Akron, O. 

PUMPS. 

(Key: Cent., Centrifugal; Cont., Contractors; D., Dredge; D. W., Deep 

Well; Dia„ Diagram; S., Sand; Vac, Vacuum.) 
Alberger Pump & Condenser Co. (Cent.), New York, N. Y. 
Allis-Chalmers Co. (Cent.), Milwaukee, Wis. 
American Well Works (D. W., Cent., S.), Aurora, 111. 
Bates & Edmonds Motor Co. (Trench, Dia.), Lansing, Mich. 
Baker & Knowles Steam Pump Works (Cont., D. W.), East Cambridge, 

Mass. 
Bond Co., Harold L. (Dia. Vac, S. D.), Boston, Mass. 
Boston & Lockport Block Co. (Dia.), East Boston, Mass. 
Cameron Steam Pump Co. (Cent., Cont., D. W., Trench, Dia.), New 

York, N. Y. 
"-— -C. H. & E. Manufacturing Co. (Dia., Cont.), Milwaukee, Wis. 
Cook Well Co. (D. W.) St. Louis, Mo. 

Darling Pump & Manufacturing Co. (Cent.), Williamsport, Pa. 
Dean Bros. Steam Pump Co. (D. W.), Indianapolis, Ind. 
Deane Steam Pump Co. (Cont., D. W.), New York, N. Y. 
DeLaval Steam Turbine Co. (Cent.), Trenton, N. J. 
Deming Co. (Cent., D. W., Dia.), Salem, O. 

Domestic Engine Pump Co. (Cent., Dia., Trench), Boston, Mass. 
Edson Manufacturing Co. (Cont., Dia., Trench), Boston, Mass. 
Elliott Machine Corporation (D., S.), Baltimore, Md. 
Erie Pump & Engine Works (S., D.), Erie, Pa. 
Fairbanks-Morse & Co. (D. W., Cent., Dia.), Chicago, 111. 
Goulds Manufacturing Co. (Cent., Cont., D. W., Dia.), Seneca Falls, 

N. Y. 
Ingersoll-Rand, New York, N. Y. 

Keystone Pump & Manufacturing Co. (D. W„ S.), Beaver Falls, Pa. 
Kingsford Foundry & Machine Co. (T., Cent., D. W.), Oswego, N. Y. 
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordan Co., Cincinnati, O. 
Lawrence Machine Co. (Cent., D.), Lawrence, Mass. 
Lawtence Pump & Engine Co. (Cent., D.), Lawrence, Mass. 
McGowan Pump Co., John H. (Cent., Cont.), Cincinnati, O. 
Morris Machine Works (Cent., D. S.), Baldwinsville, N. Y. 
National Transit Co. (Cent., Cont., D. W.), Oil City, Pa. 
Norbom Engineering Co. (D., S.), Philadelphia, Pa. 
Nye Steam Pump Co. (Cont.), Chicago, 111. 
Original Gas Engine Co. (Dia., Cont), Lansing, Mich. 
Oshkosh Manufacturing Co. (Trench, Cent., Dia.), Oshkosh, Wis. 
Parker, A. A. (Dia., Cont.), Lansing, Mich. 



684 APPENDIX 

Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. 

Providence Engine Works (Cent.), Providence, R. I 

Pulsometer Steam Pump Co. (Cont. ), New York, N Y 

Standard Scale & Supply Co. (Trench, Dia., Cont.), Pittsburgh, Pa 

Van Wie Pump Co. (Cont, Cent., D. W., D., S., Dia.), Syracuse, N. Y 

Waterworks Equipment Co., New York, N. Y. 

Watson-Stillman Co. (Cent.), New York, N. Y. 

Whitman Agricultural Co. (Cent., Trench), St. Louis, Mo. 

Wood & Co., R. D. (Cent.), Philadelphia, Pa. 

Worthington, Henry R. (Cent.), New York, N. Y. 

RAILS AND TRACK SUPPLIES. 

Atlantic Equipment Co., Chicago, 111. 
Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. 
Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. 
Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Easton Car & Construction Co., Easton, Pa. 
Hyman Michaels Co., Chicago, 111. 
Jones & Laughlin, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Kenly Co., W. K., Chicago, 111. 
Lackawanna Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. 
-Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 
Males Co., Cincinnati, O. 

Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. 
Pennsylvania Steel Co., Steelton, Pa. 
Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 
United States Steel Co., 

REFRIGERATING AND ICE PLANT. 

International Cooling Co., New York, N. Y. 
Vilter Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
.Walton & Son, Louisville, Ky. 

RIVETERS— PNEUMATIC. 

Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 
Independent Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, III. 
Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. 
McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. 
Niagara Devices Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

ROLLERS— ROAD. 

Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. 
-Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 
Baker Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. 
Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Buffalo Steam Roller Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Erie Machine Shops, Erie, Pa. 
Galion Iron Works, Galion, O. 
Glide Road Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 
Huber Manufacturing Co., Marion, O. 
Kelly-Springfield Road Roller Co., Springfield, O. 
Ohio Road Machinery Co., Oberlin, O. 
Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 
•Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. , 

ROPE— WIRE. 

American Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. 
American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, 111. 
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
Leschen & Sons Rope Co., A., St. Louis, Mo. 
Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. 



APPENDIX 



St. Louis Cordage Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
Trenton Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. 
Waterbury Co., New York, N. T. 



. SAND BLAST MACHINES. 

Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. 
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordan, Cincinnati, O. 
Niagara Devices Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

SAW RIGS— PORTABLE. 

American Wood Working Machinery Co., 
-C. H. & E. Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Kansas City Engine Works, Kansas City, Mo. 
Oshkosh Manufacturing Co., Oshkosh, Wis. 
Smith, Geo. D., Chicago, 111. 
Stover Engine Works, Chicago, 111. 
Whitman Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

SCALES. 

Avery Scale Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Standard Scale & Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

SCRAPERS. 

American Steel Scraper Co., Sidney, O. 
-Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

Baker Manufacturing Co., Springfield, O. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Galion Iron Works, Galion, O. 

Glide Road Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 

Kilbourne & Jacobs, Columbus, O. 

Oberlin Road Machinery Co., Oberlin, O. 

Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Sidney Steel Scraper Co., Sidney, O. 

Stroud Manufacturing Co., Omaha, Neb. 

Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. 
» Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 

Ziey Manufacturing Co., F. B., Frederickstown, O. 

SCREENS— SAND, GRAVEL AND BROKEN STONE. 

"Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 
Buchanan Co., C. G., New York, N. Y. 
Clinton Wire Cloth Co., Clinton, Mass. 
Dull Co., Raymond W., hicago, 111. 
Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 
Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. 
Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. 
Raymond Bros. Impact Pulverizer Co., Chicago, 111. 
Sackett Screen & Chute Co., Chicago, 111. 
Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Stephens-Adamson Co., Aurora, 111. 
Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 
Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

SHOVELS— STEAM. 

American Clay Machine Co., Bucyrus, O. 
Browning Steam Shovel Co., Cleveland, O. 
Bucyrus Co., South Milwaukee, Wis. 
Marion-Osgood Co., Marion, O. 
Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, O. 
»Thew Automatic Shovel Co., Lorain, O. 



APPENDIX 



Bartlett & Snow Co., Cleveland, O. 
Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
""—Lake wood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. 
Otis Elevator Co., New York, N. Y. 
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. 
Stuebner Iron Works, G. L., Long Island City, N. Y. 
Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. 

SPRINKLING WAGONS AND CAETS. 

Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort,' N. Y. 
- -Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

Galion Iron Works, Galion, O. 

Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, O. 

Kelley-Springfield Road Roller Co., Springfield, O. 

Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. 

Milburn Wagon Co., Toledo, O. 

Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. 

Studebaker Corporation, South Bend, Ind. 

Tiffin Wagon Works, Tiffin, O. 

Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. 
—"""Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 

Winkle Bros., South Bend, Ind. 

STUCCO MACHINES. 

Bartlett & Snow Co., C. O., Cleveland, O. 
McDonnell Boiler & Iron Works, Des Moines, la. 
Swenson Auto-Stucco Machinery Co., Port Chester, N. Y. 

STUMP PULLEES. 

Ammond Stump Machine Co., Cedar Springs, Mich. 
Bennet Co., H. L., Westerville, O. 
Butterworth & Lowe, Grand Rapids, Mich. 
— Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. 
Edwards, C. D., Albert Lea, Minn. 
Farquhar Co., A. B., York, Pa. 
Hercules Manufacturing Co., Centerville, Pa. 
Little Giant Stump Puller Co., Hattiesburg, Miss. 
Milne Manufacturing Co., Monmouth, 111. 
National Iron Co., Duluth, Minn. 
Zimmerman Steel Co., Lone Tree, la. 

SUEVEYOES' AND ENGINEEES' INSTEUMENTS, ETC. 

Aloe Co., A. S., St. Louis, Mo. 

Ainsworth & Son, Wm., Denver, Colo. 

Architects & Engineers Supply Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

Beckman Co., L., Toledo, O. 

Berger & Sons, C. L., Boston, Mass. 

Brandis & Sons Manufacturing Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Buff & Buff Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 

Dietzgen, Eugene, Co., Chicago, 111. 

Elliott Co., B. K., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Fink Instrument Co., F. B., St. Louis, Mo. 

Gurley, W. & L. E., Troy, N. Y. 

Hanna Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. 

Heller & Brightly, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Iszard-Warren Co., Philadelphia. Pa. 

Keuffel & Esser Co., New York, N. Y. 

Lietz Co., A., San Francisco, Cal. 

Pease Co., C. F., Chicago, 111. 

Ross, Louis, San Francisco, Cal. 

Seelig & Sons, Chicago, 111. 

Technical Supply Co., Scranton, Pa. 



APPENDIX 

Warren-Knight Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Weber & Co., F.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
Young & Son, Philadelphia, Pa. 

TAMPERS— POWER. 

Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Lourie Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. 

te:lephones— dispatching systems and 
equipment. 

Garford Electric Co., Elyria, O. 

Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Manufacturing Co., Rochester, N. Y 

Western Electric Co., Chicago, III. 

TENTS AND CAMPING EQUIPMENT. 

American Tent & Awning Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Ames-Harris-Neville, San Francisco, Cal. 

Baker & Lockwood Manufacturing Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Buckeye Tent & Awning Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Carnie Goudie Manufacturing Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Carpenter Co., Geo. B., Chicago, 111. 

Channon Co., H., Chicago, 111. 

Des Moines Tent & Awning Co., Des Moines, la. 

Eberhardt & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

TRACTION ENGINES. 

Aultman-Taylor Co., Mansfield, O. 

Avery Co., Peoria, 111. 

Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Case Threshing Machine Co., J. I., Racine, Wis. 

Emerson Brantingham Co., Rockford, 111. 

Enterprise Machine Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Fairbanks Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Frick Co., Waynesboro, Pa. 

Heer Engine Co., Portsmouth, O. 

Holt-Caterpillar Co., Peoria, 111. 

Huber Manufacturing Co., Marion, O. 

International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111. 

Ohio Tractor Sales Co., Columbus, O. 

Pioneer Tractor Manufacturing Co., Winona, Minn. 

Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. 

Rumely Co., M., La Porte, Ind. 

Russell & Co., Massillon, O. 

Wallace Tractor Co., Cleveland, O. 

TRENCH BRACES. 

Bottomley Machine Co., Alliance, O. 

Dixon & Son, Chas. E., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Duff Manufacturing Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Kalamazoo Foundry & Machine Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Rolf-Martin Co., Ft. Wayne, Ind. 

Union Elevator & Machine Co., Chicago, 111. 

TRENCHING MACHINES. 

Austin Drainage Excavator Co., F. C, Chicago, 111. 
Buckeye Traction Ditcher Co., Findlay, O. 
Carson Trench Machine Co., Boston, Mass. 
Gade Excavating Co., Iowa Falls, la. 
Heggie, Wm., Co., Joliet, 111. 
•Parsons Co., G. W., Newton, la. 
Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Potter Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 



688 APPENDIX 

WAGONS. 

Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. 

Acme Wagon Co., Emigsville, Pa. 

Auburn Wagon Co., Martinsburg, W. Va. 

Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Bain Wagon Co., Kenosha, Wis. 

Eeckert, Wm., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Blake & Son, J. M., Buffalo, N. T. 

Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. T. 

Buffalo Steam Roller Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Columbia Wagon Co., Columbia, Pa. 

Eagle Wagon Works, Auburn, N. Y. 

Everett Manufacturing Co., Newark, N. J. 

Galion Iron Works, Galion, O. 

Glen Wagon Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. 

Good Reads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 

Haywood Wagon Co., Newark, N. J. 

Huber Manufacturing Co., Marion, O. 

Kentucky Wagon Co., Louisville, Ky. 

Milburn Wagon Co., Toledo, O. 

Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. 

Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Schuttler Co., Peter, Chicago, 111. 

Smith & Sons, Manufacturing Co.. Kansas City, Mo 

Streich, A., & Bros., Oshkosh, Wis. 

Streich, Gabriel, Oshkosh, Wis. 

Stroud Manufacturing Co., T. F., Omaha, Neb. 

Sfudebaker Corporation, South Bend, Ind. 

Troy Wagon Works Co., Troy, O. 

Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. 

Watson Wagon Co., Canastota, N. Y. 

Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. 

Winona Wagon Co., Winona, Minn. 

WELDING MACHINES. 

Davis-Bouronville Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
Electric Welding Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Milburn Co., Alex. P., Baltimore, Md. 
Oxweld Acetylene Co., Chicago, 111. 

WHEELBARROWS. 

Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Kilbourne & Jacobs, Columbus, O. 

Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. 

Miller & Coulson, Pittsburg, Pa. 

Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Sterling Wheelbarrow Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 



INDEX 



Adaptability of a Machine 5 

Adiabatic Compression 7 

Adiabatic Curves 8 

Air Compression Curves 8 

Air Compressors (See Compressors) 7 

Air Required for Rock Drills, Diagram 9, 24 

Air Required to Run from 1 to 40 Rock Drills, Diagram of 

Cubic Feet Necessary 9 

Altitude, Effect of on Quantity of Air Necessary to Run Drills 9 

Appendix — List Construction Plant Manufacturers and Dealers 665 

Asbestos 29 

Asbestos Cements 29 

Asbestos Pipe Covering 494 

Asphalt Distributors 439, 440 

Kettles 330 

Mixer Plant 31 

Mixing, Unit Costs of 31 

Plants 30 

Repairs, Costs 31 

Repair Plant, Cost 31, 32 

Repair Supplies 32 

Augers for Blasting 81 

Automobiles 34 

Automobile vs. Horse Costs, Comparisons 54 

Coal Trucks 37 

Delivery Wagons, Cost of Operating 48 

Electric, Maintenance Cost 54 

Electric Trucks 47, 52 

Five-Ton Trucks 55 

Freight Cars, Trucks 35 

Motor Trucks in Snow Removal 37 

Operating Costs, Gasoline 36 

Operating Costs, Passenger 56 

Passenger 34 

Passenger Cars, Operating Costs 48 

Transportation, Algebraic Discussion of 35 

Truck in Hauling Blasted Rock, Operating Cost 40 

Truck Operation. Detail Costs of 39 

Trucks, % -ton Capacity 49 

Trucks, 1 -ton Capacity 49 

Trucks, 1%-ton Capacity 50 

Trucks, 2 -ton Capacity 50 

Trucks, 3 -ton Capacity 51 

Trucks, 4 -ton Capacity 51 

Trucks, 5 -ton Capacity 52 

Trucks, Standard Speeds for 38 

Trucks Used by Chicago Public Library 38 

Trucks, Various Types of 38 

Axes, Table of Costs, etc 59 

Ballast Forks 329 

Band Saw . 413 

Bar Benders 74, 75, 76 

Bar Cutters 76 

Bars 73 

Barges and Scows 60 

Barges Built of Different Materials, Comparative Costs 68 

Barges, Flat 70 

Barges of Light Draft of Various Materials, Comparative Costs 69 

Barges (Scow) Recapitulation 66 

Barges (Small) of Wood, Tables of 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 

Barges (Steel) 68 



690 INDEX 

Bams, Cost of j 101 

Batteries for Blasting 80 

Beam Trucks 123 

Belt Conveyors . . .• 135 

Belt Elevator 142 

Belt Lacing ., 77 

Belting, Canvas 77 

Leather 77 

Rubber 77 

Belts, Detachable Link 77 

Bending Machines 74, 75, 76 

Bending Machine, Large Portable > 75 

Bins, Portable Mounted 78 

Blacksmith Outfit 538 

Blacksmith Shop, Cost of 102 

Portable, Cost of 102 

Blacksmith Shop Outfit 79 

Blasting Augers 81 

Blasting Batteries 80 

Blasting Caps ; 81 

Blasting Fuse 82 . 

Blasting Machines 80 

Blasting Mats .83, 84 

Blasting Supplies (See Explosives) 81 

Blasting Wire 84 

Blocks 85 

Differential 132 

Duplex 132 

Steel : 85 

Triplex 131 

Wrought Iron 85, 86, 87 

Blue Print Frames 88 

Machines 89 

Boat (Motor) 229 

Boats 70 

Boats for Building 72 

Boilers, Boiler Room Tools 91 

Horse Power 91 

Life of 90 

Locomotive Type 90 

• Rule for Estimating Scale in 90 

Upright Tubular 90 

Bolts Per Mile of Track 526 

Boots 92 

Bottom Dump Buckets 93,95 

Boulders, Compressor Plant for Drilling 23 

Cost of Drilling 23 

Braces for Trenching 497 

Brick Rattler 92 

Bridge Conveyor Excavator 303 

Bucket Conveyor 141 

Bucket for Drag Line Scraper 311 

Bucket for Drag Line Scraper, Illustration 312 

Bucket, Galvanized 496 

Bucket Used on Electric Drag Scraper 347 

Bucket Used with Tower Drag Line Excavator 314 

Buckets 93 

Approximate Weights and Materials Commonly Handled by 93 

Bottom Dumping 93, 95 

Clam Shell 97, 98 

Center Dump Pier 96 

Coal 94 

Concrete Automatic Bottom Dump 97 

For Concrete 96, 97 

Orange Peel '. 99, 100 

Orange Peel, Illustration 97, 100 

Orange Peel, Three Bladed 100 

Buck Scrapers (Fresno) 335, 336 



INDEX 691 

Building Boats 72 

Building Felt 29 

Building Paper 435 

Buildings 101 

Buildings for Camp Purposes 102, 103 

Bulldozing vs. Crushing 183 

Burro, Pack Load for 369 

Cables, Life of in Drag Line Scraper Work 312 

Cable way 104 

Average without Towers, Cost of -. 109 

Cost of Earth Excavation 104 

Cost of Erection and Plant 110 

Duplex Traveling 105 

Electric Ill, 112 

For Handling Concrete 109 

For Handling Cord Wood 107, 108 

For Handling Rock 109 

For Making a Fill 106 

4.8 Miles Long 108 

In Bridge Construction 105 

Lidgerwood High Speed Ill, 112 

Life of Ill 

Moving Ill 

On Chicago Drainage Canal 104 

On Trench Work 631 

Operating Orange Peel Buckets 105 

Performance on Holyoke Dam 11] 

Performance on St. Lawrence River Ill 

Performance on Torresdale Filters 110 

Repairs 106, 107, 110, 111 

10-ton, 800-ft. Span 108 

Towers, Cost of 109, 110 

Vs. Timber Trestle, Comparative Costs 106 

With 1,485 Feet Span 110 

With Special Electric Devices Ill, 112 

Cameras 448 

Camp Buildings, Cost of 102 

Camp Equipment 539,621 

Cantilever Crane, Cost and Performance 151 

Carbide Lamps 398 

Carpenter Work on Buildings 103 

Car Barns, Cost of 101 

Cars, Capacity of Various Sizes 117 

Compartment Type for Rock 121 

Cost of Unloading 113 

Depreciation 119, 120 

Diamond Frame, Double Side Dump .\ 116 

Diamond Frame, Two-way Dump. 116 

Double Truck Platform 118 

Dump, of Steel 113 

Flat, Four Wheel 117 

Hand Operated 118 

Information Necessary When Ordering 119 

Inspection 118 

Length of Trains of Various Sizes 117 

Performance in Handling Hardpan 114 

Platform, with Steel Frames 119 

Repairs 119, 120, 121 

Revolving Dump 117 

Carts, Capacity of 122 

Dump, One Horse 122 

For Concrete 123 

Life of 122 

Pick-up 123 

Repairs to 122 

Caterpillar Tractor 628 

Caulking Tools 496 



692 INDEX 

Cement Workers' Tools 125, 126 

Century Grader 337 

Chain Belts (See Belting) 77 

Chain Blocks 131, 132 

Repairs and Depreciation 132 

Chain Cable 130 

Chains 128 

Chains, Detachable for Link Belt 77 

Channeller Equipment 266 

Channeller Illustrated 266 

Channeller Steels -, 264 

Channellers 262 

Prices and Specific!, tions 263 

Churn Drills, Cost of 250 

Chutes 133, 134 

For Concrete 355 

Clam Shell Buckets 97, 98 

Claw Bars 73 

Clothing 134 

Clutch for Gasoline Engines 290 

Coal Tubs 94 

Compression, Adiabatic 7 

Isothermal 8 

Compressor Plant, Cost of Installing 13 

Diagram of Installation for 12 

Estimating Costs for 14 

Large Size, Cost of Installing 14 

Compressors, Capacity Necessary for Various Numbers of Drills, 

Table 27 

Classification of 9 

Cross Compound, Table of Standard Prices, Weights, etc... 11 

D. C. Motor Driven, Table of Prices and Weights 13 

Duplex Belt Driven, Illustration, Table of 17 

Duplex Corliss Steam Driven, Illustration and Table of.... 18 

Efficiency of, at Various Altitudes 25 

Installed for N. Y. Water Dept, Illustration 19 

Installation, Cost of 20 

Locomotive Type 10 

On Portable Boiler, Illustration 10 

Portable, Table of Costs, etc., of Different Types 22 

Power Driven, Duplex, Cross-Compound, Table of 16 

Power Driven, Single Stage S. L., Illustration 14 

Single Stage, Table of Costs, etc 15, 16 

Sizes Required at Different Altitudes, Table 26 

S. L. Steam Driven 2 Stage, Illustration 17 

Steam Driven, S. L. Steam Tandem, 2 Stage Horizontal, 

Table 16 

Table of Costs, etc 15 

Concrete Buckets (See Buckets) 96, 97 

Concrete Chutes . . .- 355 

Concrete Forms 329 

For Sidewalks 124 

For Curb and Gutter 125 

Concrete Mixing, Unit Costs of 425 

Concrete Mixing and Conveying Plant, Portable 361, 362 

Concrete Roller Hoist 354 

Concrete Tower, Illustrated 360 

Concreting, Cost of, with Portable Plant 363, 364, 365 

Concreting Equipment 538 

Contractors' Tubs 94, 95 

Conveyor Belts, Life of 158 

Number of Plies Necessai y 137 

Repairs 158 

Conveyors (See Excavators, 302) 135 

Apron 158 

Belt 136 

Belt, Cost of 137, 138 

Belt Repairs 138 



Belt, Wear of 136 

Belt Type, General Discussion 157 

Belt Type, Power Necessary 158 

Belt Type, Speed 158 

Bucket 141 

Cantilever Crane Type, Cost and Performance 146, 147 

Capacity of Belt 136 

Continuous Bucket Type 158 

Elevator 139 

For Hot Materials 159 

For Wet Concentrates 157 

General Discussion of Mechanical Forms 151 

Of Various Types, Sundry Costs, etc 139 

Open Trough 158 

Flat Belt 159 

Power to Operate / 135 

Push or Drag 153 

Push Plate 139 

Reciprocating Type 156 

Rotary Type 154 

Scraper Type -. 155 

Screw Type 153 

Swinging 139 

Corrugated Sheet Piling 463, 464 

Cost, Principal Features of 4 

Cranes, Locomotive Type 410 

Cross Arms for Poles 617 

Crowbars : 73 

Crucibles 659 

Crushers ; 160 

Comparison of Jaw and Gyratory Type, General Discussion. . 180 

Comparison of Jaw and Gyratory Type, Tables 187, 188 

Disc Type 165 

Equipment 161, 163 

For General Contracting Use 163 

Jaw Type Y 160, 161 

Output 168 

Repairs 164, 182 

Rotary Type 163 

Crushing and Screening Plant, Portable 163 

Crushing Operations, Overhead Charges 173 

Preparatory Costs 169 

Crushing Plant, Cost of Operation by City Employees 168 

For 200-Stamp Mill 183 

Life of 164 

Repairs 165 

Working Force for 169 

Crushing Tests. Method of Operation 170 

Summary of Results 172, 173 

Crushing vs. Bulldozing '. 183 

Crushings, Proportion of, for Various Degrees of Fineness 184 

Cultivator, for Roads 439 

Cutters for Bars 76 

Derrick Car r 194 

Derricks 189 

Breast for Builder's Type 193 

Cost of Moving 196 

Excavator 598, 599, 600 

Fittings 194 

Floating (See also Boats) 197 

For Heavy Work 191, 192 

For Light Ditch Work 189 

Hullett-McMyler 148 

Important Metal Parts for 195 

Large Quarry Type 193 

Operation of Floating Type 197 

Outfit for Lumber Yards 193 



694 INDEX 

Performance in Sewer Work 196 

Plant for Loading Earth 190 

Prices 196 

Rigging for Stiff-Leg Type '. '. 194 

Tripod Type 189 

With Hand Operated Winches 190 

Detonators (See Blasting Caps) 81 

Diving Outfits 198, 199, 200 

Apparatus, Information Necessary in Selecting 200 

Doan Scraper 337 

Doan Scraper, Illustrated 343 

Drag Scraper Excavator 305 

Drag Scrapers 336 

Drain Tile 480 

Drawing Boards 201 

Drawing Instruments 611 

Drawing Tables • 201 

Dredges 202 

Capacity Tests 221 

Clam Shell Type, Illustrated 208 

Cost of Operation 203 

Crew of 207, 218, 227 

Details of Equipment 210 

Dipper Type 202 

Dipper Type, Operating Costs 202 

Grab Bucket Type 206 

Grapple Type 206 

"Home Made," Cost of 202 

Hydraulic, Comparison of Types 231 

Hydraulic Suction Type, Cost and Performance 230 

Hydraulic Suction Type for Building Levees 221, 222 

Hydraulic Suction Type, Operating Costs 222,223 

Hydraulic Suction Type, Time Study 224,227 

Hydraulic Type, Analysis of, Cost and Time Study 226 

Hydraulic Type, Cost of 227, 228 

Hydraulic Type, Itemized Operating Costs 225 

Hydraulic Type, Items of Plant 223 

Hydraulic Type, Operating and Repair Costs 227 

Hydraulic Type Performance and Operating Cost 218 

In California Gold Mine, Table of Data 217 

Ladder Type ; 209 

Operating Costs 207, 211 

Performance of in Gold Mining 210 

Sea-Going Hopper Type 218 

2V 2 Cu. Yd. Dipper, Cost of Building. 202, 203 

Various Repairs 204, 205 

Dredge Tenders 229 

Dredge Work on Los Angeles Aqueduct, Unit Costs...' 206 

Dredging, Auxiliary Plant for 229 

In California, Detailed Discussion and Costs... 212, 213, 214, 215 
Dredging Plants, Table of Cost and Operating Expenses, and 

Unit Performance 216 

Dredging Pumps 515 

Drill Plant, Submarine Type 260 

Drill Repairs 252, 253, 254 

Drill Sharpening, by Hand 256 

Drill Sharpening, by Power 256 

Drill Sharpening, by Machines 254 

Drilling, Cost of in Gneiss and Granite : 249 

Drilling Costs, Table of 240 

Drilling Machinery, Information Necessary When Ordering, for 

Submarine Drilling 269 

For Work in Mining. 268 

For Work in Quarry 267 

For Work in Railway Cut 268 

For Work in Sewers or Trenches 268 

For Work in Shafts 269 

For Work in Tunneling 268 



INDEX 695 

For Work in Which Compressed Air Is Used for Power 269, 270 

Drilling Plant for Boulders 23 

Drilling, Subaqueous, Table of Labor Costs. 261 

Drills 232 411 

Bail 272 

Blacksmith 272 

Catalogue Data 232 to 239 

Churn Type, Advantages of 251 

Cubic Feet of Air Necessary to Run Different Sizes 26 

Electric Air Type 243 

Electric Air Type, Analysis and Time Study 246, 247, 248 

Hand 272 

Hand Hammer Type 256 

Miscellaneous 272 

Pneumatic Piston 271 

Small Hand Hammer, Time Study 257 

Stone 272 

Submarine Type 258, 259, 260 

Dump Scows 67 

Electric Air Channeler 265 

Electric Air Drill 265 

Electric Fuse 82 

Electric Generators 274 

Electric Lights 399 

Electric Motors, Cost of D. C 278, 279 

General Considerations 276 

Relative Costs of, with Various Windings 277 

Single Phase 280 

Electrical Vehicle Data 53 

Electrical Wagon, Maintenance Cost 54 

Elevating Grader, Illustrated 281 

Elevating Grader, Performance 282, 283 

Elevating Grader, Cost and General Discussion 282 

Elevators (See Hoists, 353) 142 

Belt 142 

Geared 162 

Elevator Tower, Cost of Erecting 354 

Engines, Compound Portable 286 

Extras for Portable 286 

Gasoline 289 

Hoisting, 1 Cylinder 296 

Hoisting, 2 Cylinder 298 

Hoisting, Belt Driven 300, 301 

Hoisting, Cost of Setting up 300 

Hoisting, Electrically Operated 300 

Hoisting, Gasoline Driven 300 

Hoisting, Life of 300 

Portable 284 

Simple Center Crank Steam, Costs 285 

Stationary Steam, Costs 288 

Steam, Estimating the H. P. of 288 

Vertical, Gasoline Driven 294 

Vertical, Self-Contained Steam, Costs 287 

Equipment, Main Features of 4 

Excavators 302 

Bridge Conveyor Type 303 

Bridge Conveyor Type, Performance 304 

Derrick Type 598, 599, 600 

Drag Line Scraper Plant. Cost 311 

Drag Line Type, Electricallv Operated, Description of 3<V7 

Performance of 308 

Plan of 306 

Drag Line Type With Tower 308 

Details of Tower 310 

Illustration of 309 

Drag Scraper Type 305 

Performance of 307 



696 INDEX 

Grab Bucket Type, Performance of 302 

Scraper Type 304 

Tower Type, Bill of Material for Tower-. 313 

Cost of 315 

Illustration of 314 

Operating Expenses of 315 

Performance of 315 

Explosives 317 

Ammonia Dynamite 318 

Blasting Gelatin 318 

Carbonite 318 

Cases for Shipping, Table of Dimensions 320 

Dynamite 317 

Dynamite, Weight of 319 

Gelatin Dynamite 318 

Gunpowder 317 

Judson Powder 317 

■liaws Regulating Storage of 321 

•Magazines for 321, 322, 323 

Monobel 318 

Nitre Powder 317 

"Permissible" 318 

Semi-Gelatin 318 

Soda Powder 317 

Store Houses 321 

Feed Consumed by Horses 368 

Finishing Tools for Concrete. <. 126 

Fire Engines, Chemical 324 

Fire Equipment 324, 325. 326, 327 

Fire Extinguishers 324, 326 

Fire Proofing, Asbestos 29 

Fishplates Required for One Mile of Track 526 

Forges 328 

Forks 329 

Forms, for Concrete, Adjustable . 329 

Foundation Plant 451. 452, 453 

Fresno Scraper, Illustrated 339 

Fresno Scrapers '■ 336 

Frogs : 532 

Furnaces 330, 331, 332, 496 

Fuse for Blasting - 82 

Gadder 265 

Gauge for Channeler Steels 264 

Generators, Electric 274 

Generator Sets, Belted Qb 

Direct Connected 2 < 4 

Tests for Efficiency • • • • f\ 

Giants, for Mining 37Z, 6ts 

Glass *™ 

Graders %%' 

Grader, Railroad ■•■■■ 335 

Grading Machines (See Elevating Graders, 282) o35 

Gravel Spreader - • • • • 338 

Grindstone *Jj? 

Grout Mixer f.,0 

Guard Rails * iZ 

Hammer, Steam or Air ■ 459, 460, 461 

Hammers .• • Tit 

TJo nfl . 06 i 

w IS"™ v;:::::.. :::.:...: sss, 58 9, 5% 

Handles .• »*» 

t-\ o -»>wvi*-^ . . .- n 

- '-'»'- ' " ■ ' LI.-.J!.-' I • IV ■ ■ •>." II ' ' ' 

Heaters, 
Hods . . 



for Gravel and Sand. . .'.' 350, 351 



;;r,2 



INDEX 6,97 

Hoes 352 

Hoisting Towers 35g 

Hoists (See Elevators, 142) . .. 353 

Automatic for Concrete ).',"] 354 

Combination '. 355 

Hoppers '..'.'.!'.'.!'. ". 355 

Adjustable Car Side 134 

Horse Compared to Traction Engine 629 

Pack Load for 369 

Pulling Power of. '. 629 

Working Life of 629 

Horses 366 

Cost of Keep 366. 367, 368 

Pulling Power of Team 605 

Hose 370, 371 

Hose and Nozzles for Fire Purposes 325, 327 

Hose Rack 327 

Hydraulic Giants 372 

Idlers 141 

Introduction 2 

Insulators '. ; . . 618 

Isothermal Compression 8 

Jacks 374 

Jones & Laughlin Piling 466 

Jordan Spreader 344 

Kerosene Burning Lights 398 

Kettles 332 

Kettles for Thawing Dynamite 81 

Lackawanna Steel Piling ; . 465 

Ladders , 394 

Lagging for Pipes 494 

Land Dredge 302 

Lathes 411 

Lead 395 

Lead Furnace 331, 496 

Leadite 395 

Lead Wool 395 

Lead Wool for Caulking Gas Mains, Equipment for Operating 21 

Levels , 396 

Lights ..".. 397 

Lime 401 

Lining Bars 73 

Link Belts, Detachable 77 

Little Yankee Grader 337 

Llama, Pack Load for 369 

Locomotive Cranes 410 

Locomotives 402, 403, 404, 405 

Life of 406, 407 

Repair Costs 407, 408, 409 

Repairs 120 

Log Chains 130 

Machine Tools : 411 

Magazines : 321, 322, 323 

Magnet Arrangement for Keeping Steel, etc., from Belts 157 

Magneto for Gasoline Engines 290 

Manhole Covers '. 496 

Mats for Blasting - 83, 84 

Mattocks : ; 450 

Mauls .:...:. 496 

Metals .::.:.:... 414 

Mill Board • * - . 29 

Mineral Wool .:....: : ; i .: ;.. . ,'. '.:: . ..... : 414 

Mixers .:.....:. .',". .* :. . :;.: ,:415, 416, 417, 418 

Continuous :: - .418, 419 



698 INDEX 

For Grout 430 

Gasoline Driven 418 

Gravity Type 421, 422 

Gravity Type, Portable 422, 423 

Hand Operated 418 

Operating Costs Compared 419, 420 

Output and Efficiency 422, 424 

Mixing Plant, Cost and Efficiency 425, 427, 429 

Floating, Plan of 428 

For Asphalt .' 30 

Plan of 424, 425 

Motors, Electric 276 

Mules , 366 

Pack Load for 369 

Nails 431, 432 

Offices, Portable, Cost of 102 

Oil 433, 434 

Oil Heater 440 

Oil Sprinkler 584 

Oil Torches 400 

Oiled Clothing 134 

Pack Load for Different Animals 369 

Pails 436, 496 

Painting, Cost of 434 

Paints 434 

Covering Power 434 

Paper 435 

Paulins 437 

Paving Equipment 438 

Paving Materials, Table of Costs in U. S 

441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447 

Photography 448 

Picks 450 

Pile Drivers 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461 

Cost of Building 457 

Cost of Operation and Repairs 458, 459 

Traveling 458 

Pile Driving 457, 458 

Time Study 466 

Pile Machine, Chenoweth, Illustrated 477 

Pile Points 462 

Piles 462 

Chenoweth 477 

Concrete 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478 

Pedestal 473, 474 

Raymond 475 

Ripley 475 

Simplex 476 

Piling 462 

Friestedt 469 

Jackson's Interlocking 473 

Jones & Laughlin 466 

Labor, Cost of 462 

Lackawanna 465 

Sheet, Test 466 

S. P. R. R. Standard 463 

Steel, at Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, Cost of, etc 471 

Symmetrical Interlock 469 

Table of Driving Cost 472 

U. S. Steel 470 

Wakefield 464 

Wemlinger • • 464 

Pipe 479 

Sast Iron Water, Standard Dimensions 481 
ast Iron Water, Standard Thickness and Weights 484 

Steam and Gas, Equation Table • 487 



INDEX 699 

Water, H. P., Standard Thicknesses and Weights 485 

Wood Stave 488 

C. I. Fittings for 492 

Clamp Collar for 492 

Dimensions and Prices 490 

Standard Instructions When Ordering 492 

Weights 491 

Wrought Iron, Standard Dimensions 486 

Pipe Coverings 494 

Pipe Line Tools 496 

Pipe Machine 413 

Plant for Mixing and Conveying Concrete, Portable 361 

Plaster 401 

Plate Glass 334 

Plows 498, 499, 500 

Repairs 652 

Unloader, Life of Cable 562 

Unloading 651, 652, 653 

Poles .616, 617 

Pontoon 209, 210 

Portable Houses, Cost of 102 

Post Hole Diggers 501 

Power, Cost of, by Gas Engine 504 

Cost of, by Gasoline Engine 502 

Cost of, by Electric Current 503 

Cost of, Steam 504, 505, 506 

Steam, Cost per H. P 507, 508 

Power House, Cost of Operating 509, 510 

Power Plants, Cost of Operating in North River Tunnels.... 506 

Preface 1 

Pulleys for Conveyors 141 

Pumping Plant for Irrigation 293 

Pumps, Bilge 522 

Centrifugal 512. 513, 514, 515 

Classification 511 

Double Acting Hand 521 

For Dredging 515 

For Sand and Grit 519, 520 

For Sand or Sludge in Drill Holes 272 

For Small Gasoline Engine 291 

Lift Diaphragm 521, 522 

Pulsometer . 517, 518 

Special 522 

Volute 523 

Punch 413 

Quarry Bars 265 

Quarry Plant 166, 167, 539 

Quarry Plant, Moving and Setting up 539 

Quarrying, Itemized Unit Costs 176 

Quarter Boats 70, 71, 72 

Railroad Tamping Bars." 73 

Rail Benders 531 

Rails 524 

Cost of Unloading 529 

Depreciation of 528 

Drills 532 

Guard -532 

Life of 529 

Punches 531 

Rail and Fastenings. Weight per Mile 525 

Rail Sections, Standard 524 

Rakes ■■■■ 534 

Rammers ••• = ••• -612, 613 

Rattler for Testing Vitrified Blocks. -9 2 

Refrigerating Plant 534 

Riveting 536 



700 INDEX 

Riveting- Guns or Hammers 535,536 

Rivets 536 

Road Construction Plant, Wayne Co., Mich 537 

Road Cultivator 439 

Road Machines 337, 537 

Road Making Plant 537, 539 

Moving and Setting up 539 

Rollers 541 

Cost of Maintenance and Operation 543, 544, 545 

Gasoline 546 

Hand 541 

Horse 541 

Rebuilding 545 

. Repairs 545 

Reversible C. 1 542 

Steam . 541, 542, 543 

Roofing 435 

Roofing, Corrugated 603 

Roofing, Slate 540 

Rope 547 

Life of on Brooklyn Bridge 562 

Life of Manila 565 

Life of Sisal 565 

Life of, Strength of Wire and Manila Compared 567, 568 

Wire , 547 

Wire, Destruction of 562 

Wire, Flat 560 

Wire, Flattened Strand 557 

Wire, Hoisting 549, 559 

Wire, Non-Spinning 559 

Wire, Splicing 563 

Wire, Tiller 556 

Ropeway (See Cableway) 107 

Rubber Coats 134 

Salaries, Engineering Service, City of Chicago 392 

Sand Blast Cleaning 571 

Sand Blast Cleaning Outfit 570 

Sand Blast Machines 570 

Sand Pumps 272, 515 

Saw Mills 572 

Saw, with Frame 573, 574, 575 

Scales 576 

Scarifiers 438, 439, 578 

Scow Barges . . . : 60, 66 

Scows 60 

Dump 67 

Scraper, Clam Shell Bucket 98 

Scraper Excavator 304 

Scrapers 335 

American : 336 

Doan . . . .• 337 

Drag 336 

Electric Drag Type, Cost of Leveling with 345, 346, 347 

Fresno 336 

Tongue 337 

Screens 580 

For Crusher Plant 161 

Section Houses, Cost of 101 

Sewer Pipe 479 

Sewer Work, Cost of, with Derricks 192 

Sheathing, Asbestos • 29 

Sheaves, for Derrick .:....:..• ,• 196 

For Hoists •'• •. = .».» 355 

Iron 86 

Lignum Vitae • 86 

Sheds. Cost of 101 

Sheeting (See Piling, p. 462). 



INDEX 701 

Sheet Piling 462, 463, 404, 405, 4CG, 407, 408, 409, 470, 471 

Dovetailed .' 463 

Shield Employed in Laying Sewer Pipe 635 

Shovels, Electric 589, 596, 59S 

Hand 585, 586, 587, 588 

Steam 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 

Appropriate Size 594 

Cost of Moving 594 

Depreciation 594 

For Trenches 592 

Performance and Operating Cost 591 

Rental of 594 

Repairs , 592, 593, 594 

Shuart Grader 338 

Sidewalk Forms 124 

Sifting Screens 580 

Skips 581 

Slate 540 

Sledges 582 

Sludge Pumps 272 

Slusser Scraper, Illustrated 343 

Snatch Blocks 87 

Spikes 432 

Railroad 526 

Spreader Carts 123 

Spreader, McCann, Illustrated 343 

Spreading, Embankment, Costs 344 

Spreading Gravel, Cost of 338 

Sprinklers 583, 584 

Stables, Cost of .' 101 

Steam Hammer 459 

Steam Shovels 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 

Steel, Prices 601 

Steels for Channelers 264 

Steels for Drills 264 

Stone Boats 605 

Stone Chains 130 

Stone Crusher Operations, Unit Cost Tables 177, 178, 179 

Storehouses, Cost of 101 

Stripping 173 

Structural Steel 601 

Structural Steel Erecting Tools 603, 604 

Stucco Machines 606, 607 

Stump Pullers 608, 609, 610 

Stump Removing, Cost of 608, 609, 610 

Switches 526, 533 

Switches, Portable 527 

Tackle Blocks 85 

Tampers 612, 613 

Tamping Bars 73 

Tamping Roller 438 

Tar Furnace 332 

Tar Kettles 330, 331, 332 

Tarpaulins ' 437 

Teaming, Cost of 367, 368 

Teams, Rates for. in the U. S 377 to 391 

Telephone Pole Tools 616 

Telephones and Telephone Lines 614, 615, 616, 617 

Tents 619, 620, 621, 622 

Cost of Framing and Flooring 621 

Thawing Kettles 81 

Thermit 658 

Ties 623 

Cost of Unloading 624 

Life of 623, 624 

Tile 480 

Tile Making Equipment 539 



702 INDEX 

Timber Buggies 643 

Tipple, to Convey Earth 148 

Ground Plan of 150 

Illustration 149 

Tongue Scrapers 337 

Tool Boxes 625 

Torches 398 

Tow Boats 647, 648, 649, 650 

Tower Excavator 314 

Towers, for Concrete for Chuting Purposes 358 

For Hoisting Purposes 358 

Of Steel and Wood, Compared Economically 359, 360, 361 

Towing 644, 645, 646, 647 

Tracks 524 

Cost of Laying Light Track 530 

Material, Particulars Required for Inquiries 530 

Portable 527 

Scales .576, 577 

Tools 531 

Traction Engine Compared to Horse 629 

Traction Engines 626 

Transite, Asbestos Wood 29 

Transits 625 

Trench Method of Removing Water From 635 

Trenching by Cableway 631 

Trenching Gang 631 

Trenching Machines 

631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642 

Carson Type 642 

General Details, Illustrated 634 

Operating Costs of Brick Sewer 639 

Progress Diagram of 639 

Sewer Work 633 

Sizes and Capacities 637 

Trippers, Automatic, for Belt Conveyors 140 

Trips for Pile Drivers 457 

Trucks 643 

Tubs, Contractors' 94, 95 

Tugs 644, 645, 646, 647 

Turntables 528 

Underwriters Equipment, Standard 324 

Unloaders 651 

Unloading, Cost of, by Plows 653 

Unloading Device for Rock from Cars 121 

Wages, Rates of, in the U. S 

377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391 

Union, in Chicago 392 

Union, in New York City 375, 376 

Wagon Poles 655 

Wagons 654, 655, 656, 657 

Operating Cost 655, 656, 657 

Wakefield Piling 464, 465 

Weighing Machines 576, 577 

Weight per Cubic Yard, Common Materials 93 

Welding 658 

Wemlinger Piling, Costs 464 

Wemlinger Piling, Illustrated 463 

Wheelbarrows 660, 661, 662 

Life of 661 

Repairs to 661 

Wheel Scrapers 335 

Repairs 336 

Wire Rope 547 

Wire, Aluminum 618 

Copper 618 

Telegraph 617 

Wood Barges 60 



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